The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence and associated risk factors of Gastrointestinal (GI) parasite in Cattle through semi-intensive rearing system at BAPARD campus during the period from July 2019 to June, 2020. A total of 156 samples from 39 cattle among these, 29 Bulls and 10 heifers were collected at the time of defecation or just after defecation. Samples were collected every three months of a year to find out the effect of season. All cattle are Holstein crossbred. The collected Feces samples were examined by direct smear method followed by McMaster counting technique under microscope for detection the morphology of egg at BAPARD Parasitology Lab on the day of collection. The overall prevalence of GI parasite was 26.72% and more frequent in more frequent in rainy season (57.14%) followed by summer (28.57%) and winter season (14.29%). The parasitic prevalence load was low in winter season. In endoparasitic infection, the higher prevalence of Paramphistomum spp. (19.05%) was found in rainy season followed by Haemonchus spp. (9.52%); Fasciola spp.(4.76%), Schistosoma spp. (4.76%) and Toxocara spp. (4.76%). In cattle, prevalence of Paramphistomum spp. (15.38%), Schistososma spp (3.85%) and Haemonchus spp. (7.69%) was higher in adult cattle (above 2 year) comparatively growing and young, whereas prevalence of Toxocara spp. (3.33%) was higher in young (1-1.5 year) than growing and adult cattle. In other case Female (27.5%) are slightly higher than male (26.72%) cattle. So, the investigation indicates low prevalence rate of GI parasite at semi-intensive care management system in BAPARD, Gopalganj,Bangladesh.
Genome wide association studies (GWAS) analysis of karnal bunt resistance in ...Innspub Net
Karnal bunt (KB) disease is one of the most important challenges posed on of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) industry of Pakistan because of itsinclusionin quarantine list around the globe. This disease is caused by the fungus Tilletia indica M. (Neovossia indica). It affects the grain quality of wheat and hampers its movement in international market resulting in economic losses. Presence of >3% infected grains in wheat lot makes it unsuitable for human consumption. Eradication of this disease is very difficult as no resistant cultivar has been found against KB in Pakistan so far. Genome wide association study (GWAS) was conducted on a set of 199 wheat germplasm collected from Pakistan. In this study 31,000 single nucleotide polymorphism markers were developed by 90K SNP array technology. A linear mixed model in GWAS, accounting for population structure, was fitted to identify significant genomic regions [-log(P) ≥ 4.0] on 6 different chromosomes i.e. 1A, 1D, 2D, 3B, 4A, 5A with novel loci. Candidate genes, through wheat genome assembly, were identified as putative genes related to KB resistance including kinase like protein family. The results of this study can be useful in wheat breeding through marker assisted selection for KB resistant varieties.
Prevalence of Intestinal Helminths and Protozoa Parasites of Ruminants in Min...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Bovine Mastitis due to Coliform Bacteria, and Susceptibility to Antibiotics, ...Premier Publishers
This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of coliform bacteria in bovine milk in Plateau State of Nigeria and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns. A total of 640 milk samples were collected aseptically and 160 questionnaires from where data such as breed, age, parity, lactation stage, floor type, and husbandry system were analyzed. Cows without clinical mastitis were subjected to California Mastitis Test to determine the presence of subclinical mastitis. Bacteriological assays and antibiotic susceptibility tests were conducted according to standard guidelines. Subclinical mastitis with a prevalence of 63.8% was more prevalent in cows than clinical mastitis. Overall, the Friesian breed had the highest mastitis prevalence of 85.7% compared to White Fulani (which is indigenous in Nigeria). Cows aged within 2-4 years old had the least mastitis prevalence of 55.2%. Coliforms isolated from milk samples included E coli, K. pneumoniae, K. oxytoca, C. freundii, E. aerogenes, E. cloacae, and S. marcescens, with E coli having the highest prevalence of 44.8%. The most resistant antimicrobial agent was Streptomycin with 79% prevalence. The principle of One Health approach which targets the environment, animals and humans should be considered important. Good hygienic measures should be intensified among pastoralists.
Abstract— Coccidiosis swine causes high economic loss, and its prophylaxis is usually performed by the use of chemical drugs. However, these chemical drugs are not allowed in agroecological, organic or biological dynamic systems of production. Additionally, there are concerns about pharmacological resistance and contamination by the presence of chemical residues in the environment and at the food of animal origin. The objective of this study was to evaluate the weight gain and the prevalence of coccidia in piglets submitted to the following treatments: alcoholic extract of propolis 30% (AEP), chemical treatment toltrazuril (CTT), negative control with grain alcohol (NCA) and negative control without treatment (NCT). By means of the individual weights and the number of coccidia at the faeces, it was monitored 216 piglets from commercial farms. Under the conditions of this study none therapeutic intervention provided benefits for weight gain and prevalence of coccidia. Thus, by making it possible the minimization of chemical drug use, these results allow us to suggest the laboratory periodic monitoring as a prophylactic control method for swine coccidiosis.
Genome wide association studies (GWAS) analysis of karnal bunt resistance in ...Innspub Net
Karnal bunt (KB) disease is one of the most important challenges posed on of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) industry of Pakistan because of itsinclusionin quarantine list around the globe. This disease is caused by the fungus Tilletia indica M. (Neovossia indica). It affects the grain quality of wheat and hampers its movement in international market resulting in economic losses. Presence of >3% infected grains in wheat lot makes it unsuitable for human consumption. Eradication of this disease is very difficult as no resistant cultivar has been found against KB in Pakistan so far. Genome wide association study (GWAS) was conducted on a set of 199 wheat germplasm collected from Pakistan. In this study 31,000 single nucleotide polymorphism markers were developed by 90K SNP array technology. A linear mixed model in GWAS, accounting for population structure, was fitted to identify significant genomic regions [-log(P) ≥ 4.0] on 6 different chromosomes i.e. 1A, 1D, 2D, 3B, 4A, 5A with novel loci. Candidate genes, through wheat genome assembly, were identified as putative genes related to KB resistance including kinase like protein family. The results of this study can be useful in wheat breeding through marker assisted selection for KB resistant varieties.
Prevalence of Intestinal Helminths and Protozoa Parasites of Ruminants in Min...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Bovine Mastitis due to Coliform Bacteria, and Susceptibility to Antibiotics, ...Premier Publishers
This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of coliform bacteria in bovine milk in Plateau State of Nigeria and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns. A total of 640 milk samples were collected aseptically and 160 questionnaires from where data such as breed, age, parity, lactation stage, floor type, and husbandry system were analyzed. Cows without clinical mastitis were subjected to California Mastitis Test to determine the presence of subclinical mastitis. Bacteriological assays and antibiotic susceptibility tests were conducted according to standard guidelines. Subclinical mastitis with a prevalence of 63.8% was more prevalent in cows than clinical mastitis. Overall, the Friesian breed had the highest mastitis prevalence of 85.7% compared to White Fulani (which is indigenous in Nigeria). Cows aged within 2-4 years old had the least mastitis prevalence of 55.2%. Coliforms isolated from milk samples included E coli, K. pneumoniae, K. oxytoca, C. freundii, E. aerogenes, E. cloacae, and S. marcescens, with E coli having the highest prevalence of 44.8%. The most resistant antimicrobial agent was Streptomycin with 79% prevalence. The principle of One Health approach which targets the environment, animals and humans should be considered important. Good hygienic measures should be intensified among pastoralists.
Abstract— Coccidiosis swine causes high economic loss, and its prophylaxis is usually performed by the use of chemical drugs. However, these chemical drugs are not allowed in agroecological, organic or biological dynamic systems of production. Additionally, there are concerns about pharmacological resistance and contamination by the presence of chemical residues in the environment and at the food of animal origin. The objective of this study was to evaluate the weight gain and the prevalence of coccidia in piglets submitted to the following treatments: alcoholic extract of propolis 30% (AEP), chemical treatment toltrazuril (CTT), negative control with grain alcohol (NCA) and negative control without treatment (NCT). By means of the individual weights and the number of coccidia at the faeces, it was monitored 216 piglets from commercial farms. Under the conditions of this study none therapeutic intervention provided benefits for weight gain and prevalence of coccidia. Thus, by making it possible the minimization of chemical drug use, these results allow us to suggest the laboratory periodic monitoring as a prophylactic control method for swine coccidiosis.
Prevalence of Intestinal Helminths and Protozoa Parasites of Ruminants in Min...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Brucellosis: Epidemiology and Control in indiaBhoj Raj Singh
Brucellosis is an important endemic infectious disease in animals in India. In India brucellosis was first recognized in 1942 by Polding. It causes economic loss to the tune of nearly Rs. 350 million/year. Bovine brucellosis is caused by the bacterium Brucella abortus. In countries where cattles are kept in close association with sheep and goat it can also be caused by B. melitensis. Occasionally B. suis may also cause disease in mammary gland of cattle but it has not been reported to cause abortion and usually does not spread to other animals. Principal manifestations of animal brucellosis are reproductive failure, i.e., abortion, still births and birth of unthrifty offspring in females, and orchitis and epididymitis in males. Genus Brucella has six recognized species on the basis of host specificity viz. B. abortus, B. melitensis, B. ovis, B. suis, B. canis and B. neotome, infecting cattle, goats and sheep, sheep, pig, dog and rats, respectively. All Brucella species may also infect wildlife species. Classical Brucella species have been isolated from a great variety of wildlife species such as bison, elk, feral swine, wild boar, fox, hare, African buffalo, reindeer, and caribou. Infection in wildlife can hinder eradication efforts in cattle.
The classical species viz., B. abortus, B. melitensis, and B. suis have been identified as category B bioterrorism agents (Rotz et al. 2002, CDC 2005) because they are zoonotic and capable of causing considerable morbidity with low mortality if used in a mass event.
Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic animals in District Ban...Open Access Research Paper
Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular zoonotic protozoan parasite, infect both humans and animals population worldwide. It can also cause abortion and inborn disease in humans and livestock population. In the present study total of 313 domestic animals were screened for Toxoplasma gondii infection. Of which 45 cows, 55 buffalos, 68 goats, 60 sheep and 85 shaver chicken were tested. Among these 40 (88.88%) cows were negative and 05 (11.12%) were positive. Similarly 55 (92.72%) buffalos were negative and 04 (07.28%) were positive. In goats 68 (98.52%) were negative and 01 (01.48%) was recorded positive. In sheep and shaver chicken the infection were not recorded.
CHARACTERIZATION OF STREPTOMYCES SCABIES ISOLATESijabjournal
Potato, (Solanum tuberosum L,) have various biotic constraints in its production due to pest attack. Among these, common scab caused by streptomyces scabies in an important disease in potato which causes economic loss with respect to plant yield and quality of tubers. The present study was conducted to determine the pathogenicity, pathogenic variation, characterization of morphological, physiological and
biochemical aspects of Streptomyces specie associated with potato tubers grown in Rawalpindi district.Severity data and pathogenic variation of disease was studied by using different isolation and characterization techniques. Isolation and characterization of Streptomyces spp. From potato tubers will
guide the researchers about the causative strains of common scab of potato present in the particular area.
Prevalence of Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus from meat in Cambodian mar...ILRI
Poster by Rortana Chea, Delia Grace, Hung Nguyen-Viet, Sothyra Tum, Sinh Dang-Xuan, Ren Theary, Siek Sophary, Sok Koam, So Pheany, Hout Sotheany, Theng Heng, Seng Sarim and Johanna Lindahl presented at a regional symposium on research into smallholder pig production, health and pork safety, Hanoi, Vietnam, 27–29 March 2019.
Effect of Adlai (Coix lacryma-jobi L.) roots on small ruminants naturally inf...Innspub Net
Parasites pose a significant threat to the health of small ruminants. Natural products such as Adlai roots have anthelmintic potentials. The study aimed to determine the Anthelmintic potential to the small ruminants. A total of 12 goats and sheep regardless of sex and age were used in the study and randomly distributed into four (4) Treatments with Three (3) replications following Randomized Complete Block Design. There were four different levels of Treatments. Treatment 1 as the control, Treatment 2 (100ml of Adlai roots decoction), Treatment 3 (150ml of Adlai roots decoction), and Treatment 4 (200ml of Adlai roots decoction). Freshly excreted feces were collected and placed in plastic cups and immediately examined through Modified Mc Master Test to evaluate the Anthelmintic activity of the designated treatments. The evaluation criteria were based on the frequency counts of egg parasites and oocysts per 2 grams of feces under different treatments. Results were analyzed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) of Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Tukey’s test was used to compare treatment means showing significant difference. Statistical results were non-significant among Treatment means in all of the parameters except for the strongylid counts for the month of April which showed significant difference among treatment mean at (P< 0.05) where sheep treated with Treatment 4 (200ml of Adlai roots decoction). Adlai roots decoction has anti-parasitic activity.
Characterization and Validation of Point Mutation in Breast Cancer 1 (BRCA1) ...paperpublications3
Abstract: Bovine mastitis is a very common and multietiological disease of dairy cattle which leads to huge economic losses to the dairy industry globally. In this study, the bovine breast cancer 1, early onset gene (BRCA1) was taken as a candidate gene for mastitis resistance. Breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) is one of the genes which predispose organism to early-onset breast cancer, and is involved in DNA damage repair, cell cycle regulation, transcriptional regulation, and other important pathways to suppress tumor and maintain genome stability. A total of 120 Sahiwal cattle were selected to characterize the targeted region of intron 6 of BRCA1 gene for polymorphism screening and their association with mastitis. A 321bp PCR fragment of BRCA1 gene encompassing the targeted region of intron 6 was amplified and digested with Hha I to screen for the reported SNPs having significant association with SCS. Genotype analysis using PCR-RFLP revealed a monomorphic banding pattern. Sequencing was also carried out to explore the in silico screened SNPs which are deposited in dbSNP. The result indicates highly conserved sequence in Sahiwal cattle. Therefore, reported as well as in silico SNPs cannot be considered as a universal marker for mastitis in all the breeds. Since, present study has formulated the results based on a relatively small sample; further studies are required to screen these SNPs in large samples.
Abstract: Johne’s disease (Paratuberculosis) is a chronic enteritis of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). MAP is a subspecies of M. avium, effects wide range of animals including domestic cattle, sheep, goats, buffaloes, camelids and wild ruminants resulting in progressive and chronic enteritis known as Johne’s disease. Clinically indected animals show watery diarrhea, emaciation and eventually death due to lack of effective treatment. Clinically as well as subclinically infected animals shed bacteria in feces and milk. Fecal-oral rout is the main rout of transmission. It is economically very important disease in livestock due to decrease in milk yield, working efficiency and culling of infected animals. Enlargement of mesenteric lymph node and transverse corrugation in intestine is characterstic finding in post-mortem. Strategies to control this disease include improved management practices, testing and culling and vaccination.Keywords: Johne’s disease, diarrhoea, corrugation.
Title: Johne’s Disease: A Review Article
Author: Vikash Sharma, Lalit, Sakshi Tiwari
International Journal of Recent Research in Life Sciences (IJRRLS)
ISSN 2349-7823
Paper Publications
Isolation, Identification and Identification of Medically Important Microorga...ijtsrd
Poultry farming is a very lucrative business across Nigeria. One of the major challenges faced with this farming is transfer of microorganisms from the birds to humans through direct contact, animal danders, environment and poultry droppings. This study aimed at evaluating microorganisms of medical importance found in poultry droppings located at three poultry farms across Nnewi, Nigeria. A 1 g portion of each poultry dropping sample was homogenized in 10 ml buffered peptone water, after which, 0.1 ml of each homogenate was pour plated on nutrient agar, Mac Conkey agar and Sabouraud’s dextrose agar. The bacterial isolates were identified using morphological characterization, Gram staining and biochemical tests such as citrate test, methyl red test, indole test and sugar fermentation test. Fungal Isolates were identified with slide culture method followed by fungal atlas identification. Poultry farm C had the most bacterial count in its chicken droppings which is 7.0×106 cfu g while farm B had the highest fungal count of 8.5×104 cfu g. Bacteria isolated were E. coli, Bacillus species and Staphylococcus species, while fungi identified were Aspergillus species and Rhizopus species. This study has been able to show that some medically important microorganisms can be present in poultry farms and thus requires strict hygiene to be observed in poultry farm maintenance. Umeoduagu, N. D. | Dimejesi, S. A. "Isolation, Identification and Identification of Medically Important Microorganisms from Poultry Droppings at Selected Poultry Farms in Nnewi, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd51929.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/51929/isolation-identification-and-identification-of-medically-important-microorganisms-from-poultry-droppings-at-selected-poultry-farms-in-nnewi-nigeria/umeoduagu-n-d
Studies on Prevalence of Ixodid Ticks Infesting Cattle and Their Control by P...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Quantitative risk assessment of human salmonellosis in the smallholder pig va...ILRI
Poster by Sinh Dang-Xuan, Hung Nguyen-Viet, Fred Unger, Phuc Pham-Duc, Delia Grace, Ngan Tran-Thi, Max Barot, Ngoc Pham-Thi and Kohei Makita presented at the CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH) Vietnam partner day on sharing progress and planning ahead for collaborative research, Hanoi, Vietnam, 23 March 2018.
The Statutory Interpretation of Renewable Energy Based on Syllogism of Britis...AI Publications
The current production for energy consumption generates harmful impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment causing instability to sustainable development goals. The constitutional reforms of British Government serve to be an important means of resolving any encountered incompatibilities to political environment. This study aims to evaluate green economy using developed equation for renewable energy towards political polarization of corporate governance. The Kano Model Assessment is used to measure the equivalency of 1970 Patents Act to UK Intellectual Property tabulating the criteria for the fulfillment of sustainable development goals in respect to the environment, artificial intelligence, and dynamic dichotomy of administrative agencies and presidential restriction, as statutory interpretation development to renewable energy. The constitutional forms of British government satisfy the sustainable development goals needed to fight climate change, advocate healthy ecosystem, promote leadership of magnates, and delegate responsibilities towards green economy. The presidential partisanship must be observed to delineate parties of concerns and execute the government prescriptions in equivalence to the dichotomous relationship of technology and the environment in fulfilling the rights and privileges of all citizens. Hence, the political elites can execute corporate governance towards sustainable development of renewable energy promoting environmental parks and zero emission target of carbon dioxide discharges. The economic theory developed in statutory interpretation for renewable energy serves as a tool to reduce detrimental impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment, mitigate climate change, and produce artefacts of bioenergy and artificial intelligence promoting sustainable development. It is suggested to explore other vulnerabilities of artificial intelligence to prosper economic success.
Enhancement of Aqueous Solubility of Piroxicam Using Solvent Deposition SystemAI Publications
Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is characterized by low solubility-high permeability. The present study was designed to improve the dissolution rate of piroxicam at the physiological pH's through its increased solubility by using solvent deposition system.
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Prevalence of Intestinal Helminths and Protozoa Parasites of Ruminants in Min...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Brucellosis: Epidemiology and Control in indiaBhoj Raj Singh
Brucellosis is an important endemic infectious disease in animals in India. In India brucellosis was first recognized in 1942 by Polding. It causes economic loss to the tune of nearly Rs. 350 million/year. Bovine brucellosis is caused by the bacterium Brucella abortus. In countries where cattles are kept in close association with sheep and goat it can also be caused by B. melitensis. Occasionally B. suis may also cause disease in mammary gland of cattle but it has not been reported to cause abortion and usually does not spread to other animals. Principal manifestations of animal brucellosis are reproductive failure, i.e., abortion, still births and birth of unthrifty offspring in females, and orchitis and epididymitis in males. Genus Brucella has six recognized species on the basis of host specificity viz. B. abortus, B. melitensis, B. ovis, B. suis, B. canis and B. neotome, infecting cattle, goats and sheep, sheep, pig, dog and rats, respectively. All Brucella species may also infect wildlife species. Classical Brucella species have been isolated from a great variety of wildlife species such as bison, elk, feral swine, wild boar, fox, hare, African buffalo, reindeer, and caribou. Infection in wildlife can hinder eradication efforts in cattle.
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Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic animals in District Ban...Open Access Research Paper
Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular zoonotic protozoan parasite, infect both humans and animals population worldwide. It can also cause abortion and inborn disease in humans and livestock population. In the present study total of 313 domestic animals were screened for Toxoplasma gondii infection. Of which 45 cows, 55 buffalos, 68 goats, 60 sheep and 85 shaver chicken were tested. Among these 40 (88.88%) cows were negative and 05 (11.12%) were positive. Similarly 55 (92.72%) buffalos were negative and 04 (07.28%) were positive. In goats 68 (98.52%) were negative and 01 (01.48%) was recorded positive. In sheep and shaver chicken the infection were not recorded.
CHARACTERIZATION OF STREPTOMYCES SCABIES ISOLATESijabjournal
Potato, (Solanum tuberosum L,) have various biotic constraints in its production due to pest attack. Among these, common scab caused by streptomyces scabies in an important disease in potato which causes economic loss with respect to plant yield and quality of tubers. The present study was conducted to determine the pathogenicity, pathogenic variation, characterization of morphological, physiological and
biochemical aspects of Streptomyces specie associated with potato tubers grown in Rawalpindi district.Severity data and pathogenic variation of disease was studied by using different isolation and characterization techniques. Isolation and characterization of Streptomyces spp. From potato tubers will
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Parasites pose a significant threat to the health of small ruminants. Natural products such as Adlai roots have anthelmintic potentials. The study aimed to determine the Anthelmintic potential to the small ruminants. A total of 12 goats and sheep regardless of sex and age were used in the study and randomly distributed into four (4) Treatments with Three (3) replications following Randomized Complete Block Design. There were four different levels of Treatments. Treatment 1 as the control, Treatment 2 (100ml of Adlai roots decoction), Treatment 3 (150ml of Adlai roots decoction), and Treatment 4 (200ml of Adlai roots decoction). Freshly excreted feces were collected and placed in plastic cups and immediately examined through Modified Mc Master Test to evaluate the Anthelmintic activity of the designated treatments. The evaluation criteria were based on the frequency counts of egg parasites and oocysts per 2 grams of feces under different treatments. Results were analyzed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) of Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Tukey’s test was used to compare treatment means showing significant difference. Statistical results were non-significant among Treatment means in all of the parameters except for the strongylid counts for the month of April which showed significant difference among treatment mean at (P< 0.05) where sheep treated with Treatment 4 (200ml of Adlai roots decoction). Adlai roots decoction has anti-parasitic activity.
Characterization and Validation of Point Mutation in Breast Cancer 1 (BRCA1) ...paperpublications3
Abstract: Bovine mastitis is a very common and multietiological disease of dairy cattle which leads to huge economic losses to the dairy industry globally. In this study, the bovine breast cancer 1, early onset gene (BRCA1) was taken as a candidate gene for mastitis resistance. Breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) is one of the genes which predispose organism to early-onset breast cancer, and is involved in DNA damage repair, cell cycle regulation, transcriptional regulation, and other important pathways to suppress tumor and maintain genome stability. A total of 120 Sahiwal cattle were selected to characterize the targeted region of intron 6 of BRCA1 gene for polymorphism screening and their association with mastitis. A 321bp PCR fragment of BRCA1 gene encompassing the targeted region of intron 6 was amplified and digested with Hha I to screen for the reported SNPs having significant association with SCS. Genotype analysis using PCR-RFLP revealed a monomorphic banding pattern. Sequencing was also carried out to explore the in silico screened SNPs which are deposited in dbSNP. The result indicates highly conserved sequence in Sahiwal cattle. Therefore, reported as well as in silico SNPs cannot be considered as a universal marker for mastitis in all the breeds. Since, present study has formulated the results based on a relatively small sample; further studies are required to screen these SNPs in large samples.
Abstract: Johne’s disease (Paratuberculosis) is a chronic enteritis of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). MAP is a subspecies of M. avium, effects wide range of animals including domestic cattle, sheep, goats, buffaloes, camelids and wild ruminants resulting in progressive and chronic enteritis known as Johne’s disease. Clinically indected animals show watery diarrhea, emaciation and eventually death due to lack of effective treatment. Clinically as well as subclinically infected animals shed bacteria in feces and milk. Fecal-oral rout is the main rout of transmission. It is economically very important disease in livestock due to decrease in milk yield, working efficiency and culling of infected animals. Enlargement of mesenteric lymph node and transverse corrugation in intestine is characterstic finding in post-mortem. Strategies to control this disease include improved management practices, testing and culling and vaccination.Keywords: Johne’s disease, diarrhoea, corrugation.
Title: Johne’s Disease: A Review Article
Author: Vikash Sharma, Lalit, Sakshi Tiwari
International Journal of Recent Research in Life Sciences (IJRRLS)
ISSN 2349-7823
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Isolation, Identification and Identification of Medically Important Microorga...ijtsrd
Poultry farming is a very lucrative business across Nigeria. One of the major challenges faced with this farming is transfer of microorganisms from the birds to humans through direct contact, animal danders, environment and poultry droppings. This study aimed at evaluating microorganisms of medical importance found in poultry droppings located at three poultry farms across Nnewi, Nigeria. A 1 g portion of each poultry dropping sample was homogenized in 10 ml buffered peptone water, after which, 0.1 ml of each homogenate was pour plated on nutrient agar, Mac Conkey agar and Sabouraud’s dextrose agar. The bacterial isolates were identified using morphological characterization, Gram staining and biochemical tests such as citrate test, methyl red test, indole test and sugar fermentation test. Fungal Isolates were identified with slide culture method followed by fungal atlas identification. Poultry farm C had the most bacterial count in its chicken droppings which is 7.0×106 cfu g while farm B had the highest fungal count of 8.5×104 cfu g. Bacteria isolated were E. coli, Bacillus species and Staphylococcus species, while fungi identified were Aspergillus species and Rhizopus species. This study has been able to show that some medically important microorganisms can be present in poultry farms and thus requires strict hygiene to be observed in poultry farm maintenance. Umeoduagu, N. D. | Dimejesi, S. A. "Isolation, Identification and Identification of Medically Important Microorganisms from Poultry Droppings at Selected Poultry Farms in Nnewi, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd51929.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/51929/isolation-identification-and-identification-of-medically-important-microorganisms-from-poultry-droppings-at-selected-poultry-farms-in-nnewi-nigeria/umeoduagu-n-d
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Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
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"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
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Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
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Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
2. Mustafa et al. / Epidemiological Investigation of Gastrointestinal (GI) Parasite at BAPARD Cattle Farm, Gopalganj in
Bangladesh
Int. Ru. Dev. Env. He. Re. 2022 9
Vol-6, Issue-2; Online Available at: https://www.aipublications.com/ijreh/
meat production, abortion; cost associated with preventive
measures and reduces the disease resistance capability,
which may ultimately lead to higher mortality (Silvestre et
al., 2000; Radostits et al. 1994). However, their effects are
usually characterized by reduced livestock productivity as
indicated by a slower growth rate, low milk production,
low body condition score (BCS) as well as additional
therapeutic cost (Charlier et al., 2015). The productivity
losses through reduced feed intake and decreased
efficiency in feed utilization due to subclinical or chronic
infections are also hindering profitable livestock industry
(Akanda et al., 2014). In addition, these infections enhance
susceptibility to secondary infections and losses resulting
from condemnation of carcasses and organs (Hendawy,
2018; Gunathilaka et al., 2018). The climatic condition of
Bangladesh favors the growth, development and survival
of various parasites or their intermediate hosts. It has been
estimated that about 10% animals die annually due to
parasitic diseases in the world (Chavhan et al., 2008). In
Bangladesh, disease problems specially related to
parasitism constitute a serious threat. Parasitic diseases are
of great economic importance in livestock (Islam, 1985).
Gastrointestinal parasitism is a world-wide problem
(Regassa et al., 2006). Previous studies in Bangladesh
revealed that gastro-intestinal parasitic infections are
widely prevalent in the country (Siddiki et al., 2009; Alim
et al., 2011). In Bangladesh, 80% people in rural areas rear
indigenous cattle (Siddiki et al., 2009), and most of the
cattle have been originated from primitive and low
productive encestors. The farmers usually rear their cattle
under traditional husbandry practices. Nutritional status of
the animas in general is not satisfactory as they are over-
worked but under-fed or half-fed, which makes the animals
susceptibile to diseases including different parasitic
diseases. About 50% calves until 1-year of age die due to
gastrointestinal parasitism (Debnath et al., 1995). On the
other hand, the adult cattle are also severely affected by
parasitism as they are kept for a longer period of time in
breeding or milk production purposes and often supply
insufficient feed against their high demand (Sardar et al.,
2006) resulting enormous economic losses. Despite
significant losses by gastrointestinal parasitism, the
problems are often neglected and overlooked as majority
of the infected animals show a number of little obvious
clinical signs during their productive life and their effects
are gradual and chronic (Raza et al., 2010). Therefore, the
objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of
Gastrointestinal parasitic infestation in Bapard cattle farm,
Gopalganj.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study area and duration
This study was conducted during the period July, 2019 to
June, 2020 in BAPARD. A total no. of 30 samples were
collected from BAPARD cattle farm repeatedly in every 3
months. The samples were examined at BAPARD
Parasitology Laboratory on the day of collection. Study
population was divided into three age groups i.e. 1 year to
1 year 6 month, 1 year 6 month to 2 year and above 2 year.
Faecal samples were in every season summer (March to
June), rainy (July to October) and winter (November to
February.
The necessary information for this study like age, sex,
breed with history was prerecorded in our registrar book.
Physical examination was done for each cattle before
collecting sample. Fecal sample was collected from all
cattle for confirmatory diagnosis by coprological
examination.
Coprological Examination
Fecal samples were collected directly from the rectum of
the cattle or immediately after defecation or from the
ground when the animals were found in the act of
defecation basically during morning. About 15-25 grams
of feces were collected from each animal. Each fecal
sample were transferred immediately to parasitology
laboratory labeled properly with tag number on the day of
collection. The fecal sample was examined using both
standard direct smear method and McMaster technique
described by Urquhart et al., (1996).
Laboratory examination of fecal sample
For McMaster counting technique super saturated flotation
fluid was prepared through mixing 400g Sodium Chloride
(NaCl) with 1000ml of tap water. In case of direct smear,
small amount of fresh fecal sample (1 drop) was mixed
with 1 to 2 drop of tap water thoroughly in a glass slide
and large and worse particle were avoided by a cotton
strip. Covered the smear was done with cover slip and
examination was done under microscope at 10×objective
and also gone through 40×objective. In case of McMaster
technique, 3 gm homogenized fresh fecal sample mixed
with 42 ml of super saturated floatation fluid and double
sieved filtration was done. This solution was remaining for
30-40 minutes in a glass beaker.
3. Mustafa et al. / Epidemiological Investigation of Gastrointestinal (GI) Parasite at BAPARD Cattle Farm, Gopalganj in
Bangladesh
Int. Ru. Dev. Env. He. Re. 2022 10
Vol-6, Issue-2; Online Available at: https://www.aipublications.com/ijreh/
III. RESULT and DISCUSSION:
Table 1: Overall prevalence of Gastrointestinal parasites
SL
No
Parasitic spp Number of sample n=156 prevalence
01 Paramphistomum spp 15 9.62%
02 Fasciola spp. 03 1.92%
03 Haemonchus spp. 07 4.49%
04 Toxocara spp. 04 2.56%
05 Schistosoma spp . 02 1.28%
06 Fasciola spp. + Paramphistomum spp. 06 3.85%
07 Toxocara spp.+ Haemonchus spp.+
Paramphistomum spp.
05 3.21%
Overall prevalence 42 26.92%
Table 2: Prevalence of Gastrointestinal parasites according to age
SL
No
Parasitic spp Age group
1-1.5 year
(Young)
n=60
prevalence 1.5-2
year
(Growi
ng)
n=44
prevalence Abov 2
year
(Adult)
n=52
prevalence
01 Paramphistomum spp 2 3.33% 5 11.36% 8 15.38%
02 Fasciola spp. 1 1.67% 0 0 2 3.85%
03 Haemonchus spp. 1 1.67% 2 4.55% 4 7.69%
04 Toxocara spp. 2 3.33% 1 2.27% 1 1.92%
05 Schistosoma spp . 0 0 0 0 2 3.85%
06 Fasciola spp. +
Paramphistomum spp.
1 1.67% 2 4.55% 3 5.77%
07 Toxocara spp.+
Haemonchus spp.+
Paramphistomum spp.
0 0 1 2.27% 4 7.69%
Total prevalence 07 11.67% 11 25% 24 46.15%
Table 3: Season wise prevalence Gastrointestinal parasite.
SL
No
Parasitic spp Number of
infection
n=156
Season
Rainy Summer Winter
01 Paramphistomum spp 15 8 (19.05%) 5 (11.9%) 2 (4.76%)
02 Fasciola spp. 03 2(4.76%) 1 (2.38%) 0
03 Haemonchus spp. 07 4(9.52%) 2(4.76%) 1(2.38%)
04 Toxocara spp. 04 2(4.76%) 1(2.38%) 1(2.38%)
05 Schistosoma spp . 02 2(4.76%) 0 0
5. Mustafa et al. / Epidemiological Investigation of Gastrointestinal (GI) Parasite at BAPARD Cattle Farm, Gopalganj in
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Fig: 2 Sex wise prevalence Gastrointestinal parasite.
From the above Tables and Figures which are shown in
results are discussed having references below:
Seasonal prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitism
The climate plays an important role in the transmission of
parasitic infections (Moyo et al., 1996). In this study,
prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitic infections were
more in rainy season (Table 3 & Fig. 1) which was in
agreement with the reports of Jeyathilakan et al. (2008)
and Chavhan et al. (2008). It might be due to adequate
moisture and optimum temperature which favuored the
growth and survival of infective stages in the pasture
(Shirale et al., 2008 and Regassa et al., 2006). On the other
hand, subsequent occurrence of gastrointestinal parasitic
infections were observed in winter followed by summer
season which showed consistency with the observation of
Shirale et al. (2008) and Chavhan et al. (2008). It might be
due to hot humid climate in summer and low temperature
in winter season provides unfavourable environment for
the survival and development of parasitic larvae (Pfukenyi
et al., 2007) which decreased the availability of infective
larvae in the pasture (Moyo et al., 1996). In all seasons,
improved husbandry measures along with irregular
anthelmintic or sometimes strategic anthelmintic therapy
contributed less parasitic infection in cattle.
Paramphistomum spp infection showed seasonal variation
in rainy season which was supported by the reports of
Jeyathilakan et al. (2008) and Chavhan et al. (2008). On
the other hand, higher prevalence of Schistosoma spp,
Fasciola spp and Toxocara spp infections in rainy season
in both local and crossbred cattle might be due to the
rainfall and temperature which favours the growth and
development of infective stages leading to more
contamination of the pasture or feed (Radostits et al.,
1994) .1999).
Age specific prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitism
Age specific prevalence (Table 2) of gastrointestinal
parasitic infections especially, Paramphistomum spp,
Schistosoma spp, Haemonchus spp and Fasciola spp were
found more in adult cattle which supported the observation
of Sardar et al. (2006) who reported that Fasciola,
Paramphistomum, Trichuris and Schistosoma were highest
in the age group greater than 36 months and lowest in age
group less than 12 months. Findings of Fritsche et al.
(1993) also supported the findings of this study. The
earlier findings of this investigation showed disagreement
with Raza et al. (2007) and Regassa et al. (2006) who
recorded significantly higher worm burden in younger
animals than adult. Higher prevalence of parasitic infection
in adult cattle might be due to keeping them for a longer
period of time in breeding and milk production purposes or
supply inadequate feed against their high demand (Sardar
et al., 2006). Moreover, stress like lactation, pregnancy,
nutritional deficiency which might be accounted for higher
prevalence in adult cattle (Radostits, 1994). On the other
hand, the highest prevalence of Toxocara spp infection in
calf was supported by the reports of Sarder et al. (2006)
and Bachal et al. (2002) who recorded such infection in
early months of life. Toxocara spp infection in local calf of
this study partially supported the findings of Avcioglu and
Balkaya (2011) who recorded higher prevalence at 0-12
month of age. Higher prevalence of such infection might
be due to prenatal infection through transfer of 3rd larval
stage (L3) and post-natal infection by poor hygienic
condition (Urquhart et al., 1996 and Soulsby, 1982).
Sex-specific prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitism
Sex-specific prevalence (Table 4& Fig 2) of
gastrointestinal parasitic infections showed that infection
caused by Paramphistomum spp, Schistosoma spp,
Toxocara spp, Fasciola spp, Haemonchus spp. were found
slightly high in female than male cattle. Findings of this
study was found in accordance with the reports of Raza et
26.72%
27.50%
26.00%
26.50%
27.00%
27.50%
28.00%
Male Female
Sex wise prevalence
Sex wise prevalence
6. Mustafa et al. / Epidemiological Investigation of Gastrointestinal (GI) Parasite at BAPARD Cattle Farm, Gopalganj in
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al. (2007, 2010) who also reported higher worm burden in
female cattle compared to male cattle. Variation in
occurrence of such helminth infections in male and female
animals might be due to the variation in sample size
(Bachal et al., 2002), lowered resistance of female animals
or temporary loss of acquired immunity near parturition
(Garcia et al., 2007), stress, genetic resistance of host and
insufficient feed supply against their higher needs (Raza et
al., 2010 and Hansen and Perry, 1993).
IV. CONCLUSION
The study was performed to examine the prevalence of
gastrointestinal parasitic cattle reared in semi-intensive
system at BAPARD Farm considering age, sex and season.
It will give an overall idea about the distribution of
gastrointestinal parasitic infections among the research
place. It will also provide some epidemiological ideas in
the occurrence of such diseases in cattle. The variations of
different factors for parasitic prevalence statistically not
significant (p<0.005). However, this study indicates the
overall performance of BAPARD cattle farm is better due
to below 56.3% of Global status. The result also suggests
to treat the pasture land and rinsing the grass before
offering to Cattle. The anthelmintics should administered
regularly in right dose and the snail presence in
surrounding of pasture land should eradicated for better
prevention of Cattle Husbandry Practices.
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