The document summarizes key concepts about cellular metabolism. It discusses: 1) Metabolism is the set of chemical reactions within organisms and involves coupling of exergonic and endergonic reactions. 2) Catabolic pathways like glycolysis and the citric acid cycle break down molecules to generate ATP. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and citric acid cycle in the mitochondria. 3) Anabolic pathways like protein synthesis require ATP to build large biomolecules. Protein synthesis involves transcription of DNA to mRNA and translation to a polypeptide chain.

4. Metabolism p 101 Anabolism  Synthesis Energy transferred commonly measured in calories: 1 cal =  1 g of H 2 O by 1 ° C 1 Kcal =  temp. of 1L H 2 O by 1 o C. = Calorie (capital C) Energy released in catabolic reactions is trapped in 1) Phosphate bonds 2) Electrons Catabolism  Energy

5. Metabolic pathways: Network of interconnected chemical reactions Linear pathway Circular pathway Branched pathway Intermediates

8. ATP = Energy Carrier of Cell (not very useful for energy storage) ATP : ADP ratio determines status of ATP synthesis reactions ATP Cycle

10. The Steps of Glycolysis Net gain?

11. Pyruvate has 2 Possible Fates: Anaerobic catabolism: Pyruvate Lactate Aerobic catabolism: Pyruvate Citric Acid Cycle

13. Energy Yield of Krebs Cycle See Fig. 4-24 NADH NADH NADH FADH 2

16. Cellular Respiration Maximum potential yield for aerobic glucose metabolism: 30-32 ATP synthesized from ADP H 2 O is a byproduct Summary of CHO catabolism

19. Synthetic Pathways Unit molecules Macromolecules Polysaccharides Lipids DNA Protein nutrients & energy required Anabolic reactions synthesize large biomolecules Glucose Amino Acids

21. Protein Synthesis Proteins are necessary for cell functions Protein synthesis is under nuclear direction  DNA specifies Proteins DNA mRNA Protein ? ?

25. mRNA Processing (Fig. 4-33)

26. Protein synthesis fig 4-27

27. Translation mRNA is translated into string of aa (= polypeptide) mRNA + ribosomes + tRNA meet in cytoplasm Anticodon pairs with mRNA codon  aa determined Amino acids are linked via peptide bond. 2 important components ??

28. Fig 4-34 Primary Structure