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Epidemiologi1 5
- 16. Hubungan langsung proposional bercak per cm2 dg inok/ spora per cm2 Pada saat ini gejala menurun dengan pertambahnya spora Pada tipe B ini pertambahan spora tidak selalu di i kuti dengan pertambahan bercak/gejala A B
- 17. Dimana pertambahan spora mengakibatkan penurunan bercak, karena adanya antagonistisk D Type Synergistik spora membantu perkembangan Semakin tinggi spora maka bercak semakin banyak C
- 19. Backer A. Norma distribusi Hubungan kepadatan inokulum dan keparahan penyakit menyebar normal B. True Logarithmic scale P ertambahan inokulum akan meningkatkan infeksi dalam skala log (perkembangan dengan cepat) C. Sinergi slope P ertambahan penyakit semakin cepat dengan adanya perubahan pertambahan kepadatan inokulum yang sedikit saja- karena ada sinergis D. Transitional scale Pertumbuhan penyakit mulai lambat, kapasitas inang berkurang, walaupun pertumbuhan inokulum tetap besar . ..HAP32ATEBLIT.EXE A. Norm distr. B. True logarithmic scale C. sinergistic slope D. Transitional scale
- 22. Model Konservatif Yang diusulkan Vanderplank (1963) Bunga Tunggal Monosiklik Bunga Majemuk Polisiklik Ada 5 model yang umum di gunakan Perkembangan Penyakit - Exponential - Monomolecular - Logistic - Gompertz - Linier Model Lain - Richard - Wiibull
- 23. Soilborne pathogens are usually monocyclic due to physical constraints--inoculum is not dispersed within the growing season. DSCI0060.AV I DSCI0061.AVI Verticillium wilt of strawberry
- 24. Some rust and smut fungi are monocyclic because their life cycles take a full season to complete. Oat smut Cedar-apple rust
- 25. Polycyclic pathogens have several secondary disease cycles each season. Oat stem rust Halo blight Soybean mosaic
- 26. Peningkatan penyakit pada populasi tanaman dapat dianalogkan dengan teori bunga bank (interest) Penyakit yang disebabkan patogen monosiklik dianalogikan dengan bunga tunggal , sedangkan penyakit yang disebabkan patogen polisiklik di analogikan sebagai bunga majemuk .
- 27. With simple interest, capital grows at a constant rate (the interest bearing capital remains unchanged) Bulan/tahun Jumlah Uang
- 28. With compound interest, invested capital grows at an increasing rate over time as the earned interest is reinvested. Bulan/tahun Jumlah uang
- 29. Formula matematika yang menggambarkan peningkatan bunga majemuk adalah sama formulanya pada biologi yang menggambarkan perkembangan exponential. Formula tersebut jga dapat diaplikasikan pada epedemik yang disebabkan oleh patogen polisiklik.
- 30. Peningkatan Penyakit Exponential Bunga Majemum-Patogen Polysiklik X = intensitas penyakit pada waktu t X 0 = initial disease/primary inoculum (at time t = 0) e = 2.73… ( base of natural log) r = tingkat perkembangan penyakit t = time period
- 31. Time Disease EXPONENTIAL GROWTH LOGISTIC GROWTH
- 32. Pada kenyataan, peningkatan penyakit polycyclic meningkat secara exponential hanya pada awal perkembangan epidemik (< 5% disease). Why do you think this is so?
- 34. Kurva perkembangan penyakit patogen polisiklik berbentuk “S” (sigmodi). Time Disease LOGISTIC GROWTH
- 35. Logistic Growth Bunga majemuk patogen polisiklik r = apparent infection rate t = time x 2 = proportion disease at t 2 x 1 = proportion disease at t 1
- 36. Kurva perkembangan penyakit patogen monosiklik TIME DISEASE SEVERITY
- 37. Model Mathematical pnyakit monosiklik r m = infection rate (monocyclic) t = time x 2 = proportion disease at t 2 x 1 = proportion disease at t 1
- 38. Perkmbangan late blight pada tanam kentang rentan (Hudson) dan resistant (Sebago) DAYS PROPORTION DISEASE Sebago r = 0.21 Hudson r = 0.43 10 20 30 40 50
- 39. Effect of different fungicide dosages on development of potato late blight. (Cultivar Russet Rural; weekly applications in kg/ha.) DAYS PROPORTION DISEASE 10 20 30 40 50 0.00 0.22 0.67 1.79 (Fry, W. E. Phytopathology 65:908)
- 40. Effect of different levels of weekly fungicide applications on Late Blight epidemics in plots of Russet Rural and Sebago potatoes. (Fry, W. E. Phytopathology 65:908)
- 41. Effects of fungicide dose on yield of Sebago and Russet Rural potatoes under conditions favorable for Late Blight. 0 0.5 1.0 Fungicide (kg/ha) 50 25 75 100 Yield % of max. Sebago Russet Rural (Fry, W. E. Phytopathology 65:908) Difference is approximately 0.25 kg/ha/week
- 42. Pada kultivar dengan resistensi tinggi membutuhkan fungisida lebih rendah untuk menghasilkan umbi kentang. If weekly applications of 1.75 kg/ha gave adequate control with Russet Rural, we could expect that 1.50 kg/ha would be sufficient for Sebago.
- 44. Lettuce mosaic virus seed assay (cont.) 1.00% = X 0 (4447) 0.0002% = x 0 1 in 30,000 = 0.003%, so seed lots must have 0 in 30,000 to pass certification.
- 47. Time Disease No control Reduce X 0 Reduce r
- 48. Disease Gradient: change of disease with distance from a source Pathogens: A- splash dispersed B- large spores, wind dispersed C- small spores, wind dispersed Disease
- 49. x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Random Clustered (point source) Spatial patterns of disease x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Clustered (line source)
- 50. Disease severity Yield loss (ton/ha) Southern leaf blight Powdery mildew Stem rust Yield loss models
- 51. Relationship of temperature and duration of leaf wetness to infection by ascospores of Venturia inequalis 10 20 30 40 10 15 20 25 Temperature (•C) Hours of continuous leaf wetness