This document discusses finding a scientific method to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from urban areas, specifically in Baghdad, Iraq. It begins by outlining different analytical methodologies (models) for carbon reduction and categorizing them. It then focuses on the MARKAL model, explaining that it is a bottom-up, linear programming model used in over 50 countries to determine optimal carbon mitigation strategies based on differences in energy demands between urban areas. The document suggests the MARKAL model is most suitable for Baghdad due to available data and literature on its use, and its ability to analyze energy systems and emissions over long time periods while accounting for technology changes.
Model for Evaluating CO2 Emissions and the Projection of the Transport Sector IJECEIAES
This document presents a system dynamics model to analyze carbon emissions from Bogota's transport sector under different policy scenarios from 2005 to 2050. The model considers population growth, private and public vehicle fleet growth, passenger trips, and resulting CO2 emissions. Four scenarios combine urban development and environmental policies. Scenario 1, with balanced development and environmental policies, shows the lowest emissions growth. Scenario 2, focused on development without environmental policies, shows the highest emissions and fleet growth. Implementing balanced and coordinated urban and environmental policies can effectively reduce transport sector emissions.
This document analyzes optimal thermal insulation thicknesses of external walls based on economic and ecological heating costs. It introduces a concept of ecological cost of heating modeled on economic cost of heating, and proposes a method to determine both. The method allows determining optimal heat transfer coefficients and insulation thicknesses from economic and ecological perspectives. The study analyzes various construction materials, insulation materials, heat sources, and climate zones in Poland. It finds that the optimal thickness from an ecological perspective is much larger than from an economic perspective, but that even at the economically optimal thickness there are ecological benefits to insulation in terms of reduced environmental impact. It concludes that thicker insulation beyond regulations provides better ecological benefits with only slightly smaller economic benefits.
The document discusses methods for short-term forecasting of electric energy consumption in smart buildings. It compares statistical and machine learning approaches using data from 13 buildings on a university campus in Spain. The best performing methods were ensemble machine learning approaches like bagging and boosting, which were able to more accurately predict energy consumption over the next day compared to statistical models. The study also found that using over 7 days of historical data led to better predictions.
OVERVIEW OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF CARBON FOOT PRINTI...ijiert bestjournal
A review is done on the different methods to reduce the carbon emission ultimately the carbon footprint in the different sectors in the perceptive of the renewable sources. In method for the Regional energy targeting along with the supply chain synthesis different algorithms are proposed such as Regional Energy Clustering (REC) for the biomass supply chains. Some method as are based on the scheduling the manufacturing processes in process industries so as to reduce the carbon footprint and energy consumption. Here in this paper methods are proposed to reduce the carbon footprint in architecture firms are also discussed which the sources of CO2 emission are also . Last,role of re newable sources to reduce the carbon footprint and comparison is done among them by 2020.
IRJET- Energy Saving in Governmental Educational Buildings: Case StudyIRJET Journal
This document presents a case study on implementing energy saving methods in an educational building in Egypt. Two methods are analyzed: 1) Replacing fluorescent lamps with LED lamps. This is estimated to save 21.8% of energy annually based on a simulation. 2) Installing sensors for smart energy control, estimated to save an additional 20% of energy. Together the two methods could save 41.8% of energy annually and pay for themselves within 3 years. Practical installations in a lecture hall and office showed improved lighting and reduced energy consumption compared to fluorescent lamps. Overall the study finds that replacing lamps with LEDs and adding smart controls can significantly reduce energy use and costs in this type of building.
A novel hybrid modelling structure fabricated by using Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy to forecast HVAC systems energy demand in real-time for Basra city
Raad Z. Homod
Interfacing and Interconnection of Microgrid Systems A Reviewijtsrd
This paper put forwards a comprehensive review on planning of grid integrated distributed generators. An overview of different DG technologies has been presented. Different issues associated with DG integration have been discussed. The planning objectives of DG integration have been surveyed in detail and have been critically reviewed with respect to conventional and RES based DG technologies. Different techniques used for optimal placement of DGs have also been investigated and compared. The extensive literature survey revealed that researchers have mostly focused on DG integration planning using conventional DGs. RES based DGs have not been given due consideration. While integrating RES, their stochastic behaviour has not been appropriately accounted. Finally, visualizing the wide scope of research in the planning of grid integrated DGs an attempt has been made to identify future research avenues. Majid Hussain "Interfacing and Interconnection of Microgrid Systems: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31149.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/31149/interfacing-and-interconnection-of-microgrid-systems-a-review/majid-hussain
Model for Evaluating CO2 Emissions and the Projection of the Transport Sector IJECEIAES
This document presents a system dynamics model to analyze carbon emissions from Bogota's transport sector under different policy scenarios from 2005 to 2050. The model considers population growth, private and public vehicle fleet growth, passenger trips, and resulting CO2 emissions. Four scenarios combine urban development and environmental policies. Scenario 1, with balanced development and environmental policies, shows the lowest emissions growth. Scenario 2, focused on development without environmental policies, shows the highest emissions and fleet growth. Implementing balanced and coordinated urban and environmental policies can effectively reduce transport sector emissions.
This document analyzes optimal thermal insulation thicknesses of external walls based on economic and ecological heating costs. It introduces a concept of ecological cost of heating modeled on economic cost of heating, and proposes a method to determine both. The method allows determining optimal heat transfer coefficients and insulation thicknesses from economic and ecological perspectives. The study analyzes various construction materials, insulation materials, heat sources, and climate zones in Poland. It finds that the optimal thickness from an ecological perspective is much larger than from an economic perspective, but that even at the economically optimal thickness there are ecological benefits to insulation in terms of reduced environmental impact. It concludes that thicker insulation beyond regulations provides better ecological benefits with only slightly smaller economic benefits.
The document discusses methods for short-term forecasting of electric energy consumption in smart buildings. It compares statistical and machine learning approaches using data from 13 buildings on a university campus in Spain. The best performing methods were ensemble machine learning approaches like bagging and boosting, which were able to more accurately predict energy consumption over the next day compared to statistical models. The study also found that using over 7 days of historical data led to better predictions.
OVERVIEW OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF CARBON FOOT PRINTI...ijiert bestjournal
A review is done on the different methods to reduce the carbon emission ultimately the carbon footprint in the different sectors in the perceptive of the renewable sources. In method for the Regional energy targeting along with the supply chain synthesis different algorithms are proposed such as Regional Energy Clustering (REC) for the biomass supply chains. Some method as are based on the scheduling the manufacturing processes in process industries so as to reduce the carbon footprint and energy consumption. Here in this paper methods are proposed to reduce the carbon footprint in architecture firms are also discussed which the sources of CO2 emission are also . Last,role of re newable sources to reduce the carbon footprint and comparison is done among them by 2020.
IRJET- Energy Saving in Governmental Educational Buildings: Case StudyIRJET Journal
This document presents a case study on implementing energy saving methods in an educational building in Egypt. Two methods are analyzed: 1) Replacing fluorescent lamps with LED lamps. This is estimated to save 21.8% of energy annually based on a simulation. 2) Installing sensors for smart energy control, estimated to save an additional 20% of energy. Together the two methods could save 41.8% of energy annually and pay for themselves within 3 years. Practical installations in a lecture hall and office showed improved lighting and reduced energy consumption compared to fluorescent lamps. Overall the study finds that replacing lamps with LEDs and adding smart controls can significantly reduce energy use and costs in this type of building.
A novel hybrid modelling structure fabricated by using Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy to forecast HVAC systems energy demand in real-time for Basra city
Raad Z. Homod
Interfacing and Interconnection of Microgrid Systems A Reviewijtsrd
This paper put forwards a comprehensive review on planning of grid integrated distributed generators. An overview of different DG technologies has been presented. Different issues associated with DG integration have been discussed. The planning objectives of DG integration have been surveyed in detail and have been critically reviewed with respect to conventional and RES based DG technologies. Different techniques used for optimal placement of DGs have also been investigated and compared. The extensive literature survey revealed that researchers have mostly focused on DG integration planning using conventional DGs. RES based DGs have not been given due consideration. While integrating RES, their stochastic behaviour has not been appropriately accounted. Finally, visualizing the wide scope of research in the planning of grid integrated DGs an attempt has been made to identify future research avenues. Majid Hussain "Interfacing and Interconnection of Microgrid Systems: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31149.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/31149/interfacing-and-interconnection-of-microgrid-systems-a-review/majid-hussain
A feasibility study of electrical energy generation from municipal solid wast...IJECEIAES
In several developing countries, the electricity crisis obstructs both socioeconomic and technological sustainable evolution. Also, it leads to reducing job availability due to shut down several industries or relocate to neighbouring countries to such an issue. A Najaf City is an important holy and tourist city in the middle of Iraq country. Indeed, waste management in An Najaf City needs to be reconsidered to be used as an energy source. In this article, we investigated and listed the waste quantity which produced recently (one year) respect to waste types and types of content. Data collected from the waste products for one year and are used as a key factor to study the feasibility of generating electrical energy from collected MSWs. The proposed model was simulated and tested respect to cost analysis factor of the suggested power plant by Homer pro simulation software. Results were very encouraging and competitive to the current energy production cost based on the production cost of the Kwh prospective among the conventional methods in Iraq. The proposed scenario provide proper and secure waste proposal technique with low-cost.
2019 sibilla kurul_journal of urban designmsibilla
Distributed, Renewable and Interactive energy Systems (DRIs) are revolutionizing the concept of infrastructure by introducing a set of
new properties. The implications of the new system properties in the realm of Urban Design are often neglected. This paper proposes a procedure to reconcile DRIs and urban patterns. This procedure is tested on 23 school buildings in four urban regions of the Ostiense district in Rome. Findings suggest that the identification of existing buildings as active, neutral and passive nodes in DRIs can make a contribution to Urban Design decisions to exploit the renewable energy production capacity inherent in urban patterns.
Unit Commitment Problem in Electrical Power System: A Literature Review IJECEIAES
Unit commitment (UC) is a popular problem in electric power system that aims at minimizing the total cost of power generation in a specific period, by defining an adequate scheduling of the generating units. The UC solution must respect many operational constraints. In the past half century, there was several researches treated the UC problem. Many works have proposed new formulations to the UC problem, others have offered several methodologies and techniques to solve the problem. This paper gives a literature review of UC problem, its mathematical formulation, methods for solving it and Different approaches developed for addressing renewable energy effects and uncertainties.
Energy technology diffusion and CO2 emission reduction: An application of th...KazHatase
This document summarizes a study that uses an economic model combining the Ramsey model, a logistic curve for technology diffusion, and learning-by-doing to investigate how varying parameters related to technological change and learning affect optimal CO2 emission reduction pathways. The model is run under scenarios of slow/fast technological change and low/high learning. Results show emission pathways are similar except under fast technological change and high learning, which supports deferring reduction. High learning and slow change favor earlier technology switching. Loss of GDP depends mainly on the learning rate.
FY 2013 R&D REPORT January 6 2014 - Department of EnergyLyle Birkey
The document summarizes federal funding for environmental research and development from the Department of Energy (DOE) in fiscal years 2011-2013. It finds that DOE provides the largest amount of federal funding for environmental R&D of any federal agency, totaling $1.994 billion in FY2013. Much of this funding supports research at DOE national laboratories and is directed towards energy efficiency and renewable energy, fossil fuels like coal, and carbon capture and storage technologies. Specific areas of research focus on areas like energy efficient buildings, electric vehicles, advanced manufacturing, and improving the efficiency of power plants while enabling affordable carbon capture.
Integrated Energy System Modeling of China for 2020 by Incorporating Demand R...Kashif Mehmood
Electricity and heat energy carriers are mostly produced by the fossil fuel sources that are
conventionally operated independently, but these carriers have low efficiency due to heat losses. Moreover,
a high share of variable renewable energy sources disrupts the power system reliability and flexibility.
Therefore, the coupling of multiple energy carriers is underlined to address the above-mentioned issues that
are supported by the latest technologies, such as combined heat and power, heat pumps, demand response,
and energy storages. These coupling nodes in energy hubs stimulate the conversion of the electric power
system into the integrated energy system that proves to be cost-effective, flexible, and carbon-free. The
proposed work uses EnergyPLAN to model electricity, district, and individual heating integrated energy
system of China for the year 2020. Furthermore, the addition of heat pumps, thermal storage, and demand
response is analyzed in different scenarios to minimize the annual costs, fuel consumption, and CO2
emissions. Technical simulation strategy is conducted for optimal operation of production components that
result in the reduction of the above-mentioned prominent factors while calculating the critical and exportable
excess electricity production. The simulation results demonstrate that demand response and thermal storage
significantly enhance the share of variable renewable energy sources. In addition, it substantially reduces the
annual costs and fuel consumption, while heat pump increases the system efficiency
This document proposes a framework for designing microgrid systems for small islands using social, economic, and technical analysis. The framework consists of four main processes: 1) assessing project requirements, 2) estimating demand profiles, 3) selecting appropriate energy technologies, and 4) simulating optimal energy system designs. It evaluates designs for both technical and economic feasibility. As a contribution, the framework considers factors like inhabitants' cost of living and cultural aspects, in addition to traditional technical and economic analyses. The framework is demonstrated through a case study of a small island, comparing results to the actual system.
Boris Sučić, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.ARC research group
Presentation 1 Session 1
“How to close the gap between calculated and actual energy consumption of building – re-commissioning instead of certification?”
Insights into the Efficiencies of On-Shore Wind Turbines: A Data-Centric Anal...ertekg
Download Link > https://ertekprojects.com/gurdal-ertek-publications/blog/insights-into-the-efficiencies-of-on-shore-wind-turbines-a-data-centric-analysis/
Literature on renewable energy alternative of wind turbines does not include a multidimensional benchmarking studythat can help investment decisions as well as design processes. This paper presents a data-centric analysis of commercial on-shore wind turbines and provides actionable insights through analytical benchmarking through Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), visual data analysis, and statistical hypothesis testing. The paper also introduces a novel visualization approach for the understanding and the interpretation of reference sets, the set of efficient wind turbines that should be taken as benchmark by inefficient ones.
IRJET-System Analysis and Optimization of Photovoltaic –Wind Hybrid System: R...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of artificial intelligence techniques to optimize photovoltaic-wind hybrid energy systems. It discusses various modeling approaches for system components like solar panels, wind turbines, batteries and loads. Traditional optimization methods like iterative, graphical and linear programming techniques are compared to newer artificial intelligence approaches like particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithms. The review concludes that artificial intelligence methods provide more accurate and faster optimization of hybrid systems compared to traditional techniques.
Development of Sub-regional TIMES Energy system model for IndiaIEA-ETSAP
The document summarizes a TIMES energy system model for India that divides the country into 5 sub-regions and uses 288 detailed time-slices to model power sector demand and supply in hourly increments through 2050. Key aspects of the model include sub-classified demand across 5 sectors, representation of diverse primary energy sources and power generation technologies, and analysis of issues like variable renewable energy integration, demand-side management, and cross-regional power sharing. Representative model results are shown to demonstrate impacts of scenarios like coal plant retrofitting and life extensions.
Presentation at the Data Cloud Monaco 2015 on energy and thermal management metrics for energy efficiency in DC. Held by Marta Chinnici, from ENEA, and Alfonso Capozzoli, from Politecnico di Torino.
Integrated Energy Management of Residential Halls at University of Dhaka by U...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This paper analyses the electrical energy
consumption of two residential halls at University of Dhaka
and design the best approach to diminish the electrical energy
consumption and reduce the carbon emission and achieve
efficient energy utilization in the halls. Fazlul Haque Muslim
Hall and Dr. Mohammad Sahidullah Hall were selected for a
detailed study of electricity consumption. Series of data were
taken to estimate the electrical energy consumption and the
electrical energy losses across different loads. Afterwards with
the results of electrical usage, an energy stability was made by
considering the energy efficient electrical appliances along
with a solar photovoltaic system to reduce the electrical energy
wastage and reduce the carbon emission to maintain the
environment clean. Overall energy losses can be minimized up
to 40% and 41% at Fazlul Haque Muslim Hall and Dr.
Mohammad Sahidullah Hall respectively with new energy
efficient devices. A total of 43% and 44% energy consumption
can be reduced at Fazlul Haque Muslim Hall and Dr.
Mohammad Sahidullah Hall with the proposed new energy
management system that implies to utilize solar energy using
solar photovoltaic. The emission of carbon reduction estimate
was about 302 tons and 290 tons of CO2 at Fazlul Haque
Muslim Hall and Dr. Mohammad Sahidullah Hall
respectively. The payback period of the investment to replace
the electrical appliances with energy efficient appliances and
to install a solar photovoltaic system is 2.45 years.
Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting under Air Flow Excitation.Franco Bontempi
This study focuses on the numerical analysis of a high efficiency Energy Harvesting device, based on piezoelectric materials, for the sustainability of smart buildings, structures and infrastructures. Before that, a
comprehensive literature review on the topic takes place. The device consists in an aerodynamic fin attached to a piezoelectric element that makes use of the air flow to harvest energy. The principal utilization of this device is for energy autonomous sensors, with applications in bridges, transportation networks and smart buildings. The results are corroborated by advanced analytical and numerical analyses (in ANSYS®) that demonstrate the energy harvesting capacity.
Optimizing Size of Variable Renewable Energy Sources by Incorporating Energy ...Kashif Mehmood
The electricity sector contributes to most of the global warming emissions generated from
fossil fuel resources which are becoming rare and expensive due to geological extinction and climate
change. It urges the need for less carbon-intensive, inexhaustible Renewable Energy Sources (RES) that
are economically sound, easy to access and improve public health. The carbon-free salient feature is the
driving motive that propels widespread utilization of wind and solar RES in comparisons to rest of RES.
However, stochastic nature makes these sources, variable renewable energy sources (VRES) because it brings
uncertainty and variability that disrupt power system stability. This problem is mitigated by adding energy
storage (ES) or introducing the demand response (DR) in the system. In this paper, an electricity generation
network of China by the year 2017 is modeled using EnergyPLAN software to determine annual costs,
primary energy supply (PES) and CO2 emissions. The VRES size is optimized by adding ES and DR (daily,
weekly, or monthly) while maintaining critical excess electricity production (CEEP) to zero. The results
substantiate that ES and DR increase wind and solar share up to 1000 and 874 GW. In addition, it also
reduces annual costs and emissions up to 4.36 % and 45.17 %
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Global issue based power generation expansion planning for a power systemeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
USEPA9rT whole energy system decarbonization scenario analysis in the Energy ...IEA-ETSAP
The EPAUS9r TIMES model was developed in 2002 and has been used to analyze energy and emissions scenarios including deep decarbonization pathways. It models the US energy system at 9 regional levels from 2010-2055. Over 50 organizations have utilized its database. The model was applied to scenarios for the EMF37 study exploring pathways to net-zero emissions for North America by 2050. Preliminary results showed energy system CO2 reductions of 65-79% across scenarios, with additional reductions coming from carbon capture and land use changes. Electrification increased substantially. Carbon capture needs ranged from 1202-3268 Mt. Transportation fuel use decreased 36-47% with electricity and hydrogen replacing liquid fuels.
The document presents a comparative study of time series forecasting methods for short term electric energy consumption prediction in smart buildings. It analyzes energy consumption data collected from 13 buildings at a university campus over 5.5 years. Various statistical and machine learning methods are evaluated for their ability to predict daily energy consumption 1 day ahead, including ARIMA, neural networks, and ensemble techniques. Results show that machine learning methods like bagging and boosting ensembles performed best, and using over 7 days of historical data improved predictions.
Analysis Of Solar Radiation Towards Optimization and Location Of The Urban Bl...IEREK Press
This document discusses solar radiation modeling methods at different urban scales. At the macro scale (city level), tools like cellular automata models and parametric modeling can be used to optimize solar energy potential. At the mesoscale (neighborhood level), 3D modeling with remote sensing data and parametric techniques allow for solar radiation analysis of urban forms and blocks. At the microscale (building level), building energy modeling is important to evaluate energy strategies and optimize building-level solar energy use. Overall, the document explores how solar radiation modeling at different scales can help improve urban energy efficiency and renewable energy integration.
A feasibility study of electrical energy generation from municipal solid wast...IJECEIAES
In several developing countries, the electricity crisis obstructs both socioeconomic and technological sustainable evolution. Also, it leads to reducing job availability due to shut down several industries or relocate to neighbouring countries to such an issue. A Najaf City is an important holy and tourist city in the middle of Iraq country. Indeed, waste management in An Najaf City needs to be reconsidered to be used as an energy source. In this article, we investigated and listed the waste quantity which produced recently (one year) respect to waste types and types of content. Data collected from the waste products for one year and are used as a key factor to study the feasibility of generating electrical energy from collected MSWs. The proposed model was simulated and tested respect to cost analysis factor of the suggested power plant by Homer pro simulation software. Results were very encouraging and competitive to the current energy production cost based on the production cost of the Kwh prospective among the conventional methods in Iraq. The proposed scenario provide proper and secure waste proposal technique with low-cost.
2019 sibilla kurul_journal of urban designmsibilla
Distributed, Renewable and Interactive energy Systems (DRIs) are revolutionizing the concept of infrastructure by introducing a set of
new properties. The implications of the new system properties in the realm of Urban Design are often neglected. This paper proposes a procedure to reconcile DRIs and urban patterns. This procedure is tested on 23 school buildings in four urban regions of the Ostiense district in Rome. Findings suggest that the identification of existing buildings as active, neutral and passive nodes in DRIs can make a contribution to Urban Design decisions to exploit the renewable energy production capacity inherent in urban patterns.
Unit Commitment Problem in Electrical Power System: A Literature Review IJECEIAES
Unit commitment (UC) is a popular problem in electric power system that aims at minimizing the total cost of power generation in a specific period, by defining an adequate scheduling of the generating units. The UC solution must respect many operational constraints. In the past half century, there was several researches treated the UC problem. Many works have proposed new formulations to the UC problem, others have offered several methodologies and techniques to solve the problem. This paper gives a literature review of UC problem, its mathematical formulation, methods for solving it and Different approaches developed for addressing renewable energy effects and uncertainties.
Energy technology diffusion and CO2 emission reduction: An application of th...KazHatase
This document summarizes a study that uses an economic model combining the Ramsey model, a logistic curve for technology diffusion, and learning-by-doing to investigate how varying parameters related to technological change and learning affect optimal CO2 emission reduction pathways. The model is run under scenarios of slow/fast technological change and low/high learning. Results show emission pathways are similar except under fast technological change and high learning, which supports deferring reduction. High learning and slow change favor earlier technology switching. Loss of GDP depends mainly on the learning rate.
FY 2013 R&D REPORT January 6 2014 - Department of EnergyLyle Birkey
The document summarizes federal funding for environmental research and development from the Department of Energy (DOE) in fiscal years 2011-2013. It finds that DOE provides the largest amount of federal funding for environmental R&D of any federal agency, totaling $1.994 billion in FY2013. Much of this funding supports research at DOE national laboratories and is directed towards energy efficiency and renewable energy, fossil fuels like coal, and carbon capture and storage technologies. Specific areas of research focus on areas like energy efficient buildings, electric vehicles, advanced manufacturing, and improving the efficiency of power plants while enabling affordable carbon capture.
Integrated Energy System Modeling of China for 2020 by Incorporating Demand R...Kashif Mehmood
Electricity and heat energy carriers are mostly produced by the fossil fuel sources that are
conventionally operated independently, but these carriers have low efficiency due to heat losses. Moreover,
a high share of variable renewable energy sources disrupts the power system reliability and flexibility.
Therefore, the coupling of multiple energy carriers is underlined to address the above-mentioned issues that
are supported by the latest technologies, such as combined heat and power, heat pumps, demand response,
and energy storages. These coupling nodes in energy hubs stimulate the conversion of the electric power
system into the integrated energy system that proves to be cost-effective, flexible, and carbon-free. The
proposed work uses EnergyPLAN to model electricity, district, and individual heating integrated energy
system of China for the year 2020. Furthermore, the addition of heat pumps, thermal storage, and demand
response is analyzed in different scenarios to minimize the annual costs, fuel consumption, and CO2
emissions. Technical simulation strategy is conducted for optimal operation of production components that
result in the reduction of the above-mentioned prominent factors while calculating the critical and exportable
excess electricity production. The simulation results demonstrate that demand response and thermal storage
significantly enhance the share of variable renewable energy sources. In addition, it substantially reduces the
annual costs and fuel consumption, while heat pump increases the system efficiency
This document proposes a framework for designing microgrid systems for small islands using social, economic, and technical analysis. The framework consists of four main processes: 1) assessing project requirements, 2) estimating demand profiles, 3) selecting appropriate energy technologies, and 4) simulating optimal energy system designs. It evaluates designs for both technical and economic feasibility. As a contribution, the framework considers factors like inhabitants' cost of living and cultural aspects, in addition to traditional technical and economic analyses. The framework is demonstrated through a case study of a small island, comparing results to the actual system.
Boris Sučić, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.ARC research group
Presentation 1 Session 1
“How to close the gap between calculated and actual energy consumption of building – re-commissioning instead of certification?”
Insights into the Efficiencies of On-Shore Wind Turbines: A Data-Centric Anal...ertekg
Download Link > https://ertekprojects.com/gurdal-ertek-publications/blog/insights-into-the-efficiencies-of-on-shore-wind-turbines-a-data-centric-analysis/
Literature on renewable energy alternative of wind turbines does not include a multidimensional benchmarking studythat can help investment decisions as well as design processes. This paper presents a data-centric analysis of commercial on-shore wind turbines and provides actionable insights through analytical benchmarking through Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), visual data analysis, and statistical hypothesis testing. The paper also introduces a novel visualization approach for the understanding and the interpretation of reference sets, the set of efficient wind turbines that should be taken as benchmark by inefficient ones.
IRJET-System Analysis and Optimization of Photovoltaic –Wind Hybrid System: R...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of artificial intelligence techniques to optimize photovoltaic-wind hybrid energy systems. It discusses various modeling approaches for system components like solar panels, wind turbines, batteries and loads. Traditional optimization methods like iterative, graphical and linear programming techniques are compared to newer artificial intelligence approaches like particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithms. The review concludes that artificial intelligence methods provide more accurate and faster optimization of hybrid systems compared to traditional techniques.
Development of Sub-regional TIMES Energy system model for IndiaIEA-ETSAP
The document summarizes a TIMES energy system model for India that divides the country into 5 sub-regions and uses 288 detailed time-slices to model power sector demand and supply in hourly increments through 2050. Key aspects of the model include sub-classified demand across 5 sectors, representation of diverse primary energy sources and power generation technologies, and analysis of issues like variable renewable energy integration, demand-side management, and cross-regional power sharing. Representative model results are shown to demonstrate impacts of scenarios like coal plant retrofitting and life extensions.
Presentation at the Data Cloud Monaco 2015 on energy and thermal management metrics for energy efficiency in DC. Held by Marta Chinnici, from ENEA, and Alfonso Capozzoli, from Politecnico di Torino.
Integrated Energy Management of Residential Halls at University of Dhaka by U...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This paper analyses the electrical energy
consumption of two residential halls at University of Dhaka
and design the best approach to diminish the electrical energy
consumption and reduce the carbon emission and achieve
efficient energy utilization in the halls. Fazlul Haque Muslim
Hall and Dr. Mohammad Sahidullah Hall were selected for a
detailed study of electricity consumption. Series of data were
taken to estimate the electrical energy consumption and the
electrical energy losses across different loads. Afterwards with
the results of electrical usage, an energy stability was made by
considering the energy efficient electrical appliances along
with a solar photovoltaic system to reduce the electrical energy
wastage and reduce the carbon emission to maintain the
environment clean. Overall energy losses can be minimized up
to 40% and 41% at Fazlul Haque Muslim Hall and Dr.
Mohammad Sahidullah Hall respectively with new energy
efficient devices. A total of 43% and 44% energy consumption
can be reduced at Fazlul Haque Muslim Hall and Dr.
Mohammad Sahidullah Hall with the proposed new energy
management system that implies to utilize solar energy using
solar photovoltaic. The emission of carbon reduction estimate
was about 302 tons and 290 tons of CO2 at Fazlul Haque
Muslim Hall and Dr. Mohammad Sahidullah Hall
respectively. The payback period of the investment to replace
the electrical appliances with energy efficient appliances and
to install a solar photovoltaic system is 2.45 years.
Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting under Air Flow Excitation.Franco Bontempi
This study focuses on the numerical analysis of a high efficiency Energy Harvesting device, based on piezoelectric materials, for the sustainability of smart buildings, structures and infrastructures. Before that, a
comprehensive literature review on the topic takes place. The device consists in an aerodynamic fin attached to a piezoelectric element that makes use of the air flow to harvest energy. The principal utilization of this device is for energy autonomous sensors, with applications in bridges, transportation networks and smart buildings. The results are corroborated by advanced analytical and numerical analyses (in ANSYS®) that demonstrate the energy harvesting capacity.
Optimizing Size of Variable Renewable Energy Sources by Incorporating Energy ...Kashif Mehmood
The electricity sector contributes to most of the global warming emissions generated from
fossil fuel resources which are becoming rare and expensive due to geological extinction and climate
change. It urges the need for less carbon-intensive, inexhaustible Renewable Energy Sources (RES) that
are economically sound, easy to access and improve public health. The carbon-free salient feature is the
driving motive that propels widespread utilization of wind and solar RES in comparisons to rest of RES.
However, stochastic nature makes these sources, variable renewable energy sources (VRES) because it brings
uncertainty and variability that disrupt power system stability. This problem is mitigated by adding energy
storage (ES) or introducing the demand response (DR) in the system. In this paper, an electricity generation
network of China by the year 2017 is modeled using EnergyPLAN software to determine annual costs,
primary energy supply (PES) and CO2 emissions. The VRES size is optimized by adding ES and DR (daily,
weekly, or monthly) while maintaining critical excess electricity production (CEEP) to zero. The results
substantiate that ES and DR increase wind and solar share up to 1000 and 874 GW. In addition, it also
reduces annual costs and emissions up to 4.36 % and 45.17 %
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
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Performance, energy consumption and costs: a comparative analysis of automati...kevig
The common practice in Machine Learning research is to evaluate the top-performing models based on their
performance. However, this often leads to overlooking other crucial aspects that should be given careful
consideration. In some cases, the performance differences between various approaches may be insignificant, whereas factors like production costs, energy consumption, and carbon footprint should be taken into
account. Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used in academia and industry to address NLP problems. In this study, we present a comprehensive quantitative comparison between traditional approaches
(SVM-based) and more recent approaches such as LLM (BERT family models) and generative models (GPT2 and LLAMA2), using the LexGLUE benchmark. Our evaluation takes into account not only performance
parameters (standard indices), but also alternative measures such as timing, energy consumption and costs,
which collectively contribute to the carbon footprint. To ensure a complete analysis, we separately considered the prototyping phase (which involves model selection through training-validation-test iterations) and
the in-production phases. These phases follow distinct implementation procedures and require different resources. The results indicate that simpler algorithms often achieve performance levels similar to those of
complex models (LLM and generative models), consuming much less energy and requiring fewer resources.
These findings suggest that companies should consider additional considerations when choosing machine
learning (ML) solutions. The analysis also demonstrates that it is increasingly necessary for the scientific
world to also begin to consider aspects of energy consumption in model evaluations, in order to be able to
give real meaning to the results obtained using standard metrics (Precision, Recall, F1 and so on).
Performance based Comparison of Wind and Solar Distributed Generators using E...Editor IJLRES
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DECoRuM is a tool that estimates baseline energy use and carbon emissions from residential buildings and predicts emission reductions from various measures. It was developed to help local authorities track and reduce emissions. The tool was applied to a case study of 318 homes in Oxford, estimating current energy use, emissions and costs. Various carbon reduction strategies were analyzed, finding that solar water heating and photovoltaic systems could achieve over 60% reductions at relatively low cost compared to other approaches. DECoRuM can help local authorities and homeowners identify cost-effective ways to cut emissions from the domestic housing sector.
Building and Industry Decarbonization Scenarios using EPA's TIMES models: COM...IEA-ETSAP
The document summarizes key findings from the Energy Modeling Forum Study #37 on pathways to achieving net-zero carbon emissions in the United States by 2050. Models in the study reached net-zero primarily through electrification, reductions in fossil fuel use, and reliance on carbon dioxide removal technologies. Decarbonizing the industrial sector, including technologies like direct reduced iron with hydrogen for steel production, presents challenges to model and requires consideration of impacts beyond just carbon emissions.
1) The document presents a process model for material recovery facilities (MRFs) that can be used in life-cycle assessments of solid waste management systems.
2) The model includes four modules for different types of MRFs that process single-stream, dual-stream, pre-sorted, and mixed waste. It estimates costs, energy use, and product flows for each type based on equipment requirements and input waste composition.
3) Results from the model show total amortized costs ranging from $19.8 to $24.9 per metric ton of waste processed across MRF types. Electricity use ranges from 4.7 to 7.8 kilowatt-hours per metric ton. Glass separation
CarbonFit: An Application to Monitor and Calculate Carbon FootprintIRJET Journal
This document describes an application called CarbonFit that aims to educate people about their carbon footprint and ways to reduce it. CarbonFit calculates a user's total annual carbon footprint in tons of CO2 based on inputs about transportation, food, electricity usage, LPG consumption, and waste production. It provides alternatives to lower high-impact activities and allows users to offset their remaining footprint. The application was created using NodeJS, MongoDB, and Pytorch and calculates footprints using emission factors specific to India. It seeks to increase awareness of individual contributions to greenhouse gas emissions and motivate changes to daily habits and choices to reduce environmental impact.
Energy simulation & analysis of two residential buildingschirag aggarwal
-> Analysed and compared the energy consumption of a residential building modelled using common building materials and specifications used in Delhi for decades to that of modelled by altering the building envelope and the AC system specifications.
-> Used eQUEST software.
Design of Pareto optimal CO2 cap-and-trade policies for de.docxcarolinef5
Design of Pareto optimal CO2 cap-and-trade policies for deregulated electricity
networks
h i g h l i g h t s
A mathematical–statistical model for designing Pareto optimal CO2 cap-and-trade policies.
The model fills a gap in the current literature that primarily supports cap-and-trade policy evaluation but not policy design.
Pareto optimal policies accommodate conflicting goals of the market constituents.
Electricity demand-price sensitivity and social cost of carbon have significant influence on the cap-and-trade policies.
Higher demand-price sensitivity increases the influence of penalty and social cost of carbon on reducing carbon emissions.
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received 15 August 2013
Received in revised form 2 January 2014
Accepted 4 January 2014
Keywords:
Electricity networks
Cap-and-trade
Game theory
MPEC/EPEC
Among the CO2 emission reduction programs, cap-and-trade (C&T) is one of the most used policies. Economic studies have
shown that C&T policies for electricity networks, while reducing emissions, will likely increase price and decrease consumption
of electricity. This paper presents a two layer mathematical– statistical model to develop Pareto optimal designs for CO2 cap-
and-trade policies. The bottom layer finds, for a given C&T policy, equilibrium bidding strategies of the competing generators
while maximizing social welfare via a DC optimal power flow (DC-OPF) model. We refer to this layer as policy evaluation.
The top layer (called policy optimization) involves design of Pareto optimal C&T policies over a planning horizon. The
performance measures that are considered for the purpose of design are social welfare and the corresponding system marginal
price (MP), CO2 emissions, and electricity consumption level.
2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
A major part of the total CO2 emissions come from the electricity
production sector, e.g., 40% in the U.S. ([1]). In 2009, 70% of the electricity
was produced from fossil fuel such as gas, coal, and petroleum ([2]). In 2005,
the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) launched a cap-
and-trade system that seeks to reduce the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
by 21% by 2020 from the 2005 level. Currently, the EU ETS is the largest
emission market in the world [3], and according to the European Commission
[4], at least 20% of its budget for 2014–2020 will be spent on climate-related
projects and policies. In the United States, as well as in the EU, different
regulations have been discussed to cut CO2 emissions such as carbon tax,
renewable portfolio standards (RPS), and capand-trade programs (C&T). In
the northeastern U.S., the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) has
already implemented a C&T program through a nine state collaborative effort,
which seeks to cut the CO2 emissions by 10% by 2018. Recently the
California Air Resources Board .
The document discusses environmental/economic scheduling of renewable energy resources in a micro-grid. It proposes a multi-objective framework to minimize the total operation cost and emission from generating units. Lexicographic optimization and a hybrid augmented-weighted epsilon-constraint method are used to solve the multi-objective optimization problem and generate Pareto optimal solutions. The decision making process uses a fuzzy technique. Case studies show the proposed method improves solutions for cost, emission, and execution time compared to other methods.
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Finding a scientific method to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from urban areas in iraq baghdad as a model
1. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol.4, No.20, 2014
65
Finding a Scientific Method to Reduce Carbon Dioxide Emissions
from Urban Areas in Iraq/ Baghdad as a Model
Adil Zamil Manshad Al-Saidi
Al-Nahrain University, PO box 64074, Jadriah, Baghdad, Iraq
*Email: adil_alsaidi@yahoo.com
Abstract
This research represents the different analytical methodologies (Models) of carbon dioxide reduction and their
various categorizations as well. Then, it explains many of these models and makes a comparison among them.
The research explores the characteristics that affect energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions associated
in urban areas. Although, there is rich body of research has been conducted to determine these effects, most of
them concentrated on transportation sector. The research illustrates the effects on energy consumption in the
building sector. The research problem is arising because there is a difficulty in finding a scientific and applicable
method to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from urban areas of Baghdad. In order to cover this gap, the research
establishes its thesis which is: it could be found the suitable method of carbon mitigation for the city of Baghdad
by collecting and analysing the available information and applications in this topic globally. So, the aim of this
paper is to establish a suitable and scientific base to choose a method for the sake of carbon dioxide mitigation in
Baghdad. The paper suggests the most suitable model for Baghdad to be used in carbon mitigation endeavour.
What data available in this topic? Which of carbon modelling systems, tools and techniques are suit this city?
What are the main drivers that could affect the choice? What is the goal of using any of these models? How
could the obtained results be evaluated? All of these questions are considered to choose a model for Baghdad to
meet its goal of carbon emissions reduction. After choosing MARKAL model, the relevant analytical features of
MARKAL model are illustrated to be used. In addition, this research shows the main reasons of using this model
which are; it is used in more than 50 countries, it is related with the differences in energy demands that caused
by the different urban areas, it suggests the optimal carbon mitigation strategies in its results that are suit each
area, and the richness of literature available. This research discusses three tasks: explain carbon mitigation
models and conducting a comparison among them, explain the use of MARKAL in other countries and the
capability of using MARKAL in Baghdad as the right tool to use in carbon mitigation in the city.
Keywords:Carbon dioxide emissions, carbon and energy models, energy demands, Business-As-Usual,
MARKAL model
1. Introduction
At the last decade of twentieth century, the scientific evidence of climate change was demonstrating that if cities
continue with ‘Business-As-Usual’ BAU would mean allowing the rate of global temperatures to rise. It will
reach a level never experienced before by human society with serious implications for livelihoods and natural
environmental systems (Mulugetta et al., 2010). BAU assumes that people will continue behaving just as they
have been(Agnew et al., 2009). So, it is essential for human community to search for solutions related with
energy consumption and greenhouse gases GHGs, especially carbon dioxide emissions associated. More than
three decades of scientific attempts to find models and techniques to be implemented as alternative solutions for
‘business-as-usual’, a number of energy system models are now available and have been developed for the
planning of large energy systems at national or regional scales (Bhatt et al., 2010).
It is known that Iraq has a big deficit in energy resources especially electricity. As a result, many types
of electrical generators are used to cover these demands. These generators release an increasing amounts of
greenhouse gases namely carbon dioxide.
A question arising by this research is: which of carbon reduction methods is suitable for our country
especially for the capital Baghdad. In other words; how can we reduce the continuous growing in carbon
concentrations in Baghdad and how can we find the appropriate tools for the sake of carbon mitigation?
2. Carbon and energy models’ classifications
Many of scientific efforts are conducted to classify carbon and energy models according to the specific needs of
each country or a city. This paper collects and categorizes these models based on general criteria that models
could be associated.There are different visions in categorizing methodologies for carbon and energy modelling.
So, these models could be categorized as listed below:
2.1 Classification based on analysis techniques
Four types of models could be seen at this classification which are; technological, predictive, renewable
related models and simulation models.
2. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol.4, No.20, 2014
66
2.1.1 Technological models
The energy and environment systems model EES provides a quantitative vision of technology and
management strategy options in order to deploy energy efficiency (Bhatt et al., 2010). It is common in
use improving equipment efficiency to reduce carbon emissions.
2.1.2 Predictive models
- The energy and environmental prediction model EEP provides tool for quantifying energy use and
associated emissions for cities (Jones and Dickson, 1996).
- The Community Domestic Energy Model CDEM and the Building Research Establishment Domestic
Energy Model version 8 BREDEM-8, predict the energy use and CO2 emissions for the housing stock
(Lomas, 2010). These models work by estimating the heat losses, internal temperatures and energy
flows in the dwellings.
- MUNTAG – model used to estimate the impacts of land use and public transportation to promote
greener transport, and alternative vehicle technologies.
- Domestic Energy and Carbon Model (DECM) which is used to estimate the energy demand for
domestic uses. This model involves housing database and building energy model(Condon et al., 2009).
These models are predictive and require much of data that are not available in the case of Baghdad
recently.
2.1.3 Renewable related models
The optimal renewable energy mathematical (OREM) model allocates optimal renewable energy
sources for different end-uses such as lighting, cooking, pumping, heating and cooling
(Iniyana,2003).The renewable energy resources have many technologies, such as, solar thermal and
wind turbines(Town and Country Planning Association, 2009). These models depend on techniques
limited in use in Baghdad now.
2.1.4 Simulation models
- The Geometry Information System GIS-based DECoRuM model estimates and maps baseline energy
use and CO2 emissions on a house-by house level (Gupta, 2007).
- District energy system simulation DEES model depicts the energy flow of a district as the sum of total
energy flow in each building (Scheer, 2001). The data of these models require long time to be collected
and they depend on prediction.
2.2 Classification based on the process of modelling
This classification depends on the direction and the method of counting the energy use and emissions
associated. These methods are different from whole amount of energy of a city to specific building.
2.2.1 Top-down models
These models capture the whole systems of energy and its interactions with other parts of the economy.
2.2.2 Bottom-up models
in this set, each important energy-using technology is identified by a detailed description of its inputs,
outputs, unit costs, and several other technical and economic characteristics (Bhatt et al., 2010). In these
models, a sector is constituted by a usually large number of logically arranged technologies, linked
together by their inputs and outputs which may be energy forms or carriers, materials, emissions, and
demand services. The success of such bottom-up initiatives depends on their ability to inspire and draw
in voluntary participants maintain their interest (Mulugetta et al., 2010).
2.2.3 Accounting frameworks
These models ask users to specify outcomes. LEAP, MEDEE, The main function of these tools is to
manage data and results with simple spread sheet calculations (Bhatt et al., 2010). This type depends on
questionnaire and takes too much time and concentrates on dwelling sector.
2.2.4 Simulation models
They analyse the dynamics of previous behaviour of the energy system and simulate the energy system
to project the future.
2.2.5 Optimization models
The more complex model and many of them are bottom-up, namely, MARKAL, EFOM, WASP, and
DEECO (Bhatt et al., 2010).
It could be seen that the last two types of models require an accurate data that is difficult to collect in
Baghdad at the moment.
2.3 Classification according to the purpose of analysis
Based on the purpose of analysis, carbon and energy models could be divided into two sets of tools:
2.3.1 Accounting inventory modelling tools
They involve top-down models which collect data from national to the local level, and bottom-up
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models from local to the whole nation scale.
2.3.2 Policy making modelling tools
The purpose of these models is to improve the energy systems along time(Calderon and Keirstead,
2012). Carbon mitigation strategies are related with policy making more than inventory models.
Although inventory is important for carbon mitigation strategies, there were some policy making
models could be applied for the case of Baghdad without inventories.
2.4 Classification based on data resources
Carbon mitigation models differ in data required and resources. Types of data resources play the main
role in model design and run process.
2.4.1 Technology design models: these models deal with the technology used in urban areas, such as wind
turbines, solar energy systems and fuel cells. These models deal with renewable energy systems.
2.4.2 Building design models
The subject of these models is the urban circumstances that affect buildings, for instance, urban
planning at different scales, from single building to the whole city. They can estimate the yearly energy
consumption of dwellings of heating, lighting and other housing purposes. BREDEM-8 is an example
of these models(Keirsteada et al., 2012). The main two drivers for this type of models are urban
planning and housing sector.
2.4.3 Urban climate models
These models analyse the natural and operational conditions inside buildings to estimate the kind and
the amount of energy demand for their services, for example, they deal with the effect of urban heat
island. Based on these models, local climate depends on urban energy consumption.
2.4.4 System design models
The major consideration of these models is the way to improve the urban energy systems of existing
buildings and network heating in urban areas. These models need urban systems that could address heat
radiation.
2.4.5 Policy assessment models
These are evaluating models that examine the effectiveness of the new intervention applications
regarding urban energy systems, considering the effects of urban parameters such as density and urban
fabric patterns.
2.4.6 Transportation and land use models
The models are more complex and deal with correlation between land use change and transportation
types(Keirsteada et al., 2012).
The last two types require data collection for a long time taking in account future expansions.
2.5 Classification according to their methodologies
The process of data analysis and result conducting are various from model to another. This
classification depends on the methodologies followed in each model.
2.5.1 Spatial and non-spatial methodologies
The spatial methodologies concentrate on the relationships among physical elements within the urban
areas. They are more related with transportation patterns through a city. So, these tools used for
transportation modelling. On the other hand, the non-spatial tools, explore the resulted information
numerically, without considering the relationships between the physical urban elements(Condon et al.,
2009).
The use of spatial methodologies offers the results of modelling to be represented in visual manner, in
case of using GIS technologies, which allow users to understand the impact of carbon mitigation
strategies on the urban environment.
2.5.2 The top-down and bottom-up methodologies
These tools have different trends; top –down are used for large scale modelling, such as regional and
municipal level. Conversely, bottom-up tools concentrate at the local scale, for instance, district and
city level. However, some of these methodologies could be used for both scales such as MARKAL
model.
2.5.3 Simulation and End-state methodologies
The simulation methods depend on two sets of input data, which are the land use conditions in present
time and the development parameters, such as patterns of behaviour and new technologies. In contrast,
the end-state tools begin with proposed future conditions to achieve the preferable scenario in a given
future time. From this point of view, end-state methodologies are faster than those of simulation tools.
2.5.4 The observation-based and process-based methodologies
The observation-based tools utilise measured data to establish the required parameters for the model,
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such as the impact of urban density on the walking trips. However, the process-based tools analyse
choices of a model, or the correlation between single components through the energy system. They
don’t consider the local circumstances of urban areas(Condon et al., 2009).
The discussions and deliberations at urban energy and carbon modelling determine a number of
research challenges. Some of the key challenge areas are related to data and information gaps, developing long-
term scenarios, establishing a consistent urban carbon accounting framework, understanding of the urban system
dynamics, and interaction of urban activities related to carbon emissions across the multiple system boundaries,
formulating appropriate policies, and making the policy in operation with its instruments.
What data available in the case of Baghdad in terms of energy use and gases emissions? Which of
carbon modelling systems, tools and techniques are suit this city? What are the main drivers that could affect the
choice? What is the goal of using any of these models? How could the obtained results be evaluated? All of these
questions are considered to choose a model for Baghdad to meet its goal of carbon emissions reduction.
As the large gap between the huge information about carbon mitigation tools and models at the global
scale, a little information available related with carbon mitigation in the case of Baghdad. It is clear from the
previous review that it is so difficult to analyse all of carbon models. This research choose the most common in
use model that require a little data which could be collected in the case of Baghdad easily. The main reasons of
choosing this model are; it is used in more than 50 countries, it is related with the differences in energy demands
that caused by the different urban areas, it suggests the optimal carbon mitigation strategies in its results that are
suit each area, and the richness of literature available.
3. MARKAL model
This model is MARKAL (acronym for MARKet ALlocation) which is a widely applied bottom-up, dynamic
technique, originally and mostly a linear programming (LP) model developed by the Energy Technology
Systems Analysis Program (ETSAP) of the International Energy Agency (IEA) (ETSAP, 2001). MARKAL
depicts both the energy supply and demand sides of the energy system (EIA, 2006).
3.1 What is MARKAL?
MARKAL is an energy model for demand meeting. The extracted energy is obtained from the natural resources
and transported by carriers as fuel and electricity by supply technologies. These types of energy are used by
various end-use sectors, such as residential and industrial technologies. The final stage is to express these
amounts of energy use to final demand as heating or lighting loads. So, MARKAL is guided by the definition of
the useful demand loads that are belonging to the whole energy system or for each sector separately. This means
that the final energy consumption for each sector has not specified as static case, but the model determines the
final energy consumption by comparing many technologies to achieve the useful demands. The main parameter
of this competition is fuel type (EIA, 2006).
MARKAL could demonstrate and analyse the energy system of a city for long term and divides the time
into many stages, for instance, eight times for five years each. It deals with all technologies with different initial
capacities for a defined period of time taking in account the service life of these technologies. It also accepts the
potential new technologies that are could be occurred at particular time.
As a combined model of technology and economy, MARKAL involves numerous components of
parameters in its database, such as, technical coefficients that explore the supply and demand technologies, and
the cost, life time and the capability of their existence in the future.
MARKAL could draw the vital characteristics of an energy system, especially:
1- The importance of meeting the final energy demand requirements
2- The restricted initial resources availability.
3- The essential role of the conversion technologies to achieve the equilibrium between the supply and
demand energy
4- The importance of installing the appropriate energy capacity in order to meet the required level of
operation.
5- The continuity of changing process of capacity, through new generation, maintaining the old ones and
removing the rest of capacity.
6- The interaction between the input and output variables of different activities.
7- The permitted amount of carbon dioxide emissions in the energy system plan.
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Figure 1 The analysis process in MARKAL model
3.2 Why MARKAL?
MARKAL is a simulation, optimization and bottom-up model used in more than 50 countries. It is one of the
most common in use around the world, which enables researchers to compare the situation of Baghdad with
other cities in different countries. In addition, it doesn’t require an inventory data for energy consumption of
each sector in a city, as the situation in Baghdad is too difficult that collecting inventory data required such a
long time and that needs many team workers, because there is no data available and reliable to be used in the
analysis, due to discontinuous reporting process for energy consumption in the city governorates. MARKAL is
related with the integrated energy system that involves the energy demands and supply, considering the
transition from resources to the end-use in services. It is more related with the city scale than the building scale,
which offers the opportunity for researchers to address the differences between various urban areas at the district
scale of the city. In other words, it could determine the difference in energy supply and demands in various
districts in Baghdad.
3.3 Advantages of using MARKAL
1- Studying the national energy system is more beneficial than regional, at the same time, studying the
local energy system is more important. This classification enables users and stakeholders to compare
the analysis results between countries as well as cities. It is agreed that countries and cities have
different, available technologies, economic systems, primary energy resources and other variables.
Using the common energy models and tools to analyse different energy systems, could facilitate the
comparison between these countries in terms of international conventions, for instance, Kyoto protocol.
2- MARKAL is a linear programming model. It analyses the supply data of an energy system at beginning
of analysing and processes the demand output at the end of it(Sulkan et al., 2010).
3- MARKAL is one of the decision frameworks and common in use model to analyse carbon mitigation
impacts. MARKAL’s methodology is flexible and applicable for different scales from regional, country
and city level. The most widely application for this model is to analyse the designed strategies to
mitigate the carbon dioxide emissions from energy sector and to reduce the consumption of natural
resources. Thus, it is the most suitable for my research to apply for the purpose analysing the carbon
mitigation strategies and to develop a long term energy system plan for Baghdad (International
Resources Group, 2001).
The use of MARKAL in modelling energy systems involves many benefits, namely:
• The required data for cost and technological options are involved in any type of technology
separately.
• It offers a various mix of technologies along the time periods.
• It gives calculation of prices from analysing technology and cost options
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• The model analyses the energy supply and demands at the same time in each scenario.
• It offers the ability to compare the both sides of technologies used, in supply and end-use.
It enables users to choose the level of detail for various energy systems to be modelled.
4. MARKAL in countries
Many countries and cities have used this model. It is common in use in the developed countries more than the
developing countries. As Iraq is one of the promising developing countries, this research has chosen the use of
MARKAL model in the same class considering variety in locations. The chosen countries are Turkey, China,
Pakistan and Nigeria.
4.1 Turkey
There are four main variables need to be determined in turkey’s MARKAL example; the resource technologies,
energy carriers, the technologies of conversion processes and energy demands. This action forms the first step in
modelling analysis by MARKAL model. The second step is to identify the appropriate positions and
relationships among these variables, in the model hierarchy. Finally, the reference energy system for Turkey
could be established in numerical information as a base line scenario to be available for comparison purposes in
case of applying alternative interventions for energy system and carbon reduction processes (Sulkan et al., 2010).
The aim of this study is to provide a clear vision of the preferred options of energy to be used in Turkey. This
study suggested some technology choices to let Turkey meets its energy needs in the future, and reduce the
impact of energy consumption on the local environment.
The two sides of MARKAL equation are the supply data and the energy demand. This model classifies
the patterns of technologies that suit the energy system and finds the optimum cost for the specified system,
taking in consideration all limitations defined by users. MARKAL model for Turkey involves wide range of
technologies in order to give the opportunity for various scenarios to be developed. Turkey is modelled as a
single region.
The optimum solution for the reference energy system has been established and explored the main
changes in the two sides of supply and demand, the amount of carbon dioxide emissions associated and their
reflection on the economic status. This base scenario forms a reference for comparisons with other propose
scenarios.
Figure 2 Total primary Energy
The future scenarios that could be adopted in turkey base on the reference scenario are:
1- Improve the efficiency of the power plans and end-use technologies that could affect energy production,
consumption and the amount of Co2 emissions.
2- Analyse the power plants to estimate the yearly expenditure and the amount of produced electricity.
3- Analyse the effects of the renewable energy resources growth and nuclear power stations on the whole
energy system at the national scale.
4- Analyse the renewable domestic energy generation on the energy demand from the national system.
5- Explore the carbon mitigation scenario on the planning for new environmental aspects.
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6- Analyse the effects of potential evolutions on the imported fuel prices.
4.2 China / Shanghai
This study demonstrates the proposed policies of carbon mitigation in the city of Shanghai in china. The study
uses MARKAL model in its analysis.
Due to the rapid changes in the energy system of China, the econometric models have not the
capabilities to analyse this system for long time prediction. Thus, the engineering tools are the appropriate
alternatives for Shanghai study. The economic status is modelled in MARKAL as a system, and it is seen as a
processes and monetary transfers among these processes.
The database and the major constrains are defined by the analyst. These are represented by the total
demands for services that have to be covered by the energy system. The analyst inserted the range of new
interventions, the proposed energy resources, and the environmental target of carbon reduction. The main
processes in the model are classified according to their real inputs and outputs, costs and the emissions produced.
It could be recognised that the upper rates of emissions cost considered as a constraint, so, the lower amount of
emission have been chosen as an optimal model configuration. The model defined carriers of energy, materials,
processes and demand categories. The national technology studies supported the technical data used in this study.
The study determined the current used technologies (some of them are not wide spread) to meet the most
relevance policy in mitigation scenarios (Gielen and Changhong, 2001).
In the base line scenario, the co2 emissions in Shanghai have been estimated to increase by 56% in
2020 due to the huge depending on coal fuel and the rapid growth of national economy. The limitation of
Co2reduction, which is 10%, related with the improvement of energy efficiency measures that are developed by
Shanghai city recently. The proposed reduction in Co2 emissions should be achieved according to the use of
energy policies and air pollution reduction policies, which is estimated to be about 24 % in comparison with the
base line levels.
Figure 3 The impact of policies on the Co2 emissions 2020
• Base case BC
• Energy policy EP
• Local environmental policy LEP
• Sustainability policy SP
4.3 Pakistan
This study examines the effects of limitation of imported energy and the national energy supply on the variation
of energy system components, such as, energy resources and supply technologies in Pakistan in the period from
2005 to 2050. The analysis has been conducted by using MARKAL energy model.
The basic four steps of MARKAL model are consisting in Pakistan model. These steps are; define the
energy supply resources such as, hydro and crude oil, technologies of conversion processes which are power
generation and transmission network, end-use technologies and the final demand for services(Anwar, 2010).
The main two strategies that need to apply for Pakistan energy system using MARKAL model are
restricting the imported energy and reduce the energy supply in order to improve the energy system in terms of
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security. The effects of these two policies are demonstrated by estimating the appropriate indicators of energy
security for the reference case and through the named time horizon.
The results show that following the two strategies in all scenarios leads to decrease the energy
consumption and carbon dioxide emissions, in comparison with the base line scenario.
4.4 Nigeria
This study has been applied to examine the potential future use of renewable resources on the national economy
in Nigeria by utilizing MARKAL model. It realised that MARKAL is not a predictive model, so, the study used
simulation model called Model for Analysis of Demand for energy MADE-II to speculate the energy demand
that required in MARKAL calculations. Then, MARKAL identified the optimal economic choice to compare
with the base line energy system. The main reason for studying the effects of carbon dioxide in this study is
because this gas has the responsibility of more than 50% of the whole amount of radiation in the atmosphere,
based on its highly concentration inside it(Akinbami, 2001).The study relied on the following assumptions as
parameters:
1- Demography; the growth rate of population is assumed as 2.8 %, 2.1% and 1.45 in three different
scenarios.
2- Economy; the GDP growth rate is assumed to be 3%, 5% and 6% in the same scenarios respectively.
3- Prices of fuel;
• Oil prices are assumed as $16.69/barrel in 1990, $17/barrel in 1995, $24/barrel in 2010 and
$28/barrel in 2030.
• Natural gas prices are assumed to be $27.84/1000m by the year 2001 according to the World Bank
report in 1993.
There are three main targets in this study base on using MARKAL model:
1- Analyse the potential cost of carbon mitigation plans in Nigeria for its energy sector.
2- Define the optimal energy components taking in account the proposed carbon mitigation strategies in
this sector.
3- Determine a plan for implementing these strategies in Nigeria’ energy sector.
Figure 4 According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the figure shows the emission
coefficient of carbon dioxide for each fuel.
5. An energy model for Baghdad
The urban planning of Baghdad and its characteristics such as, streets’ network, green areas, public open spaces,
buildings’ archetypes and urban density have a serious impact on the amounts of energy used and carbon dioxide
emissions (Town and Country Planning Association, 2009).This impact could be seen at different scales, from
street to district. It offers various opportunities for buildings to gain benefits from natural environmental
elements, such as sunlight and wind circulation (Ibid). The impact of urban planning on carbon dioxide
emissions is greater than fuel replacement(Marshall, 2008).It is accepted that urban planning of a city or a
district has a great impact on the energy system of this urban area in terms of energy supply and demands,
production, distribution and end-use.(Condon et al., 2009).
The main driver for study of Baghdad is the impact of urban area factors on the energy supply,
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conversion, energy transporting and the useful demand. The main purpose of this model is to explore the impact
of different carbon mitigation options in various scenarios along time.
The required data are listed below to build the energy model for Baghdad base on MARKAL model:
• The forms of energy that need to be represented in the new model.
• The main criteria of the proposed technologies and their types
• The national amounts of available initial resources
• The expected aspects of prices for import and export energy resources.
• The amount of energy required for each targeted sector as a useful demand.
• The proposed limitation of permitted amount of carbon dioxide emissions.
5.1 The description of technology
The following technical data are required for the sake of technology description in MARKAL model:
• Types of fuel as input data.
• Forms of energy that represented as an output data.
• The process efficiency
• The availability of utilizing new technologies at a particular date.
• Definition of service life for each technology.
• The available capital for each new technology and its capacity.
• The expected cost of operation and maintenance for each unit of capacity, excluding the cost of required
fuel.
• The carbon dioxide emissions technical coefficients.
5.2 Variables
The variables involved in MARKAL model are both internal and external. The external variables, which
involved the useful energy demands and fuel prices, are supplied by the database while the internal ones are
consisted in the model. The internal variables are listed below:
• The energy carriers variables
• The definition of amount of each available fuel type at a specific time.
• The energy supply technologies variables.
• The proposed investment for any technology used in each period of time.
• The capacity of technology at a particular time to be installed.
• Specify the used capacity of each technology in a specific time.
• The energy demand variables.
MARKAL determine each value of the above variables as a solution by the linear programming.
5.3 Constraints
Constrains are the logical relationships that control the various variables inside the model. These
relationships could be represented as in the following(EIA, 2006):
• The energy demands meeting
• The balances of fuel
• The operation limitations.
• The capacity conservation from time to time
• The external individual technologies availability
• The maximum permitted amount of carbon dioxide emissions from the energy system.
5.4 Objective Function
In its operation, MARKAL will make a decision for the values of all variables in order to meet the constraints
and find the minimum cost for the energy system. This is the objective function of the model, which means the
whole reduction in the cost of an energy system at all time periods. In addition, it may indicate the total carbon
dioxide emissions.
5.5 MARKAL Outputs
In each period of time, MARKAL gives the following outputs:
• The difference in capacity in both trends of increase and decrease of technologies for energy supply.
• The activity’s level of the chosen technologies.
• Determine the technologies for end-use that are the most effective at a minimum cost.
• Illustrate the calculations for all types of energy that used in the system.
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• The initial value of all forms of energy
• Minimize the value of all activities that occur at a negative level in optimal solution.
The model deals with the various forms of fuel and their technologies in detail, and the minimum cost
of carbon emissions’ mitigation. In the process of optimization, the model offers its flexibility in continuous
changing the types of fuel used and their prices. The model calculates the fuel prices for all energy forms in the
system without considering any extra costs, such as taxes. Base on linear programming, the model could
calculate the complex situations, for instance, peak load electricity.
6. Conclusions
Finding the appropriate tool for carbon mitigation in Iraq should optimises between the international obligation
by Kyoto Protocol and the huge deficit in information required to meet this obligation. The research has analysed
many carbon mitigation models used over the world and found that MARKAL model offers the flexibility
required for the case of Iraq and has made the conclusions listed below:
1- It is important for Iraq to identify the appropriate tools to meet the international obligation about
mitigation the carbon dioxide emissions through Kyoto protocol.
2- The difference occurs between carbon mitigation models depend on the purpose of use and
development stages.
3- The process of choosing the right model for Baghdad should concern the specific circumstances of
information shortage about carbon emissions, the traditional energy sources that depend on oil and the
irregular use of private electrical generators.
4- The model has chosen should have the elasticity when input variables have changed, such as developing
energy sources and final use improvement.
5- The model should have the ability to use at different scales.
6- In order to gain the maximum benefit from using the carbon mitigation model in Baghdad, the
modelling analysis will be consisted three main steps. Firstly, Baghdad will be divided into number of
districts according to their urban area characteristics. Secondly, MARKAL model will be run for each
district to determine the required carbon mitigation technologies for each type of urban areas. Finally,
define the appropriate carbon mitigation strategies according to the results of model runs.
7- The research could gain more benefits from MARKAL by running the model many times in different
scenarios and compare the obtained results, to determine the main effective variables and to recognise
the similarities and differences among all scenarios. This process can explore the sensitive components
of the energy system that respond to the various assumptions in different scenarios.
8- The research can assess the unexpected changes in the energy system according to the variety of
assumptions for the parameters included in the model, such as substitution of prices, the new
technologies that could be available at a specific time and the allowable amount of carbon dioxide
emissions. Changing any of the exterior parameters, for instance, energy demands and the technical
coefficient for the fuel type, the new results will be recomputed by the model, accordingly.
9- MARKAL is an ideal tool for analysing the situation on carbon mitigation strategies in various
scenarios when the exogenous variables changed base on the different requirements for many urban
forms for Baghdad’s districts. We can use the conditions of what if questions in changing the
parameters related with urban form and carbon mitigation strategies, because each of them has strong
relationships with energy supply and demands in different stages of the analysis.
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W hyƒوا hk•gVW ®ƒ~a ›kxœula hlŠ]p hk`l^ hqefطادT¬Š hVeTW r| ~نŠ]رvaا Tk_mاو rs]‹ ]زŒ hx_s •kŽ•• Xjا d.•~ةŽaا ھ…ه hkœ¬• ضf¬a و
hk•wا hkƒfŽaا „yxaا حfupإ:]تqkxœuaا و hWT•u_`aا ]تkVquaا و ]تW~li`aا Xkly• و ®`j •€ل dW hlvU`aا ھ…ه Xya hxn]V`aا hqefœaا •]دeإ dv`e
TeTy• و `•]لaا ھ…ا r| oa]iaا ~ىu_W žl^…هga h-]•aا وفf°aا ]رxu^wا dkiŠ …•wا ®W ادT¬Š hVeTW r| ~نŠ]رvaا •k•ua h`¡€W f¥mwا hkawا
hVeT`aا.£]‘`aا ~نŠ]رvaا Tk_mاو rs]‹ ]زŒ •kŽ•ua ri_aا r| X¥Wwا hqefœaا ]رku•± hxn]V`aا hk`liaا ةT^]qaا •]دeإ ~ھ „yxaا فTھ |²ن ”a…a و¨
›]طV`aا r| hp]œaا €كgun±ادT¬Š hVeTW dW hefšyaا.
`•]لaا ھ…ا r| ]g|اTاھ ›kqyua ]gkin r| ادT¬Š hVeT`a h`¡€W f¥mwا ~نŠ]رvaا •kŽ•• `~ذجs „yxaا حfuqe.ھ…ا o^Ta ةf|~u`aا ]تW~li`aا rھ ]W
hVeT`aا …هga hxn]V`aا ]تkVquaا و دواتwا و h`°swا rھ ]W و ¦j~uaا.dv``aا dW ruaا داتTy`aا rھ ]Whe]¬aا rھ ]W و ]رku•wا hkl`^ r| f‹Ÿ• ان
`~ذجs ]رku•w ]رxu^wا f°VŠ ]ا•…ھ o• Tp hl³nwا ھ…ه Xm ؟ h‘l•u_`aا z¡]uVaا okkq• hkl`^ ou• µkm و `]ذجVaا ھ…ه dW اي `]لiunا dW•kŽ••
k_mاو rs]‹ ]زŒ ]‹]تixsا ]تk`m •kŽ•• r| ]g|Tھ ›kqy• r| ادT¬Š hVeT`a ¨n]V`aا ~نŠ]رvaا~نŠ]رvaا T.
•kŽ•uaا `~ذجs ]رku•ا TiŠ)]لm]رW(`~ذجVaا …اga Xklyuaا hkl`^ r| X•T• ruaا hk_k¡faا ]تs~v`aا ‚kƒ~• o•.]بxnwا oأھ ‚kƒ~• o• Tq| ”a…m
]g`أھ و `~ذجVaا ھ…ا ]رku•إ žaا أدت ruaا:dW f¥mا r| `~ذجVaا ھ…ا امT•unإ o•50]^~k¹ f¥mwا fxuie „k£ اTlŠ,®W XW]iue `~ذجVaا ھ…ا ان
]بxnwا µlu•`a hefšyaا ›]طV`aا r| ~دj~`aا ~عVuaا و €فu•wا d^ h••]Vaا hp]œaا žl^ ¨lœaا r| X-]yaا €فu•wا,]تk•k•اfun حfuqe ¦sا
fkxm XvUŠ `~ذجVaا …اgŠ h-]•aا ]تW~li`aا f|~ua و hefš£ hqœVW Xva h`¡€W f¥mwا ~نŠ]رvaا •kŽ••.
ھ…ا إنrھ hkn]nأ X£اfW ‹€ث ºp]Ve „yxaا:„yxaا فTھ ~ءƒ r| ]gVkŠ ]`k| hs]رqW اءfjا و hŽlu•`aا ~نŠ]رvaا •kŽ•• `]ذجs ‚kƒ~•,‚kƒ~•
~نŠ]رvaا Tk_mاو rs]‹ ]زŒ hx_s •kŽ•• r| فTgaا ›kqy• hks]vWا و oa]iaا دول dW دT^ r| ادT¬Š hVeT`a حfuq`aا `~ذجVaا امT•unإ ••]ربھ…ه r|
`aاhVeT.
5FGF_02ا =;تVD2ا:~نŠ]رvaا Tk_mاو rs]‹ ]زŒ ]‹]تixsإ,~نŠ]رvaا و hp]œaا `]ذجs,hŠ~lœ`aا hp]œaا,]دuiW ~ھ ]`m hp]œaا فf-,]لm]رW `~ذجs.
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Education, and other Social Sciences PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
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