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Presently most electrical/electronic equipment (EEE) is not designed for recycling, let alone for circulation. Plastics in these products account for 20% of material use, and through better design, significant environmental and financial savings could be gained.
Technological solutions and circular design opportunities already exist, but they haven’t been implemented yet.
Some challenges, such as ease of disassembly, could be resolved through better communication and by sharing learnings across the value chain.
Instead of WEEE, we should focus on developing CEEE: Circular Electrical and Electronic Equipment.
The case examples of this report show how different stages of the lifecycle can be designed so that plastics circulation becomes possible and makes business sense.
Sustainable Engineering - Practical Studies for Building a Sustainable Society QuEST Forum
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Upcycling as the circular economy in practiceKyungeun Sung
The slides presented in The Global Research Forum on Sustainable Production and Consumption: Sustainable Lifestyles, Livelihoods and the Circular Economy, in Brighton, 27-29 June, 2017. This presentation shows where upcycling is positioned in the circular economy with a brief summary of the PhD research (focusing on household upcycling) and post-doc research (focusing on upcycling businesses) on upcycling.
A Review on Upcycling: Current Body of Literature, Knowledge Gaps and a Way ...Kyungeun Sung
The slides were used for the presentation in the International Conference on Environmental, Cultural, Economic and Social Sustainability (Venice) in April, 2015. The presentation summarises the paper, "A review on upcycling: Current body of literature, knowledge gaps and a way forward".
Presently most electrical/electronic equipment (EEE) is not designed for recycling, let alone for circulation. Plastics in these products account for 20% of material use, and through better design, significant environmental and financial savings could be gained.
Technological solutions and circular design opportunities already exist, but they haven’t been implemented yet.
Some challenges, such as ease of disassembly, could be resolved through better communication and by sharing learnings across the value chain.
Instead of WEEE, we should focus on developing CEEE: Circular Electrical and Electronic Equipment.
The case examples of this report show how different stages of the lifecycle can be designed so that plastics circulation becomes possible and makes business sense.
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Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science & Technology, Nawabshah - Pakistan
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Developer of sustainability standards for furniture, green chemistry, building products and materials.
Provider of third-party sustainable product & systems certifications for carpets, furniture, personal care, WaterSense, forestry, EMS, greenhouse gas emissions, fisheries, organic food…
Prover of environmental claims verification: eco-efficiency, DfE, recycled content, energy usage, recyclability, compostability, CleanGredients®…
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Individual upcycling in the UK: Insights for scaling up towards sustainable d...Kyungeun Sung
The slides were used for the presentation in the Symposium on Sustainable Development Research at Universities in the UK (Manchester) in April, 2016. The presentation summarises the paper, "Individual upcycling in the UK: Insights for scaling up towards sustainable development". The essence of the paper is how behavioural insights could be linked to the development of strategies for scaling up individual upcycling.
This presentation contain different design consideration for manufacturing of product such as design of Environment, Design for Assembly, Design for Disassembly, Design for Recyclabilities & remanufacture, Energy Effficieny, Environmental Regulatory, Important Acts
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
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Environmental and economic evidence is increasingly supporting the need for better analytical tools for evaluating the recovery of consumer products. In response, we present a novel mathematical model for determining what we call the Optimal Recovery Plan (ORP) for any given product. The ORP is based on an evaluation and optimization of the economics of remanufacturing consumer products versus demanufacturing in the context of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) legislation, a driving force behind the adoption remanufacturing initiatives by firms. We provide an illustrative application of the model and then discuss its implications for scholars and practitioners concerned with sustainable business development.
Design for Environment by Waqas Ali Tunio
Presented by me in subject of Pollution Analysis & Control, in my 7th semester of Mechanical Engineering of 2007-Mechanical Batch in year 2010.
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science & Technology, Nawabshah - Pakistan
www.aliwaqas.tk
What Will it Take to Create an E-commerce Circular Reverse Logistics System i...Circular Economy Asia
This is a presentation on what we know about the e-commerce industry in Asia and what we don't know.
Reverse Logistic Summit, Singapore, 04 September 2019
This is a complete new topic, i.e., Innovation for sustainability and role of Digital technology. Generally the threepillars of sustainability is described along with some examples.
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The slides presented as a short talk in NTU Doctoral School Postgraduate Research Conference 2016, in Nottingham, on 3rd of December, 2016. This presentation summarises my PhD research, including introduction, research methods, results, discussions and conclusion.
NSF Sustainability:
Major provider of LEED reviews for US Green Building Council.
Developer of sustainability standards for furniture, green chemistry, building products and materials.
Provider of third-party sustainable product & systems certifications for carpets, furniture, personal care, WaterSense, forestry, EMS, greenhouse gas emissions, fisheries, organic food…
Prover of environmental claims verification: eco-efficiency, DfE, recycled content, energy usage, recyclability, compostability, CleanGredients®…
Manufacturing services include environmental impact assessment, supply chain assessment, sustainability measurement…
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In this 2015 presentation, the focus is placed firmly on the concept of product stewardship and the advantages to organisations who pursue product stewardship certification.
Ricoh: Manufacturing in the Circular Economy - Base Cities Birmingham - April...Andy Whyle
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The presentation shows how Ricoh has implemented reverse logistics to retain control of it's assets (products), and then remanufactured the assets to reduce environmental impact and increase resource conservation. This falls in line with Ricoh's Comet Circle life cycle philosophy and Zero Waste to Landfill standard.
Similar to Broad Considerations for Sustainable Engineering - Richard Wysk, North Carolina State University (20)
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[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
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Broad Considerations for Sustainable Engineering - Richard Wysk, North Carolina State University
1. Some broad considerations for
sustainable engineering
i bl i i
Richard A. Wysk
Dopaco Distinguished Professor
Industrial and Systems Engineering
y g g
North Carolina State University
1
2. Agenda
• Sustainability ‐‐ a brief overview
• Sustainability from an engineering perspective
Sustainability from an engineering perspective
– This could be the world’s most difficult
engineering problem
g gp
• What’s new in the manufacturing world?
– Direct manufacturing (DM) and hybrid
Direct manufacturing (DM) and hybrid
manufacturing (HM)
• New directions in DM, HM and sustainability
y
• Observations and conclusions
2
3. Why Engineer for Sustainability?
Why Engineer for Sustainability?
• Should be considered as part of a concurrent
p
engineering team effort.
• 80% of the environmental damage of a product is
established after 20% of the design activity is
bl h d f f h d
complete.
• Business case analysis
Business case analysis
– Customers demand products with less environmental
impact,
• Governmental agencies are developing and enforcing
tighter regulations.
6. Environmental Objectives
Environmental Objectives
• Protect the biosphere
Protect the biosphere
– Minimize the release of pollutants that endanger the
earth.
• Sustainable use of resources
– Use raw materials at a level where they can be
sustained.
• Reduction and disposal of waste
– Minimize waste wherever possible. When waste
cannot be avoided, recycling will be adopted.
7. Environmental Objectives
Environmental Objectives
• Wise use of energy
Wise use of energy
– Use environmentally safe energy and invest in
energy conservation.
energy conservation
• Risk reduction
– Minimize health risk to employees and the
Minimize health risk to employees and the
community.
• Marketing of safe products and services
Marketing of safe products and services
– Sell products that minimize environmental
impact and are safe for consumers to use.
8. Life Cycle Assessment
Life Cycle Assessment
• Common methodology
Common methodology
– Society of Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) has
developed a 4 step process for completing a Life
developed a 4‐step process for completing a Life
Cycle Assessment (LCA).
• Cradle to grave assessment.
• Dependent on large amounts of data.
• Steps: Goal Definition, Environmental Impact Inventory,
Impact Assessment, Interpretation.
9. What Is Life‐Cycle Assessment (LCA)?
LCA i a analytical f
is l ti l framework used t examine, id tif and
k d to i identify, d
evaluate the energy, resource, and environmental implications
of a process, product, or system across its life span from
cradle to grave.
Linear View of Products
Raw Material Acquisition and Processing
Raw Material Acquisition and Processing
Manufacturing
g
Use
Disposal
Source: EPA (2006) – LCA: Principles and Practice Courtesy of Ranji Ranjithan
10. Inventory Analysis
Inventory Scope Inventory
Product Life Stages
Primary Airborne
Materials Raw Material Acquisition and Processing Emissions
Manufacturing
Secondary Waterborne
Materials
M i l Emissions
E i i
Recycling
Reuse
Use
Energy Other
End of Life Management Releases
Use a SCOR Model to determine how this works in a
Courtesy of Ranji Ranjithan PLAN,SOURCE, MAKE, DELIVER, and RETURN environment
11. Techniques to Reduce Environmental Impact
q p
Design to minimize material usage
• Material usage
– Packaging and distribution
• Programs to accept back packaging (computers)
– Production system
• Ex.: plastic body panels (Chrysler) that require no paint
( )
– Product
• Minimize “high impact” materials
Minimize high impact materials
• Increase use of materials that can be processed together
• Can different polymers be remelted together (e.g.
compatibility)?
12. Techniques to Reduce Environmental Impact
Techniques to Reduce Environmental Impact
Design for Disassembly
• Guidelines similar to DFA.
• Some key differences:
Some key differences:
– Snap‐fit design (integral fasteners) must work
during removal as well as insertion should a part
during removal as well as insertion should a part
be needed for remanufacturing.
– For recycling only “tearing apart” is of interest.
– Must consider ergonomics and time. Disassembly
time may be very different than assembly time.
13. Techniques to Reduce Environmental Impact
Techniques to Reduce Environmental Impact
Design to Recycling
• Primarily material choice. Recycling Rate (%)
• Typical materials recycled in US 1993 2006
– High density polyethylene (HDPE) 10.6 26
– Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) 18.0 24
– Low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) 1.9 1
– Polypropylene (PP) 1.5 9
– Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 0.8 1
14. Techniques to Reduce Environmental Impact
Techniques to Reduce Environmental Impact
Design to Recycling
• Other recycling:
– Gl (
Glass (can lower heat needed to melt)
l h t d dt lt)
– Metal chips
– Paper (ask McDonald’s!)
( k ld’ !)
• New technologies
– Chips or identifiers to automatically recycle (auto
industry)
18. Techniques to Reduce Environmental Impact
Techniques to Reduce Environmental Impact
Design to minimize hazardous materials
• Functionally equivalent materials can have
a large impact on the environment.
a large impact on the environment.
– Ex.: switch from using polystyrene to less‐
impacting plastics such as high density
polyethylene (recycled at much higher rate)
• No impact on design performance.
• Ch i l t
Chemicals to avoid
id
• Material impact comparisons
– Must also consider cost differences.
19. Techniques to Reduce Environmental Impact
Design for energy efficiency
• Reduce energy consumption of product
– Specify best‐in‐class energy efficient components (air
conditioners, refrigerators)
– Have subsystems power down when not in use (copiers)
– Permit users to turn off systems in part or whole
Permit users to turn off systems in part or whole
– Solar‐powered electronics (calculators)
– Vibration harvesting
– Insulate heated systems
y
– Make parts whose movement is powered as light as possible
(autos, planes)
• New materials and processes give many new opportunities
• Must be qualified and accepted; designers must understand how to
Must be qualified and accepted; designers must understand how to
design with them (“design rules”); may limit suppliers
• Buy to fly (Can be 200:1)
• 100 pounds can mean 2% in MPG
20. Supportability Considers Total System
“Cost of Ownership”
“ f h ”
Mike Battaglia; https://c3.nasa.gov/dashlink/static/media/other/Design4Supportability.pdf
21. Okay, so this has been going on for a
decade or more. What’s next?
d d h ’
• Changes in reclamation
• More efficient methods
• Changes in manufacturing
• New paradigms
• Changes in design
Changes in design
• Unconventional geometries
• Changes in materials
• Composites (higher strength to weight ratio)
Composites (higher strength to weight ratio)
• Up to 2% gas reduction per 100 pounds
• Materials usage efficiency
• 200:1 buy to fly ratio
23. A New Prosthetic Arm
A New Prosthetic Arm
• Titanium for
efficiency/medical
compatibility
• Mesh structure
• Weighs about 4
pounds
• Can change the life
of a limb amputee
p
26. Medical/Dental/
Veterinary Applications
V i A li i
March 24 2006 (Chicago) -- The number of
24,
total knee replacements performed in the
U.S. will leap by 673% -- reaching 3.48
million -- b th year 2030, according to a
illi by the 2030 di t
new study presented at the 73rd annual
meeting of the American Academy of
Orthopaedic Surgery in Chicago.
Hip replacements will increase by 174% to
572,000 by 2030, according to the new
findings, which are based on historical
procedure rates from 1990 to 2003, and on
d t f t 2003 d
population projections from the U.S. Census
Bureau.
27. Direct Manufacturing
Direct Manufacturing
• Producing a product directly
Producing a product directly
from a descriptive model.
– In the mechanical part domain
In the mechanical part domain,
taking a CAD model and directly
manufacturing a part
g p
28. Additive Manufacturing
• Direct Manufacturing (DM)
– Direct from CAD model without tooling
Direct from CAD model without tooling
• No process engineering
– Short lead time
– I
Increased product fidelity
d d t fid lit
– Ready to use end products
• Additive processes
Additive processes Painted SLA Consumer Goods Part
– Traditional Rapid prototyping (RP) process
• 3D printer, SLA, FDM, SLS, SLM, EBM…
– No geometry limitation
– Push button manner operation
– Restricted in material, accuracy, and surface finish
, y,
28
29. Electron Beam Melting (EBM)
Electron Beam Melting (EBM)
• Electron Beam Melting (EBM) is a type of rapid
Electron Beam Melting (EBM) is a type of rapid
prototyping for metal parts. The technology
manufactures parts by melting metal powder layer
per layer with an electron beam in a high vacuum.
Unlike some metal sintering techniques, the parts
are fully solid, void‐free, and extremely strong.
Electron Beam Melting is also referred to as
Electron Beam Machining.
• High speed electrons .5‐.8 times the speed of light
are bombarded on the surface of the work material
b b d d th f f th k t i l
generating enough heat to melt the surface of the
part and cause the material to locally vaporize.
EBM does require a vacuum, meaning that the
workpiece is limited in size to the vacuum used.
is limited in size to the vacuum used.
The surface finish on the part is much better than
that of other manufacturing processes. EBM can be
used on metals, non‐metals, ceramics, and
composites.
32. EBM and Selective Laser Melting (SLM)
EBM and Selective Laser Melting (SLM)
• Produces parts to about
casting quality directly from a
CAD model
• Does not have the geometric
limitations of casting
limitations of casting
– Draft, parting line, etc.
• Materials properties are
Materials properties are
getting close to cast quality
32
33. State of the Art for AM
State of the Art for AM
• Push bottom process – no process engineering
Push bottom process no process engineering
component
• Functional metals are now being produced
Functional metals are now being produced
• Net‐shape or near net‐shape parts can be
produced
d d
• Geometrically few limits, except for precision
33
34. Recent directions in Rapid
Manufacturing ‐‐ Subtractive
CNC‐RP Method: A model is machined on a 3‐Axis mill with an
CNC RP Method: A model is machined on a 3 Axis mill with an
indexer and tailstock using layer‐based toolpaths from numerous
orientations about an axis of rotation.
Small diameter flat‐end mill tool
Round stock, fixed
between chucks
b t h k
4th‐axis indexer
Tailstock
34
35. CNC RP Methodology
CNC‐RP Methodology
STEPS TO CREATE A PART ( MT. Bike Suspension Component)
(Side View)
1. First orientation of part section is machined 3. Third o e a o is machined
3 d orientation s ac ed
Rotate Stock
2. Second orientation is machined 4. Fourth orientation is machined
35
36. CNC‐RP Methodology
STEPS TO CREATE A PART ( MT. Bike Suspension Component)
5. Left support section is machined 7. Temporary supports are removed
8. Part is severed from stock at supports
6. Right support section is machined
36
37. CNC RP Methodology
CNC RP Methodology
• Creation of complex parts using a series of thin layers
(slices) of 3‐axis toolpaths
( li ) f 3 i t l th generated at numerous
t d t
orientations rotated about an axis of the part
• Toolpath planning based on “layering” methods used by
other RP systems
• “Slice” represents visible cross‐sectional area to be
machined about (subtractive) rather than actual cross
machined about (subtractive) rather than actual cross
section to be deposited (additive)
• Slice thickness is the depth of cut for the 2½‐D toolpaths
• T l
Tool used is a flat end mill cutter with equal flute and
d i fl t d ill tt ith l fl t d
shank diameter (or shank diameter < flute diameter)
• Stock material will be cylindrical, therefore toolpath z‐zero
location will be same for all orientations
37
38. Methodology (cont.)
Methodology (cont )
Flat end mill cutter
“Staircase” effect
Region not visible from
bl f
current orientation
Set of visible slices from
current orientation
Toolpath planning using this approach is done with ease in current CAM
Toolpath planning using this approach is done with ease in current CAM
software (MasterCAM rough surface pocketing)
38
39. Fixture Planning
• Approach uses “sacrificial supports” to retain the prototype within the
stock material
• Round stock clamped between opposing chucks
• As prototype is rotated b/w toolpaths sacrificial supports are
incrementally created
• Supports cut away to remove finished part
• Current approach assumes model surfaces exist along axis of rotation
– Only one fixture support cylinder used on each end
– No change to visibility calculations
39
41. A broad comparison
A broad comparison
Characteristic EBM Casting Machining CNC‐RP
Geometry
y Very good
yg Fair Good Good
Tolerance/SF Fair Fair Very Good Good
Energy Fair(Part specific) Very Good Very Good Good
Set up cost Very good Fair Fair (Part specific) Very good
41
44. Zeus
• Zeus, a Siberian Husky
with a missing front paw
• First patient with front
limb amputation
• Different design needed
for the attachment
45. Combining Additive and Subtractive Processing
Combining Additive and Subtractive Processing
CAD model Part with CNC RM fixtures STL model for EBM RP process. EX:
with all sacrificial EBM
supports
CNC‐ RM Process Identify functional Part for CNC RP Part from RP
surfaces with supports process
Final part from
AIMS
45
48. So where is our future headed?
So where is our future headed?
• Design rules will change significantly
Design rules will change significantly
– We will not be limited to the use of solid
mechanical components for high performance
mechanical components for high performance
products
48
49. Our future …
Our future …
• Manufacturing cost and energy needs to be
Manufacturing cost and energy needs to be
viewed/justified using operational costs as
well as production cost
well as production cost
– Possibility of eliminating more than 50% of the
product weight
product weight
50. For instance
For instance
Magnus René, CEO of Arcam.
Magnus René CEO of Arcam
50
51. Non dense mesh parts
Non‐dense mesh parts
• Hi h h
Higher shear parts can
t
be obtained with less
material
t i l
• Better strength/weight
ratios can be gotten
ti b tt
• Directional mechanical
properties can be
ti b
obtained
53. Conclusions
• We are entering a new paradigm for engineering
– P d
Product engineering, Process engineering, production engineering
i i P i i d i i i
are changing
– We need to address these engineering functions in an integrated
manner
• We have the ability to alter the use performance
characteristics of all future mechanical products
p
– Strength to weight ratio
– Buy to use ratio
– Sustainability product responsibilities
Sustainability product responsibilities
53