Clean Air Act, Health Effects and Rule Overview
Training for Environmental Justice advocates held in Detroit April 25-26, 2014
Presentation and discussion - EPA / MDEQ / Community EJ advocates
The document discusses the U.S. EPA's Goal 1 of achieving clean air and addressing global climate change. It covers several topics including criteria air pollutants, air toxics, indoor air quality, stratospheric ozone protection, greenhouse gases, and climate change. Progress has been made in reducing various air pollutants and their health impacts, though further reductions are still needed to fully protect public health. The EPA conducts research and provides tools and guidance to support the achievement of air quality standards and goals.
Learn about the regulations surrounding the Clean Air Act and how to remain in compliance with them. This presentation covers:
Which regulations apply to your institution
How to meet recording and reporting requirements
Tactics for keeping compliant with all necessary regulations
This document discusses criteria for setting ambient air quality standards. It outlines several factors that influence decision making for standards, including acceptable health risks, control costs, and scientific judgment. Standards are designed to protect public health from air pollution effects and may establish maximum concentrations. Primary standards protect health, while secondary standards protect welfare. Factors like meteorology, geography, exposure levels, health risks, economics and policies must be considered when setting standards.
Approach & strategy to meet new ambient air quality standard(2009) in indiaECRD2015
This document discusses India's approach and strategy to meet the new ambient air quality standards from 2009. It outlines the current air quality concerns, status of air quality monitoring, trends in air pollution levels, and key areas of focus. Major sources of air pollution are identified as vehicular emissions, industries, biomass burning, and more in urban areas. Critically polluted areas are affected mainly by power plants, refineries, and other large industries. Emission inventories are presented for major polluting sectors. Several epidemiological studies have been initiated to study the health impacts of air pollution. The document also presents the revised national ambient air quality standards for important pollutants like PM, NO2, and SO2.
Air pollution control laws and regulations and Air Pollution Control Philosop...Umay Habiba
Introduction of air pollution, its causes and effects, and the price that we are paying because of this air pollution. Air Pollution Control laws and regulations, purpose of laws and regulations, US air pollution laws and regulations, US clean air act, and Air pollution control philosophies.
4 philosophies of air pollution control
1. Emission Standard Philosophy
2. Air Quality Standard Philosophy
3. Emission Taxes Philosophy
4. Cost-Benefit Standards Philosophy
This document discusses air pollution and methods for sampling air quality. It defines air pollution as undesirable atmospheric substances including gases and particulate matter from sources like industries, vehicles and waste. There are two main sampling methods - continuous and time-averaged. Samples are then analyzed using physical, chemical and biological methods to determine concentration levels over time. Sampling locations and equipment depend on the study objectives. Regular monitoring measures substances like sulfur dioxide weekly to assess national ambient air quality.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
The document discusses the U.S. EPA's Goal 1 of achieving clean air and addressing global climate change. It covers several topics including criteria air pollutants, air toxics, indoor air quality, stratospheric ozone protection, greenhouse gases, and climate change. Progress has been made in reducing various air pollutants and their health impacts, though further reductions are still needed to fully protect public health. The EPA conducts research and provides tools and guidance to support the achievement of air quality standards and goals.
Learn about the regulations surrounding the Clean Air Act and how to remain in compliance with them. This presentation covers:
Which regulations apply to your institution
How to meet recording and reporting requirements
Tactics for keeping compliant with all necessary regulations
This document discusses criteria for setting ambient air quality standards. It outlines several factors that influence decision making for standards, including acceptable health risks, control costs, and scientific judgment. Standards are designed to protect public health from air pollution effects and may establish maximum concentrations. Primary standards protect health, while secondary standards protect welfare. Factors like meteorology, geography, exposure levels, health risks, economics and policies must be considered when setting standards.
Approach & strategy to meet new ambient air quality standard(2009) in indiaECRD2015
This document discusses India's approach and strategy to meet the new ambient air quality standards from 2009. It outlines the current air quality concerns, status of air quality monitoring, trends in air pollution levels, and key areas of focus. Major sources of air pollution are identified as vehicular emissions, industries, biomass burning, and more in urban areas. Critically polluted areas are affected mainly by power plants, refineries, and other large industries. Emission inventories are presented for major polluting sectors. Several epidemiological studies have been initiated to study the health impacts of air pollution. The document also presents the revised national ambient air quality standards for important pollutants like PM, NO2, and SO2.
Air pollution control laws and regulations and Air Pollution Control Philosop...Umay Habiba
Introduction of air pollution, its causes and effects, and the price that we are paying because of this air pollution. Air Pollution Control laws and regulations, purpose of laws and regulations, US air pollution laws and regulations, US clean air act, and Air pollution control philosophies.
4 philosophies of air pollution control
1. Emission Standard Philosophy
2. Air Quality Standard Philosophy
3. Emission Taxes Philosophy
4. Cost-Benefit Standards Philosophy
This document discusses air pollution and methods for sampling air quality. It defines air pollution as undesirable atmospheric substances including gases and particulate matter from sources like industries, vehicles and waste. There are two main sampling methods - continuous and time-averaged. Samples are then analyzed using physical, chemical and biological methods to determine concentration levels over time. Sampling locations and equipment depend on the study objectives. Regular monitoring measures substances like sulfur dioxide weekly to assess national ambient air quality.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
Ambient Air Pollution Monitoring - A brief history from early UK measurements...IES / IAQM
Early ambient air pollution monitoring in the UK began in the 1950s in response to deadly smog events. This led to the first national monitoring network in the 1960s measuring smoke and sulfur dioxide. Understanding of complex photochemical smog developed in the 1970s from US experiences, widening monitoring to include other traffic-related pollutants. By the 1990s, many ambient air quality surveys had begun, facilitated by new instrumentation. Current strategies for monitoring individual sites involve defining clear objectives to design cost-effective programs considering parameters, timing, locations, and methods.
The document discusses proposed revisions to ambient air quality criteria and standards in India. It reviews the health effects and dose-response relationships of several key air pollutants including benzene, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, arsenic, lead, mercury, nickel, vanadium, and oxides of nitrogen. For each pollutant, it discusses current levels in India, existing standards, rationale for proposed new standards based on health risks, and comparisons with standards in other countries. The approach focuses on establishing standards to protect human health based on toxicological data and risk assessments.
Quantification of rate of air pollution by means ofIJARBEST JOURNAL
To develop efficient strategies for pollution control, it is essential to assess
both the costs of control and the benefits that may result. These benefits will often include
improvements in public health, including reductions in both morbidity and premature
mortality. Until recently, there has been little guidance about how to calculate the benefits
of air pollution controls and how to use those estimates to assign priorities to different air
pollution control strategies. In this work, a method is described for quantifying the benefits
of reduced ambient concentrations of pollutants (such as ozone and particulate matter)
typically found in urban areas worldwide. The method applies the data on Jakara, Indonesia,
an area characterized by little wind, high population density (8 million people), congested
roads, and ambient air pollution. The magnitude of the benefits of pollution control depends
on the level of air pollution, the expected effects on health of the pollutants (dose-response),
the size of the population affected, and the economic value of these effects. In the case of
Jakarta, the methodology suggests that reducing exposure to lead and nitrogen dioxide
should also be a high priority. An important consequence of ambient lead pollution is a
reduction in learning abilities for children, measured as I.Q. loss. Apart from that, reducing
the proportion of respirable particles can reduce the amount of illness and premature
mortality.
The document discusses air quality parameters and air pollution. It outlines that the Central Pollution Control Board establishes air quality standards for India and coordinates with state pollution control boards. An air quality index is used to communicate current and forecast air pollution levels based on measurements of 8 pollutants. Examples of current air quality index levels are provided for several Indian cities. Metrics for assessing air pollution levels internationally and factors used to evaluate air quality are also described. Standards for air quality under clean air acts in the US and EU are briefly outlined.
This document provides an overview and summary of energy resources, conservation, and regulations presented by Scott D. Clausen, Esq. It defines energy and discusses various energy sources like fossil fuels and renewables. It also summarizes the impacts of fossil fuel production and use on human health and the environment. Additionally, it outlines U.S. energy regulation at both state and federal levels, with a focus on the Clean Air Act and its role in improving public health outcomes in areas like reduced premature deaths and illnesses.
Monitoring of air pollution involves tracking key pollutants like SO2, smoke, and suspended particles on a daily basis. Common methods include measuring SO2 levels, the smoke index, and deposit of grit and dust. The air quality index provides information on air cleanliness and potential health effects. Major effects of air pollution include respiratory illnesses and increased risk of lung cancer. Prevention and control involves techniques like containment, replacing polluting processes, dilution through green belts, legislation like the Clean Air Act, and international coordination through organizations like the WHO.
Monituring & control in air pollutionAMAN PANDEY
Monitoring is done to track air quality by collecting information on key indicators like SO2, smoke, and suspended particles which are measured daily by a central agency. Common monitoring methods include measuring SO2 levels through colorimetric or conductivity tests, determining smoke index by filtering air through paper and measuring stains, and collecting grit and dust using deposit gauges which are analyzed monthly. Air quality in major Indian cities has exceeded standards according to a national monitoring program, with coastal areas showing the highest levels of fine particulate matter.
This document discusses fundamentals of air quality management. It defines air quality management as activities undertaken by regulatory authorities to ensure safe indoor and outdoor air. The key aspects of air quality management discussed are monitoring ambient air quality and emissions; modeling air pollution; assessing impacts on human health and the environment; developing and implementing legislation, regulations, and control strategies; enforcing compliance; and involving the public. Control strategies aim to limit pollution from sources using methods like emissions trading and end-of-pipe technologies. Successful strategies are adopted into enforceable regulatory programs.
Air pollutionAir Quality IndexEmission StandardThe Effects Of Air Pollution...RAMPRASAD KUMAWAT
An air quality index (AQI) is used to communicate to the public how polluted the air currently is and potential health effects. The AQI incorporates measurements of major air pollutants regulated in national standards. Emission standards set limits on amounts of specific air pollutants that can be released from sources to achieve air quality standards and protect human health. Air pollution damages human health by affecting multiple organs and functions, and is a major cause of death worldwide. Reducing emissions from transportation, energy production, waste, and industry can help tackle air pollution and its health impacts.
This document discusses various types of pollution including air, water, noise, and solid waste pollution. It defines pollution as any undesired change that affects the Earth's natural resources. The main sources and health effects of six major air pollutants are outlined. Water pollution is caused by factors such as sewage, fertilizers and industrial waste, and can contaminate drinking water and harm aquatic life. Noise pollution disrupts wildlife and can cause health issues in humans. Solid waste includes household, industrial, and hazardous materials.
This document discusses air pollution, its causes, effects, and solutions. It defines air pollution and lists major pollutants like particulate matter, sulfur and nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and ozone. It describes the sources and health effects of each pollutant. The document also discusses air pollution in Jamaica, identifying industries, transportation, fires, and domestic sources as major contributors. It outlines effects like smog, acid rain, and ozone depletion on the environment. Government agencies responsible for air quality regulation in Jamaica are identified as the NRCA and NEPA.
Nowadays by seeing the present scenario AIR is the essential element to live & Air Quality Index is a tool to distinguish the benefit of air quality. There are different methods to identify AQI, based on many impurities viz. PM2.5, PM10,CO were used to compare ambient air quality. By calculating AQI we define the quality level of air to be good, moderate, and hazardous as AQI is calculated by using the reference of "The United States Environmental Protection Agency" We are using thingspeak server to fetch the data into the cloud, so anyone can access the data in their respective location. We are not only focusing on stationary measurement but also on the real time value measurement of AQI. Which helps common people to access the Air Quality Index throughout the city and help them decide to stay in a cleaner air environment? Thus the foremost idea of AQI is to inform people about their air quality so they can step to defend their health.
This document summarizes a presentation about new EPA standards for ground-level ozone in the western U.S. It discusses the Clean Air Act requirements for the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), the current ozone standard of 0.075 ppm, and EPA's proposed revision to lower the standard to between 0.065-0.070 ppm. It notes that background ozone levels in the western U.S. are already at the proposed levels, so the new standard may be unachievable and negatively impact permitting for mining and energy projects. Legal challenges to the new standards are expected over whether EPA adequately considered costs, health impacts, and attainability given background ozone levels.
Qualitative assessment of links between exposure to noise and air pollution a...IES / IAQM
The document summarizes research on the links between exposure to noise and air pollution, and socioeconomic status. Key findings include:
- Poorer groups often live and work in more polluted areas, and may be more susceptible to health impacts of pollution.
- Road traffic is a major source of both noise and air pollution in urban areas, where exposure is highest. Agriculture is a main source of air pollution.
- Research shows lower socioeconomic groups experience higher mortality and morbidity rates associated with air pollution exposure compared to higher socioeconomic groups.
- Children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing health conditions - who may be over-represented in lower socioeconomic groups - are more susceptible to health impacts of noise
Air quality monitoring guidelines pre chaptersECRD2015
This document provides guidelines for air quality monitoring, covering topics such as introduction to air quality, basic statistics in air quality monitoring, meteorology and its relationship to air quality, various air quality monitoring techniques, and strategies for managing air quality in Indian cities. It includes 8 chapters that discuss composition of air and sources of pollution, statistical analysis of monitoring data, role of meteorological factors in pollution dispersion, bioindicators, passive and active sampling methods, and objectives and planning of monitoring programs.
Air pollution can be natural or man-made and includes particles and gases not normally found in the air. The Air Quality Index is used to indicate pollution levels and potential health effects. High levels of air pollutants can have health impacts and cause issues like acid rain and ozone depletion. Efforts to control pollution and regulations like the Clean Air Act have helped improve air quality in many areas.
Health effects of NO2: do these differ from those associated with PM2.5 expos...IES / IAQM
In 2010, the Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants (COMEAP) published its advice on the health impacts of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution in the UK. Long term exposure to PM2.5 was estimated to contribute the equivalent of 29,000 premature deaths across the UK making it the foremost environmental challenge we face.
In March 2015, COMEAP published a statement recognising the strengthening of the evidence for associations of adverse health effects with ambient concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2). At that point COMEAP concluded that “the evidence suggests that it would be sensible to regard NO2 as causing some of the health impact found to be associated with it in epidemiological studies. Nonetheless, it is possible that, to some extent, NO2 acts as a marker of the effects of other traffic-related pollutants” (COMEAP 2015a).
COMEAP’s extensive work on NO2 will be published before the end of 2017 and the report will necessarily cover the wide range of views across COMEAP on this pollutant. However, the one issue on which the committee is unanimous is that further research is required both on the toxicology and epidemiology of NO2 exposure, as well as on the use of multi-pollutant models to derive quantitative estimates of the effects of the pollutants being considered.
This document provides information about EPA regulations on hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) from paint stripping and miscellaneous surface coating operations. It discusses EPA Rule 40 CFR Part 63 subpart HHHHHH, which aims to reduce emissions of certain HAPs like chromium, cadmium, lead, nickel, and manganese. The document provides an overview of the rule's requirements, identifies HAPs in various paint products, and offers videos, FAQs, and summaries to help explain the rule. It also describes field training for paint technicians on complying with the rule that can be conducted by DuPont or distributor personnel.
Ambient Air Pollution Monitoring - A brief history from early UK measurements...IES / IAQM
Early ambient air pollution monitoring in the UK began in the 1950s in response to deadly smog events. This led to the first national monitoring network in the 1960s measuring smoke and sulfur dioxide. Understanding of complex photochemical smog developed in the 1970s from US experiences, widening monitoring to include other traffic-related pollutants. By the 1990s, many ambient air quality surveys had begun, facilitated by new instrumentation. Current strategies for monitoring individual sites involve defining clear objectives to design cost-effective programs considering parameters, timing, locations, and methods.
The document discusses proposed revisions to ambient air quality criteria and standards in India. It reviews the health effects and dose-response relationships of several key air pollutants including benzene, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, arsenic, lead, mercury, nickel, vanadium, and oxides of nitrogen. For each pollutant, it discusses current levels in India, existing standards, rationale for proposed new standards based on health risks, and comparisons with standards in other countries. The approach focuses on establishing standards to protect human health based on toxicological data and risk assessments.
Quantification of rate of air pollution by means ofIJARBEST JOURNAL
To develop efficient strategies for pollution control, it is essential to assess
both the costs of control and the benefits that may result. These benefits will often include
improvements in public health, including reductions in both morbidity and premature
mortality. Until recently, there has been little guidance about how to calculate the benefits
of air pollution controls and how to use those estimates to assign priorities to different air
pollution control strategies. In this work, a method is described for quantifying the benefits
of reduced ambient concentrations of pollutants (such as ozone and particulate matter)
typically found in urban areas worldwide. The method applies the data on Jakara, Indonesia,
an area characterized by little wind, high population density (8 million people), congested
roads, and ambient air pollution. The magnitude of the benefits of pollution control depends
on the level of air pollution, the expected effects on health of the pollutants (dose-response),
the size of the population affected, and the economic value of these effects. In the case of
Jakarta, the methodology suggests that reducing exposure to lead and nitrogen dioxide
should also be a high priority. An important consequence of ambient lead pollution is a
reduction in learning abilities for children, measured as I.Q. loss. Apart from that, reducing
the proportion of respirable particles can reduce the amount of illness and premature
mortality.
The document discusses air quality parameters and air pollution. It outlines that the Central Pollution Control Board establishes air quality standards for India and coordinates with state pollution control boards. An air quality index is used to communicate current and forecast air pollution levels based on measurements of 8 pollutants. Examples of current air quality index levels are provided for several Indian cities. Metrics for assessing air pollution levels internationally and factors used to evaluate air quality are also described. Standards for air quality under clean air acts in the US and EU are briefly outlined.
This document provides an overview and summary of energy resources, conservation, and regulations presented by Scott D. Clausen, Esq. It defines energy and discusses various energy sources like fossil fuels and renewables. It also summarizes the impacts of fossil fuel production and use on human health and the environment. Additionally, it outlines U.S. energy regulation at both state and federal levels, with a focus on the Clean Air Act and its role in improving public health outcomes in areas like reduced premature deaths and illnesses.
Monitoring of air pollution involves tracking key pollutants like SO2, smoke, and suspended particles on a daily basis. Common methods include measuring SO2 levels, the smoke index, and deposit of grit and dust. The air quality index provides information on air cleanliness and potential health effects. Major effects of air pollution include respiratory illnesses and increased risk of lung cancer. Prevention and control involves techniques like containment, replacing polluting processes, dilution through green belts, legislation like the Clean Air Act, and international coordination through organizations like the WHO.
Monituring & control in air pollutionAMAN PANDEY
Monitoring is done to track air quality by collecting information on key indicators like SO2, smoke, and suspended particles which are measured daily by a central agency. Common monitoring methods include measuring SO2 levels through colorimetric or conductivity tests, determining smoke index by filtering air through paper and measuring stains, and collecting grit and dust using deposit gauges which are analyzed monthly. Air quality in major Indian cities has exceeded standards according to a national monitoring program, with coastal areas showing the highest levels of fine particulate matter.
This document discusses fundamentals of air quality management. It defines air quality management as activities undertaken by regulatory authorities to ensure safe indoor and outdoor air. The key aspects of air quality management discussed are monitoring ambient air quality and emissions; modeling air pollution; assessing impacts on human health and the environment; developing and implementing legislation, regulations, and control strategies; enforcing compliance; and involving the public. Control strategies aim to limit pollution from sources using methods like emissions trading and end-of-pipe technologies. Successful strategies are adopted into enforceable regulatory programs.
Air pollutionAir Quality IndexEmission StandardThe Effects Of Air Pollution...RAMPRASAD KUMAWAT
An air quality index (AQI) is used to communicate to the public how polluted the air currently is and potential health effects. The AQI incorporates measurements of major air pollutants regulated in national standards. Emission standards set limits on amounts of specific air pollutants that can be released from sources to achieve air quality standards and protect human health. Air pollution damages human health by affecting multiple organs and functions, and is a major cause of death worldwide. Reducing emissions from transportation, energy production, waste, and industry can help tackle air pollution and its health impacts.
This document discusses various types of pollution including air, water, noise, and solid waste pollution. It defines pollution as any undesired change that affects the Earth's natural resources. The main sources and health effects of six major air pollutants are outlined. Water pollution is caused by factors such as sewage, fertilizers and industrial waste, and can contaminate drinking water and harm aquatic life. Noise pollution disrupts wildlife and can cause health issues in humans. Solid waste includes household, industrial, and hazardous materials.
This document discusses air pollution, its causes, effects, and solutions. It defines air pollution and lists major pollutants like particulate matter, sulfur and nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and ozone. It describes the sources and health effects of each pollutant. The document also discusses air pollution in Jamaica, identifying industries, transportation, fires, and domestic sources as major contributors. It outlines effects like smog, acid rain, and ozone depletion on the environment. Government agencies responsible for air quality regulation in Jamaica are identified as the NRCA and NEPA.
Nowadays by seeing the present scenario AIR is the essential element to live & Air Quality Index is a tool to distinguish the benefit of air quality. There are different methods to identify AQI, based on many impurities viz. PM2.5, PM10,CO were used to compare ambient air quality. By calculating AQI we define the quality level of air to be good, moderate, and hazardous as AQI is calculated by using the reference of "The United States Environmental Protection Agency" We are using thingspeak server to fetch the data into the cloud, so anyone can access the data in their respective location. We are not only focusing on stationary measurement but also on the real time value measurement of AQI. Which helps common people to access the Air Quality Index throughout the city and help them decide to stay in a cleaner air environment? Thus the foremost idea of AQI is to inform people about their air quality so they can step to defend their health.
This document summarizes a presentation about new EPA standards for ground-level ozone in the western U.S. It discusses the Clean Air Act requirements for the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), the current ozone standard of 0.075 ppm, and EPA's proposed revision to lower the standard to between 0.065-0.070 ppm. It notes that background ozone levels in the western U.S. are already at the proposed levels, so the new standard may be unachievable and negatively impact permitting for mining and energy projects. Legal challenges to the new standards are expected over whether EPA adequately considered costs, health impacts, and attainability given background ozone levels.
Qualitative assessment of links between exposure to noise and air pollution a...IES / IAQM
The document summarizes research on the links between exposure to noise and air pollution, and socioeconomic status. Key findings include:
- Poorer groups often live and work in more polluted areas, and may be more susceptible to health impacts of pollution.
- Road traffic is a major source of both noise and air pollution in urban areas, where exposure is highest. Agriculture is a main source of air pollution.
- Research shows lower socioeconomic groups experience higher mortality and morbidity rates associated with air pollution exposure compared to higher socioeconomic groups.
- Children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing health conditions - who may be over-represented in lower socioeconomic groups - are more susceptible to health impacts of noise
Air quality monitoring guidelines pre chaptersECRD2015
This document provides guidelines for air quality monitoring, covering topics such as introduction to air quality, basic statistics in air quality monitoring, meteorology and its relationship to air quality, various air quality monitoring techniques, and strategies for managing air quality in Indian cities. It includes 8 chapters that discuss composition of air and sources of pollution, statistical analysis of monitoring data, role of meteorological factors in pollution dispersion, bioindicators, passive and active sampling methods, and objectives and planning of monitoring programs.
Air pollution can be natural or man-made and includes particles and gases not normally found in the air. The Air Quality Index is used to indicate pollution levels and potential health effects. High levels of air pollutants can have health impacts and cause issues like acid rain and ozone depletion. Efforts to control pollution and regulations like the Clean Air Act have helped improve air quality in many areas.
Health effects of NO2: do these differ from those associated with PM2.5 expos...IES / IAQM
In 2010, the Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants (COMEAP) published its advice on the health impacts of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution in the UK. Long term exposure to PM2.5 was estimated to contribute the equivalent of 29,000 premature deaths across the UK making it the foremost environmental challenge we face.
In March 2015, COMEAP published a statement recognising the strengthening of the evidence for associations of adverse health effects with ambient concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2). At that point COMEAP concluded that “the evidence suggests that it would be sensible to regard NO2 as causing some of the health impact found to be associated with it in epidemiological studies. Nonetheless, it is possible that, to some extent, NO2 acts as a marker of the effects of other traffic-related pollutants” (COMEAP 2015a).
COMEAP’s extensive work on NO2 will be published before the end of 2017 and the report will necessarily cover the wide range of views across COMEAP on this pollutant. However, the one issue on which the committee is unanimous is that further research is required both on the toxicology and epidemiology of NO2 exposure, as well as on the use of multi-pollutant models to derive quantitative estimates of the effects of the pollutants being considered.
This document provides information about EPA regulations on hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) from paint stripping and miscellaneous surface coating operations. It discusses EPA Rule 40 CFR Part 63 subpart HHHHHH, which aims to reduce emissions of certain HAPs like chromium, cadmium, lead, nickel, and manganese. The document provides an overview of the rule's requirements, identifies HAPs in various paint products, and offers videos, FAQs, and summaries to help explain the rule. It also describes field training for paint technicians on complying with the rule that can be conducted by DuPont or distributor personnel.
Impact of New NSPS and NESHAP Regulations on Oil & Gas Industrybishopcj
Cindy Bishop presented on the implications of new air pollution regulations for the oil and gas sector. The new rules under the Clean Air Act will affect emissions from drilling, completions and production operations. Facilities will need to reduce emissions from equipment leaks, pneumatic controllers, compressors and storage vessels. The rules establish performance standards and require control technologies to reduce criteria pollutants and hazardous air pollutants. Companies must comply within 3 years for existing sources and immediately for new sources, or face civil and criminal penalties.
This document provides training on a Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP) for construction sites. It defines key terms like pollution, erosion, and sediment. It explains the legal requirements to have a SWPPP and train individuals to implement best management practices that prevent stormwater pollution. The training covers topics like construction sequencing, required postings, inspection and documentation, and maintaining erosion and sediment controls. It emphasizes preventing pollution from leaving construction sites and provides examples of proper and improper erosion and sediment control practices.
The document discusses air pollution, its causes, effects, and methods of control. It states that air pollution primarily comes from burning fossil fuels by industries and vehicles, which release pollutants like sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter. Some pollution also occurs naturally from volcanoes, forest fires, and animal respiration. The health effects of air pollution include respiratory diseases. Control methods discussed include particulate filters and scrubbers, changing combustion processes, catalytic converters on vehicles, and biofilters to break down pollutants.
Basic concepts in environmental engineeringjoefreim
Environmental engineering involves applying scientific principles to improve the natural environment for societal benefit. It aims to study both biotic factors like living organisms as well as abiotic factors such as land, water and air, as all components of the environment are interrelated. The document provides an introductory overview of environmental engineering by defining the field, explaining how it combines engineering with environmental concerns, and giving some basic descriptions of biotic and abiotic environmental factors.
This document provides an overview of environmental engineering and water quality topics. It discusses various water sources including surface sources like rivers, lakes, and streams, and subsurface sources like wells and aquifers. Water quality parameters that are tested are described, including physical parameters like turbidity, color and odor, and chemical parameters like pH, hardness, dissolved solids, and nitrogen content. Microbiological quality indicators like E. coli are also mentioned. Standards for drinking water quality are outlined.
Safety handbook Saudi Aramco BY Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14fahadansari131
The document provides guidance on confined space entry permitting procedures. It defines a confined space and outlines the permit process, which includes preparing the space by isolating it, conducting atmospheric testing, providing ventilation and rescue equipment, and restoring the space after entry. Personnel must obtain a Confined Space Entry Permit to enter any confined space to protect them from hazards therein. The permit ensures the space is properly prepared for safe entry and exit.
TEDx Manchester: AI & The Future of WorkVolker Hirsch
TEDx Manchester talk on artificial intelligence (AI) and how the ascent of AI and robotics impacts our future work environments.
The video of the talk is now also available here: https://youtu.be/dRw4d2Si8LA
Air Quality Presentation - EEH Chapter 10misteraugie
This chapter discusses air quality and air pollution. It describes historically important air pollution episodes and lists health effects associated with air pollution. It defines key terms like smog and criteria air pollutants. It discusses natural and anthropogenic sources of air pollution and describes common air pollutants like particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, and ozone. It also covers topics like temperature inversions, diesel exhaust, and the Air Quality Index.
The document discusses six common air pollutants regulated by the EPA: carbon monoxide, lead, ground-level ozone, particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide. It outlines their sources, both natural and man-made, and their health impacts. Breathing these pollutants can harm health by damaging lung tissue or reducing the blood's ability to carry oxygen, particularly for children, the elderly, and those with preexisting lung conditions. The EPA regulates these pollutants to protect public health and the environment.
The document discusses the six main air pollutants regulated by the EPA: carbon monoxide, lead, ground-level ozone, particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide. It describes the natural and man-made sources of each pollutant and their negative health effects. Breathing high levels of carbon monoxide, ground-level ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide can harm the human respiratory system and increase susceptibility to respiratory diseases. Lead exposure reduces blood oxygen levels and can damage the nervous system, kidneys and cardiovascular system. Particulate matter contains microscopic solids that can be inhaled and cause serious health issues.
The document discusses the six main air pollutants regulated by the EPA: carbon monoxide, lead, ground-level ozone, particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide. It describes the natural and man-made sources of each pollutant and their negative health effects. Breathing high levels of carbon monoxide, ground-level ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide can harm the human respiratory system and increase susceptibility to respiratory diseases. Lead exposure reduces blood oxygen levels and can damage the nervous system, kidneys and cardiovascular system. Particulate matter contains microscopic solids that can be inhaled and cause serious health issues.
These pollutants are found all over the U.S.,DurgeshKadam3
health effect air pollution
Once taken into the body, lead distributes throughout the body in the blood and is accumulated in the bones.
Depending on the level of exposure, lead can adversely affect the nervous system, kidney function, immune system, reproductive and developmental systems and the cardiovascular system.
Lead exposure also affects the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood.
This document discusses various air pollutants and their sources. It identifies the most common primary pollutants like particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Secondary pollutants formed from these primary ones include smog, ground level ozone and peroxyacetyl nitrate. Major sources of air pollution are described as point sources like smokestacks, line sources like traffic, area sources like landfills and volume sources like industrial facilities. Specific pollutants like sulfur and nitrogen oxides from fossil fuel combustion, carbon monoxide from vehicles and ozone formation from vehicle emissions are explained. Health effects from particulate matter and gases like irritation and worsening of lung/heart diseases are summarized.
Human activities like burning fossil fuels for electricity, industry and transportation are the primary cause of air pollution according to the document. Burning coal and petroleum releases sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides and other pollutants. Vehicles that burn gasoline and diesel also emit carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and particulate matter. While some natural sources of air pollution exist, human activities are largely responsible and modifying these activities can help control air pollution.
The document discusses various types of pollution including water, air, land, and noise pollution. It focuses on defining and providing details about water pollution and the different criteria air pollutants regulated by the EPA: carbon monoxide, lead, ground-level ozone, particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide. The text explains the sources and health effects of each of these air pollutants.
This document provides an overview of air pollution, including the major sources and types of air pollutants. It discusses how air pollution affects the atmosphere and health. Some of the main points covered include the composition of the atmosphere; primary and secondary pollutants; major pollutants like particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, and ozone; sources from transportation and industry; the formation of photochemical smog; health impacts on children; the Clean Air Act; ozone depletion; acid deposition; and indoor air pollution.
This document discusses air pollution, including its definition, composition, sources, and effects. It defines air pollution as the presence of harmful substances in the atmosphere due to human activity. It describes the composition of air and structure of the atmosphere. It discusses how air pollutants are classified based on their origin and state of matter. It details the various sources of air pollutants, both natural and man-made. Finally, it outlines the effects of common air pollutants like particulate matter, SO2, and NOx on human health, plants, materials, and the environment.
This document provides information about various types of air pollution including smog, acid rain, the greenhouse effect, and ozone layer depletion. It discusses the causes and health effects of major air pollutants such as sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter which can be emitted from natural sources like volcanoes or human sources like burning fossil fuels. Secondary pollutants formed from chemical reactions between primary pollutants are also addressed, including ground-level ozone and peroxyacetyl nitrate.
This document provides an overview of air pollution, its causes, health impacts, and control techniques. It discusses the major forms of pollution including air, water, soil, noise, and others. It then focuses on air pollution, defining it and detailing the criteria pollutants of concern: carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, particulate matter, and sulfur dioxide. The health effects of each are described. The document outlines sources of air pollution like stationary sources, mobile sources, and natural sources. It also discusses primary and secondary pollutants. Finally, it reviews some air pollution control techniques for particulate matter like settling chambers and cyclones.
: Air pollution is the presence of substances in ambient atmosphere, generally resulting from the activity of man in sufficient concentration, present for sufficient time and cause harmful effect on humans, plants and animals.
This document discusses air pollution and smog. It defines smog as a type of air pollution that is a mixture of air pollutants like nitrogen oxides that combine with sunlight to form ground-level ozone. Smog forms due to emissions from vehicles, industry, and fossil fuel burning. It can cause health issues and is worsened by temperature inversions that trap pollutants. Groups most at risk include children, outdoor workers, and those with respiratory diseases. Detection methods include visible haze and air quality index measurements.
This document discusses air pollution and its effects. It begins with a disclaimer regarding copyrighted images and discusses the structure of the atmosphere including layers like the troposphere and stratosphere. It then covers topics like ambient air quality standards in India set by organizations like CPCB and MOEF. It classifies air pollutants based on origin and state of matter. Common air pollutants are discussed like particulate matter from sources like combustion, their properties and health effects. Gaseous pollutants like SO2, NOx, and CO are also described in terms of their sources and impacts on health, environment and structures. The effects of air pollution on human health include both acute and chronic respiratory and cardiovascular issues.
This document provides an overview of air pollution, including its causes, types, and health effects. It discusses major primary pollutants such as sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter that are emitted directly from sources like vehicle exhaust and coal burning. Secondary pollutants like ozone and smog are formed when primary pollutants react in the air. Long-term exposure to air pollution has been linked to increased risk of respiratory diseases like asthma and COPD as well as cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Mathematical models are used to analyze and predict the dispersion of air pollutants.
This document provides an overview of air pollution, including its definition, units of measurement, sources, classification of pollutants, types of pollutants, effects on the environment and humans, and actions to control and prevent it. It discusses key topics such as smog formation, temperature inversions, indoor air pollution, health impacts, effects on agriculture/forests, materials, acid rain, ozone depletion, and climate change/global warming. The document is an educational resource that comprehensively addresses the various aspects of air pollution.
Bharat Mata - History of Indian culture.pdfBharat Mata
Bharat Mata Channel is an initiative towards keeping the culture of this country alive. Our effort is to spread the knowledge of Indian history, culture, religion and Vedas to the masses.
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
The Power of Community Newsletters: A Case Study from Wolverton and Greenleys...Scribe
YOU WILL DISCOVER:
The engaging history and evolution of Wolverton and Greenleys Town Council's newsletter
Strategies for producing a successful community newsletter and generating income through advertising
The decision-making process behind moving newsletter design from in-house to outsourcing and its impacts
Dive into the success story of Wolverton and Greenleys Town Council's newsletter in this insightful webinar. Hear from Mandy Shipp and Jemma English about the newsletter's journey from its inception to becoming a vital part of their community's communication, including its history, production process, and revenue generation through advertising. Discover the reasons behind outsourcing its design and the benefits this brought. Ideal for anyone involved in community engagement or interested in starting their own newsletter.
How To Cultivate Community Affinity Throughout The Generosity JourneyAggregage
This session will dive into how to create rich generosity experiences that foster long-lasting relationships. You’ll walk away with actionable insights to redefine how you engage with your supporters — emphasizing trust, engagement, and community!
Presentation by Julie Topoleski, CBO’s Director of Labor, Income Security, and Long-Term Analysis, at the 16th Annual Meeting of the OECD Working Party of Parliamentary Budget Officials and Independent Fiscal Institutions.
1. Clean Air Act, Health Effects and Rule Overview
Laura McKelvey and Stephanie Karisny
2. Titles of the Clean Air Act
• Title I—National Ambient Air Quality
Standards, Hazardous Air Pollutants
– SIP, NSR and Technology Standards
• Title II—Mobile Sources
• Title III— Emergency Powers and Tribal
Authority, Public Involvement
• Title IV—Acid Deposition
• Title V—Operating Permits
• Title VI—Stratospheric Ozone
3. A Brief Overview of the CAA
• The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency was created in
1970; the Clean Air Act (CAA) was passed in 1970;
amendments were passed in 1990
• The goal of the Clean Air Act was to give the federal
government the authority to address air pollution in the United
States
• Since the inception of the Clean Air Act (in 1970):
– There has been a 50% decrease in the criteria pollutants; criteria
pollutants include particulate matter (PM), ground-level ozone,
carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides and lead
– Air toxics from large industrial plants have been reduced by 70%
– New cars are more than 90% cleaner
– Production of ozone-depleting chemicals has ceased
4. Air Quality Management Process
Implement Control Strategies
Evaluate Air Quality
- Air Quality Assessments
•Emissions Inventory Data
•Ambient Air Monitoring Data
Choose Control Strategies
-Voluntary programs /
Outreach
-Some strategies may be
regulatory
Determine Necessary
Emissions Reductions
Set Air Quality Goals
5. NAAQS
• National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
– Primary standard set to protect public health
– Secondary standard set to protect public and welfare
• State Implementation Plans – State plans to attain or
maintain the NAAQS
• New Source Review and Prevention of Significant
Deterioration (PSD) permits are part of the SIPs
• Title V Permits takes all the requirements from SIPs,
technology standards, new source performance
standards, etc. and combine them in one permit
6. Setting Air Quality Goals for Commonly Found
“Criteria” Pollutants
• EPA sets limits for the amount (concentration) of
pollutant that can be in the air for six commonly found
pollutants:
– Particulate Matter (PM)
– Ground Level Ozone (O3)
– Carbon Monoxide (CO)
– Sulfur Oxides (SOx)
– Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
– Lead (Pb)
• These six pollutants are generally referred to as “criteria
pollutants”
• These limits are called National Ambient Air Quality
Standards (NAAQS)
• There are two types of NAAQS:
– Primary standards are set at a level to protect public health
– Secondary standards are set at a level to protect
ecosystems, the environment and other values
7. EPA’s Role in Setting Air Quality Goals
• NAAQS set national levels for acceptable concentrations of these six pollutants in outdoor air
• EPA determines/designates all areas in the country as:
– Clean or in “attainment”
– Dirty (above the standard) or contributing to dirty air in a nearby location or “nonattainment”
or
– Not having enough information to determine the air quality status “unclassifiable”
• The CAA sets dates by which these pollution levels must be reached
• EPA provides guidance to the states on how to address air quality and reviews and approves
(where appropriate) state air plans
• EPA and oversees implementation of plans and can enforce state requirements where necessary
• State plan for cleaning the air or keeping it clean to meet the national standards for these six
“criteria pollutants” is called a State Implementation Plan (SIP)
• The criteria pollutants are also regulated through New Source Performance Standards
(issued by EPA) which apply to certain new air pollution sources and SIPs and Permit
requirements for sources must at least be as stringent as the NSPS but States can be more
stringent then the NSPS
8. Ground-level Ozone is
• Primary component of smog
• Sometimes called “bad ozone” to distinguish it from
“good ozone”
– Both types of ozone have the same chemical composition (O3)
– “Good ozone” occurs naturally in the upper portions of the
earth’s atmosphere and forms a layer that protects life on earth
from the sun's harmful rays
– “Bad ozone” at ground level is harmful to breathe
9. • Not emitted directly into air; forms when emissions of nitrogen oxides
(NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) “cook” in sun
– Emissions from industrial facilities, electric utilities, motor vehicle
exhaust, gasoline vapors, and chemical solvents are major man-made
sources of NOx and VOCs
• Mainly a summertime pollutant, because sunlight and hot weather
accelerate its formation
• Ozone levels can be high in both urban and rural areas, often due to
transport of ozone, or the NOx and VOC emissions that form ozone
Ground-level Ozone (cont.)
10. • Ozone can penetrate deep into the lungs and can:
– Make it more difficult for people working or playing outside
to breathe as deeply and vigorously as normal
– Irritate the airways, causing: coughing, sore or scratchy
throat, pain when taking a deep breath, and shortness of
breath
– Increase asthma attacks and use of asthma medication
– Inflame and damage the lining of the lung by injuring the
cells that line the air spaces in the lung
– Increase susceptibility to respiratory infection
– Aggravate chronic lung diseases such as asthma,
emphysema and bronchitis
Ozone and Health
• Repeated exposure may cause permanent changes in the lung,
leading to long-term health effects and a lower quality of life
11. Ozone Health Impacts: “ Pyramid of Effects”
Susceptible and vulnerable
groups include
– People with lung disease
such as asthma
– Children
– Older adults
– People who are more
likely to be exposed, such
as outdoor workers
Proportion of Population AffectedProportion of Population Affected
Severity
of Effects
A large number of scientific studies have
linked ozone exposure to serious health
outcomes such as emergency department
visits, hospitalizations for respiratory
causes, and mortality
12. Particulate Matter: What is It?
A complex mixture of extremely small particles and liquid droplets
13.
14. Fine Particles
Combustion, gases to particles
Sulfates/acids
Nitrate
Ammonium
Organics
Carbon
Metals
Water
Sources:
Coal, oil, gasoline, diesel, wood combustion
Transformation of SOx, NOx, organic gases
including biogenics
High temperature industrial
processes
(smelters, steel mills)
Forest fires
Exposure/Lifetime:
Lifetime days to weeks, regional distribution
over urban scale to 1000s of km
Inhalable Coarse Particles
Crushing, grinding, dust
Resuspended dusts
(soil, street dust)
Coal/oil fly ash
Aluminum, silica,
iron-oxides
Tire and brake wear
Inhalable Biological
Materials
(e.g., from soils,
plant fragments)
Sources:
Resuspension of dust tracked onto roads
Suspension from disturbed soil (farms, mines,
unpaved roads)
Construction/demolition
Industrial fugitives
Biological sources
Exposure/Lifetime:
Coarse fraction (2.5-10) lifetime of hours to
days, distribution up to 100s km
PM Components: fine and coarse
15. • Larger particles (> PM10) deposit in the
upper respiratory tract
• Smaller, inhalable particles (≤ PM10)
penetrate deep into the lungs
• Both coarse PM10-2.5 and fine PM2.5 can
penetrate to lower lung
• Deposited particles may accumulate,
react, be cleared or absorbed
Particulate Matter
16. Heath Effects of Particle Pollution
• Particles can cause both respiratory and cardio-vascular
health problems, including:
– Aggravated asthma
– Increases in respiratory symptoms like coughing and difficult or
painful breathing
– Chronic bronchitis
– Decreased lung function
– Changes in heart rate and heart rate variability
– Cardiac arrhythmias
– Heart attacks
– Premature death
• Types of studies:
– Epidemiology/Field
– Controlled human exposure
– Animal
17. lung function changes, immunecell responses,
heart rateor heart ratevariability responses
Asthmaattacks, medication use,
symptoms
Doctor visits
Hospital
Admissions
Death
PM Health Impacts: “Pyramid of Effects”PM Health Impacts: “Pyramid of Effects”
Some groups are at greater risk
• People with heart or lung diseases
– Diseases make them vulnerable
– May include people with diabetes
• Older adults
– May have undiagnosed disease
• Children
– Bodies still developing
18. Sulfur Dioxide Health Effects
• Short-term exposures to SO2, ranging
from 5 minutes to 24 hours
• Respiratory effects including:
– bronchoconstriction
– increased asthma symptoms
• These effects are particularly important
for asthmatics while exercising or
playing.
• Short-term exposure result in:
– increased visits to emergency
departments and hospital
admissions for respiratory
illnesses
– particularly in at-risk populations
including children, the elderly, and
asthmatics
• Emissions that lead to high
concentrations of SO2 generally also
lead to the formation of other Sox.
• SOx can react with other compounds
in the atmosphere to form small
particles or PM2.5 discussed earlier.
• These particles penetrate deeply into
sensitive parts of the lungs and can
cause or worsen respiratory disease,
such as emphysema and bronchitis,
and can aggravate existing heart
disease, leading to increased hospital
admissions and premature death.
• EPA’s NAAQS for particulate matter
(PM) are designed to provide
protection against these health effects.
19. Current National Ambient Air Quality Standards
(NAAQS) as of March 2014
Pollutant Primary/
Secondary
Averaging Time Level Form
CO primary
8-hour 9 ppm
Not to be exceeded more than once per year
1-hour 35 ppm
Lead primary and
secondary
Rolling 3 month
average 0.15 μg/m3 Not to be exceeded
NO2
primary and
secondary Annual 53 ppb Annual mean
primary 1-hour 100 ppb 98th
percentile of 1-hour daily maximum
concentrations, averaged over 3 years
O3
primary and
secondary 8-hour 0.075 ppm Annual fourth-highest daily maximum
8-hr concentration, averaged over 3 years
PM2.5
primary
Annual
12.0 μg/m3
annual mean, averaged over 3 years
secondary 15.0 μg/m3
primary and
secondary 24-hour 35 μg/m3 98th
percentile, averaged over 3 years
PM10
primary and
secondary 24-hour 150 μg/m3 Not to be exceeded more than once per year on
average over 3 years
SO2
primary 1-hour 75 ppb 99th
percentile of 1-hour daily maximum
concentrations, averaged over 3 years
secondary 3-hour 0.5 ppm Not to be exceeded more than once per year
Primary (health-based) and secondary (welfare-based) standards. Units of measure are parts per million (ppm),
parts per billion (ppb) or micrograms per cubic meter of air (μg/m3
). For more information about the standards,
visit http://www.epa.gov/ttn/naaqs/.
21. What is a SIP?
• Most air pollution control regulations in the US are
found in SIPs (State Implementation Plans)
• States and have great leeway in developing SIPs
• Implementation plans include information to
understand and track air quality like:
– Emissions inventories (what sources are in the area)
– Air quality monitoring
– Modeling to show how the plan will achieve or maintain
good air quality
• Control strategies for all the sources of pollution in
an area which can include
– Voluntary programs to improve air quality, for example,
• Build High Occupancy Vehicle Lanes
• Cash for clunkers
– Regulatory programs, for example
• Impose limits on bus idling
• Require sources to install air pollution control equipment
– Permit programs for new and modified sources
• Development of these components generally
takes 3-4 years
• CAA requires an area move to attainment with in
5-7 years.
22. SIPs Must Meet Minimum Requirements
• The Clean Air Act has many requirements for SIPs, including
a requirement that non-attainment areas come into attainment
as soon as possible
• SIPs must have:
– Enforceable emission limits and control measures
– An air monitoring program
– Permit programs to control construction and modification of new
stationary sources
– Measures to prevent one State from significantly contributing
to nonattainment in another State
• SIPs are submitted to EPA for approval
– EPA must publish notice before approving a SIP (typically found
in the Federal Register) and must give the public an opportunity
to request public hearing and at least a 30-day comment period
23. Implementing Control Strategies
• Pre-construction and operating
permits help with compliance and
enforcement of the SIP
– Permits contain requirements and
become enforcement tools
– Before a permit is issued, the public
can request a public hearing and
make comments on the draft permit
• Progress can be tracked through
– Ambient monitoring
– Reporting requirements contained in
permits and regulations
• Enforcement is essential
24. SIP Process and Roles Opportunities for Input
SIP is now federally enforceable
Meet w/State SIP development team, join SIP
stakeholder group, get on mailing list
Work w/Regional Office to provide input and
community or tribal perspective
Attend and speak at public hearing, submit written
comments
Work w/Regional Office to review and provide input
Attend and speak at public hearing, submit written
comments
Work w/EPA and State to ensure controls are in place
and working
State / local agencies start to develop SIP
State holds public hearing and comment period
State revises SIP to respond to public comment
State adopts & officially submits SIP to EPA Regional
Office
EPA performs completeness review (EPA has 6
months)
EPA publishes proposed notice in Federal Register
EPA holds public comment period
EPA publishes final action responding to public
comment
State modifies SIP based on EPA comments
State drafts SIP and submits to EPA for informal
review
The State Implementation Plan Process
26. • National Ambient Air Quality Standard
(NAAQS) for SO2
– Primary standard: Protection of human health
including "sensitive" populations such as
asthmatics, children, and the elderly
• One-hour standard, 75 parts per billion (ppb)
• Calculated as the three-year average of the 99th
percentile of the annual distribution of daily maximum
1-hour average concentrations
– Secondary standard: Protection against
environmental and property damage - e.g.,
protection against decreased visibility, damage
to animals, crops, vegetation, buildings
• Three-hour standard, 0.5 parts per million (ppm)
• Not to be exceeded more than once per calendar
year
27. • Wayne is the only county in Michigan
that is a designated nonattainment
area for SO2 under the 2010 standard
– “The area bounded on the east by the
Michigan-Ontario border, on the south by the
Wayne County- Monroe County border, on
the west by Interstate 75 north to Southfield
Road, Southfield Road to Interstate 94, and
Interstate 94 north to Michigan Avenue, and
on the north by Michigan Avenue to
Woodward Avenue and a line on Woodward
Avenue extended to the Michigan-Ontario
border”
28.
29.
30.
31. • States are primarily responsible for ensuring
attainment and maintenance of NAAQS once EPA
has established them
• State needs to create a State Implementation Plan
(SIP) that provides for the attainment and
maintenance of NAAQS through control programs
directed at sources of SO2
• SIP goes through public participation process (state
level)
• USEPA has final say, approves or disapproves SIP
(also public participation)
• SIPs due to USEPA by April 6, 2015
• NAAQS for SO2
must be met by October 4, 2018
32. • General Nonattainment SIP Requirements:
– Section 172 of the Clean Air Act (CAA) addresses
the general requirements for areas designated as
nonattainment
– States with nonattainment areas must submit a SIP
that shows the affected area will attain the standard
by the applicable attainment date (10/4/2018)
– SIP must demonstrate that area will attain the
standard as expeditiously as practicable, and
provide for the implementation of all reasonably
available control measures (RACM) including
reductions in emissions from existing sources
through adoption of additional control technologies
33. • What kinds of SO2
control options
are available?
– Switch to low-sulfur fuel (low sulfur coal)
– Implement flue gas desulfurization
control technology
• Dry FGD technologies
• Wet FGD technologies
34. Overview
• Section 112 of the Clean Air Act
– Overview
– Emission standards
– MACT program
– Risk and technology review (RTR)
• Available Resources
• Status Updates on Rules
35. Section 112 of the Clean Air Act
Overview
• Establishes requirements for setting national emission standards for
hazardous air pollutants (NESHAP)
• A hazardous air pollutant is defined as “any air pollutant listed pursuant to
subsection (b) of this section [CAA section 112]”
– There are currently 189 pollutants on the HAP list (the complete list is available online
at: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/overview.html)
• Stationary sources are broken down into two categories: major and area
– A major source “means any stationary source or group of stationary sources located
within a contiguous area and under common control that emits or has the potential to
emit considering controls, in the aggregate, 10 tons per year or more of any
hazardous air pollutant or 25 tons per year or more of any combination of hazardous
air pollutants”
– An area source “means any stationary source of hazardous air pollutants that is not a
major source”
36. Regulation of Toxic Pollutants
• The Clean Air Act listed 189 (now 183) toxic air
pollutants (that may cause cancer or serious health
problems)
• There are literally thousands of sources of toxic air
pollutants (also called hazardous air pollutants or HAPs)
• Sources range from gigantic oil refineries to the dry
cleaner on the corner, as well as mobile sources (cars,
trucks, planes, trains)
• Clean Air Act requires EPA to set standards for specific
source types
37. Section 112 of the Clean Air Act
Emission Standards
• Per section 112(d), “the Administrator shall promulgate regulations
establishing emission standards for each category or subcategory of
major sources and area sources of hazardous air pollutants listed
for regulation pursuant to subsection (c) of this section in
accordance with the schedules provided in subsection (c) and (e) of
this section”
• Emission standards “require the maximum degree of reduction in
emissions of the hazardous air pollutants…the maximum degree of
reduction in emissions that is deemed achievable for new sources in
a category or subcategory shall not be less stringent than the
emission control that is achieved in practice by the best controlled
similar source, as determined by the Administrator”
– The above is speaking to the maximum achievable control
technology or MACT program
38. Section 112 of the Clean Air Act
MACT Program
• Under the MACT program emission limits for existing sources are
established by:
– Examining “the average emission limitation achieved by the best
performing 12 percent of the existing sources (for which the
Administrator has emissions information)… or by examining “the
average emission limitation achieved by the best performing 5 sources
(for which the Administrator has or could reasonably obtain emission
information) in the category or subcategory for categories or
subcategories with fewer than 30 sources)
• For area sources the Administrator may “elect to promulgate
standards or requirements applicable to sources in such categories
or subcategories which provide for the use of generally available
control technologies or management practices by such sources to
reduce emissions of hazardous air pollutants”
39. Section 112 of the Clean Air Act
Risk and Technology Review (RTR)
• Residual risk review and technology review required within 8 years of
promulgation of MACT standards
• 2-step risk analysis
1. Determine if risk is acceptable considering health information only, and if not
acceptable, tighten standards so risks are acceptable
2. Determine if standards provide an ample margin of safety, which considers
health info, costs and feasibility
• Risk review includes inhalation risk assessment (cancer and non-
cancer) and screens to assess multipathway, whole facility, acute and
environmental risks
– Can perform refined multipathway assessments in limited cases if screens
show potential multipathway human health risk
• Technology review takes into account new developments in practices,
processes and control technologies considering cost and feasibility
• We also consider previously unregulated processes and HAP, and we
make technical corrections
40. Available Resources
• Overview of section 112 (this includes the list of HAPs):
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/overview.html
• For further explanation of major and area sources and a list of source
categories please visit:
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/pollsour.html
• For a listing of all of the NESHAP/MACT final rules please visit:
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/mactfnlalph.html
• For an overview of the risk and technology review program please visit:
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/rrisk/rtrpg.html
• Plain English guide to Clean Air Act: http://www.epa.gov/air/caa/peg/
• State, local, tribal and federal partnerships:
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/stprogs.html
41. Status Updates on Rules
Startup Shutdown and Malfunctions
• Historically, EPA’s air pollution rules require compliance with
standards at all times, but most rules allowed an exemption of
the standard if it occurred during a malfunction or during
periods of startup or shutdown
• In 2008, the D.C. Circuit Court ruled that such exemptions
were not permitted
• EPA is addressing the court decision in its rules by removing
the exemption for malfunctions; for start up and shutdown
provisions, EPA considers whether it is viable for sources to
comply at all times, or whether a separate provision is
necessary to address start up and shutdown
42. Status Update on Rules (cont.)
Steel Sector
• Steel mills are regulated under three different rulemakings
• Electric Arc Furnaces (EAF) – steel from recycled steel scrap
– 88 facilities; mostly area sources (80 facilities)
– 5 major stand-alone; 3 major co-located at integrated iron and steel facilities
– Rule promulgated in 2007, included standards for mercury and PM limits
• Integrated Iron and Steel Plants – steel from taconite ore, coke
– 16 facilities: 4 with sinter plants, 3 with EAF
– 5 facilities with co-located coke plants
– MACT rule promulgated in 2003, included PM and opacity limits
• Coke Plants – produces coke, a high-energy fuel used in steel production
– 19 facilities; 5 co-located at integrated iron and steel facilities
– Most have multiple coke oven batteries
– MACT rules were promulgated in 1993 and 2003 for various plant processes
– RTR will be conducted for pushing, quenching and battery stacks
– Coke oven rules include requirements for opacity and PM
43. Status Update on Rules (cont.)
43
Pollutant Limit
PM 27 milligrams per dry standard cubic meter (dscm)
Opacity 10 percent
Cadmium 0.040 milligrams per dscm
Lead 0.44 milligrams per dscm
Mercury 0.080 milligrams per dscm or 15 percent of the potential mercury emission
concentration, whichever is less stringent
Sulfur dioxide 29 parts per million by volume (ppmv) or 25 percent of the potential sulfur dioxide
emission concentration, whichever is less stringent
Hydrogen chloride 29 ppmv or 5 percent of the potential hydrogen chloride emission, whichever is
less stringent
Dioxins/furans If facility uses ESP: 60 nanograms per dscm
If no ESP: 30 nanograms per dscm
Nitrogen oxides 205 ppmv (mass burn waterwall)
Carbon monoxide 100 ppmv (mass burn waterwall)
Federal plan emission limits for large MWCs constructed on or before 9/20/1994 (40 CFR Part 62 Subpart
FFF)
Existing Large Municipal Waste Combustors
44. Status Update on Rules (cont.)
Carbon Pollution Standards for Existing and Modified Power Plants
• The President in his directive to EPA under the Climate Action Plan stated
that the agency should:
– Set flexible carbon pollution standards, regulations or guidelines, as appropriate,
for power plants under section 111 of the Clean Air Act
– Focus on these elements when developing the standards:
• Stakeholder engagement on program design
– States
– Leaders in the power sector
– Labor leaders
– Non-governmental organizations
– Tribal officials
– Members of the public
• Flexibilities in program design
– Market-based instruments, performance standards, others
• Costs
– Tailor regulations and guidelines to reduce costs
• Continued importance of relying on a range of energy sources
• Other regulations that affect the power sector
45. Status Update on Rules (cont.)
Carbon Pollution Standards for Existing and Modified Power Plants
• EPA’s Task:
– Develop carbon pollution standards, regulations or guidelines, as
appropriate, for:
• New power plants
• Modified and reconstructed power plants
• Existing power plants
• Per the President’s Directive, EPA will issue proposed carbon
pollution standards, regulations or guidelines, as appropriate, for
modified, reconstructed and existing power plants, by no later than
June 2014
– EPA will issue final standards, regulations or guidelines as appropriate
by no later than June 2015
– EPA will include in the guidelines addressing existing power plants a
requirement that States submit to EPA the implementation plans by no
later than June 2016
46. Status Update on Rules (cont.)
Carbon Pollution Standards for Existing and Modified Power Plants
• EPA has been conducting a robust stakeholder engagement
process
– Participated in meetings with over 300 utility, labor and
environmental groups since June 2013
– Developed video webinar about the Climate Action Plan and
CAA section 111(d); this video has been viewed more than 3,800
times
– Held 11 public listening sessions around the country
• 3,300 people attended
• More than 1,600 people offered oral statements
• Engagement process has given EPA several key insights and
takeaway messages
47. Petroleum Refinery Sector Risk and
Technology Review
Presentation to the U.S. EPA Science Advisory Board
July 19, 2013
48. Developing Exposure Estimates
• We use the EPA Human Exposure Model (HEM) risk modeling
system to estimate exposure, which contains:
– AERMOD dispersion model (EPA’s approved local-scale model)
– 2010 Census data at census block resolution (about 10 households)
– Terrain elevation data
– Meteorological data
• Uses historical (2011) data from weather stations nationwide
• Exposure estimates are conservative
– We assume that there is a person at the centroid of census block who is
continually exposed for 70 years
• If the highest concentration is at residence closer to the facility than the centroid,
we use that concentration as our exposure estimate
– This reflects the Clean Air Act mandate to assess risks to the ‘individual
most exposed’
49. Inhalation Risk Outputs
• Chronic
– Cancer: Maximum Individual Risk (MIR) – highest cancer risk (in a
million) at a location where people live (census block centroid or nearest
residence)
– Noncancer: Hazard Index (HI) – highest noncancer risk at a location
where people live (census block centroid or nearest residence)
– Annual cancer incidence (cases/year)
– Cancer risk bin distributions (>100 in a million, 10 in a million…)
– Source category and facility wide risks
– Process level risk contributions
• Acute
– Maximum off-site impact: pollutant-specific highest 1-hour Hazard
Quotient (HQ) outside estimated facility fenceline
• Default factor of 10x time the annual emissions rate unless source category
specific information is provided
• Can be refined with site-specific boundary conditions
50. Development of Emission Inventories
• The purpose of the risk and technology review is to evaluate the
MACT standards to determine if:
– It is necessary to tighten the standards to protect human health and the
environment with an “ample margin of safety”
– There are advancements in practices, processes or technologies that
warrant tightening the standards
• Risk and technology review requires emission inventory data
• Emission inventories are developed to satisfy state requirements
– EPA provides guidance in the form of AP-42 emission factors, but does
not mandate their use
– Inventories are not consistent among states
– Speciation and completeness of data for air toxic pollutants vary
– EPA houses state inventories in the Emission Inventory System (EIS)
51. Refinery Emissions Inventory
• EPA was petitioned in 2008 under the Data Quality Act to improve emission factors from
refineries
– In response, EPA developed a refinery emissions estimation protocol, which was put through
two rounds of public notice and comment in 2010
• http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/efpac/protocol/index.htm
• Refinery Emissions Estimation Protocol
– Provides consistent set of methods for estimating emissions (criteria pollutants and air
toxics)
– Requires speciation of air toxic pollutants
– Describes what refinery emission sources should have pollutant emission estimates
– No new sampling is required
– Ranking of methodologies depending on available data
– More detailed and comprehensive than AP-42 emission factors
• 2011 Refinery ICR required refiners to use the Refinery Emissions Estimation Protocol to develop
their inventory
• Refinery inventory submitted in response to the ICR will be used to perform the risk and
technology review of the MACT standards
53. Refinery Emission Sources
• Point sources (vents or stacks)
– Emissions generally well understood and well characterized, and some test data available where pollutants were
directly measured
– Examples include vents at catalytic cracking, fluid coking, delayed coking, catalytic reforming, sulfur recovery,
hydrogen plants
– As part of risk and technology review, EPA is amending rules to require electronic submission of performance test
data; will be used to periodically update emission factors
• Flares
– Destruction of pollutants in an open flame
– Difficult to directly measure pollutants
– Flare studies available to develop correlations for parameters that affect flare destruction efficiencies (2012 peer
review)
– September 2012 NSPS flare amendments will require all flares to eventually have monitors to measure waste gas
flow
– Flare operational requirements ensure good combustion and provide information (waste gas composition and
flare destruction efficiency) that can be used to estimate emissions from flares
• Fugitive emission sources
– Tend to be open sources or not emitted through a stack or vent, thus difficult to directly measure pollutants
– Examples include equipment leaks and pressure relief devices, tanks and transfer operations and wastewater
handling and treatment
– Emission models and estimates are used to predict pollutant emissions
– An emission standard at the fenceline can help ensure fugitive emission standards are being met
54. Fenceline Monitoring
• Fugitive emission sources may not be well characterized in the inventories but are likely
significant contributors to overall emissions
• Fugitives from process piping
• Wastewater sources
• Pressure relief events
• Tanks
• Highest concentrations of these fugitive emission sources outside the facility likely occur
by the property boundary near ground level
• Air monitoring at the property boundary can provide a direct measure of the annual
average concentrations of air toxics directly surrounding the refinery
• Benzene is a refinery risk driver and also primarily emitted from fugitive sources; 85% of
benzene emissions from refineries is from fugitive, ground-level sources, so reducing
emissions of benzene from fugitive sources will reduce emissions of other toxic pollutants
• Perimeter or fenceline monitoring provides an indicator of the level of emissions at
refineries and is a way to ground-truth fugitive emission estimates
55. Low-cost
sensor
networks
Low-cost
sensor
networks
Different technologies and approaches to detect and measure
pollutants over extended areas and time
Mobile
inspection
systems
Mobile
inspection
systems
Monitoring for Assessment of Fugitives
Leak detection power and feasibility of widespread deployment
Analyticalpowerandimplementationcost
Current open-
path and auto
GC systems
Current open-
path and auto
GC systems
Lower cost
optical
systems
Lower cost
optical
systems
57. N
Low-Cost Sensors Can Provide 24-7 Observation & Enable
New Regulatory Approaches
Facility fenceline monitoringPassive sampling
Low-cost
sensor
networks
Low-cost
sensor
networks
• Locate passive samplers around the
perimeter of each refinery
• Calculate annual average concentration
• If rolling average concentration exceeds
benzene concentration standard (the
action level), initiate tiered approach to
positively identify facility contribution and
conduct corrective action to reduce
emissions
58. Developments in Lower-Cost Time-Resolved Monitoring to Support
Time-Integrated Passive Sampler Fenceline Measurements
Mobile inspection
systems
Mobile inspection
systems
SECONDARY
MIRROR
PRIMARY
MIRROR
SEALED UV
WINDOW
BEAM
SPLITTER
DETECTORS
FOCUSING
LENS
Lower cost
open-path
optical systems
Lower cost
open-path
optical systems
Deep UV optical sensor
Drive-by leak inspection
Drop-in-place sensor packages
Prototype PID sensor package
(pres. temp. , RH., VOC)
Combining
senor and
wind data
Combining
senor and
wind data
New leak-location algorithms
Low-cost
stand-alone
sensors
Low-cost
stand-alone
sensors
59. Wind
April 2013 passive sampler and GMAP demo with a cooperating refinery
Mobile inspection detected benzene leak at location of the highest passive sampler
reading
Passive
sampler
Geospatial measurement
(GMAP) mobile benzene
survey
Passive sampler fenceline and mobile inspection demonstration
Editor's Notes
Key Points
Particles come from a variety of sources –
Some particles come from natural sources. But the vast majority of particles are produced by human activities – from cars, trucks and other vehicles, to industry, power plants – and even wood stoves.
Fine particles can be emitted directly into the air, such as diesel particles from motor vehicles,
But the majority of fine particles are formed by gases in the atmosphere.
For example, sulfur dioxide emissions from power plants and industrial facilities transform in the air to become particles known as sulfates.
The chemical composition of particles depends on the location of the source, the time of year, temperature and weather.
Additional Info ___________________________________________________________
Other examples of fine particles emitted directly into the air: iron oxides from iron and steel mills and elemental carbon (soot) from wood burning.
Other examples of fine particles formed by chemical reactions:
Fine particles known as nitrates form in the atmosphere by chemical reactions involving nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants, automobiles and other sources that burn fossil fuels.
And particles known as “secondary organic particles” come from reactions between nitrogen oxide emissions and volatile organic compounds emitted by industrial operations and motor vehicles.
Primary – what does this mean?
Each day SO2 monitor taking hourly readings, for each day you determine the highest hourly value
So over one year, you get a data set of 365 highest daily values
These 365 values are ranked from highest to lowest
The fifth highest value is approximately the 99th percentile value
Take 99th percentile reading (fifth highest SO2 reading) for each of three consecutive years and then average them
If the value you end up with is less than 75 ppb, the monitor would be judged to be meeting the standard
Secondary standard has not changed since 1971
Health
Laura already touched on health effects of SO2 but want to take second draw attention to really startling prevalence of asthma in Detroit area
2008 study done by Mich Dept of Comm Health
Asthma among adults in Detroit was 50% higher than the statewide average
Asthma among children covered by Medicaid in Detroit (special focus of MDCH); 10% higher chance of persistent asthma and 50% more likely to visit the emergency department as a result of asthma, than their statewide counterparts
Rates of asthma hospitalization in Detroit (for both children and adults) were found to be three times higher than that of Michigan as a whole
Rates of asthma death over two times higher compared to overall state numbers
Environment
Like Laura already talked about
SO2 + water molecules in atmosphere = sulfuric acid (acid rain)
Total SO2 emissions from major sources in Wayne County
This was info USEPA and MDEQ used in deciding boundaries for nonattainment area (primarily SO2 emissions data from 2008)
Notice as pointed out by Laura, largest emitters are power generating plants (DTE) that burn coal
DTE Monroe largest SO2 emitter, is actually outside final nonattainment area, justified this decision based on recently installed emission control tech & distance form violation monitor
Map of SO2 emission sources and SO2 monitors in Detroit
Violating monitor (red diamond) located at Southwestern High School, monitor showed 90ppb (data from 2009-2011) in violation of 2010 primary standard
Grey dots (small and large) are SO2 emitters
Map of final nonattainment area, area designation effective 10/4/2013
Now question is what to do about nonattainment in Wayne County?
As of now, Michigan has not submitted a SIP for 2010 SO2 standard
If still in nonattainment by deadline (10/4/18), state has 12 months to submit revised SIP that proves can reach SO2 attainment within following 5 years (5 years after USEPA determined still weren’t in attainment)
If a state fails to submit an approvable plan or if EPA disapproves a plan, EPA is required to develop a federal implementation plan (FIP)
Several common themes emerged from stakeholder outreach:
-Broad agreement that opportunities exist to lower the carbon intensity of power generation through a wide range of measures
-States need more than one year to develop and submit plans
-More time necessary due to legislative/regulatory schedule in many states
-Additional time would allow and promote multi-state programs and cooperation
-Multiple opinions about how broader measures taken throughout the electric system could factor into programs
-General support for giving states flexibility
-Recognize existing programs and the progress achieved
-Allow compliance options that permit the use of approaches that are outside the power plan “fence line” (e.g., demand-side management)
-Acknowledge leadership for prior GHG activities in states
-Potential hurdles or concerns identified by stakeholders:
-Views vary regarding form of the goal
-Rate-based: States must stay below a tons of CO2 per megawatt hour limit
-Mass-based: States must stay below a total tons of CO2 emitted per year limit
-Many states have already achieved greenhouse gas reductions and have exceeded the President’s goal
-Some suggest that EPA can legally only base the reduction goal on measures “within the fenceline”
-This would eliminate EPA’s ability to count reductions achieved away from the power plant (e.g., demand-side management programs)
-Concerns that rulemaking will have a negative impact on jobs and ratepayers
-Concern that ratepayers will have to pay for stranded assets
-Concerns regarding maintaining the reliability of the electric power system