This research article examines the impact of salinity on above ground biomass and stored carbon in the mangrove species Excoecaria agallocha in India's Sundarbans region over five years. It finds that biomass and carbon content vary significantly between the low-salinity western sector and high-salinity central sector, with higher values in the central sector due to greater stem biomass. While salinity impedes growth, Excoecaria agallocha thrives in a wide salinity range and tolerates the high salinity environment in the central Sundarbans region.
This document summarizes restrictions on sharing and distributing an article from a journal published by Elsevier. The copy of the article provided to the author can be used for internal non-commercial research and instruction purposes, but cannot be reproduced, distributed or used commercially without permission. The author is allowed to post a version of the article on a personal or institutional website but is directed to Elsevier's website for more information on author rights and policies regarding archiving and using manuscripts.
Trees Lose Their Leaves Later in Agroforestry SystemsIJEAB
In Brazilianagroforestry systems (AFS), Cordia oncocalyx trees, a native species of Caatinga, lose their leaves late in relation to the trees of the same species occurring in secondary forest. Our hypothesis is that, due to environmental features, the trees of the AFS maintain better water status. This work aims to present environmental humidity (rainfall, soil moisture and air relative humidity) and trees (photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and transpiration) data to explain the late loss of leaves in anagrosilvopastoral system (AGP) in the Brazilian semiarid region compared to a secondary forest (SF).Meteorological data were obtained from two weather stations installed in the AGP and SF areas. The physiological traits were measured using an infrared gas analyzer. There was a correlation between physiological processes (transpiration and stomatal conductance) and soil water content in plants of AGP, but not in SF, showing some independence of the plants of this system to variations in soil moisture. This indicates that AGP plants may have developed the physiological and anatomical features that enable to them to keep photosynthesis even when climatic conditions are more severe. Although the most inhospitable environmental conditions in the AGP system, the lower density of plants, and therefore less competition for water, favoring photosynthesis longer, causing the leaves to fall later.
Ecosystem Carbon Storage and Partitioning in Chato Afromontane Forest: Its Cl...IJEAB
The document summarizes a study that assessed carbon storage and climate change mitigation potential in the Chato Afromontane forest ecosystem in Ethiopia. The study measured carbon storage in various pools including aboveground biomass, belowground biomass, dead tree biomass, plant litter, and soil organic carbon. It found that carbon storage capacity varied between forest types, ranging from 107.12 Mg ha-1 for acacia plantations to 453.21 Mg ha-1 for intact natural forest. In total, the forest ecosystem stored nearly 6371.30 Gg of carbon in vegetation and soil to a depth of 60 cm. The document concludes that conserving this forest would significantly contribute to net carbon addition and regulation
ABSTRACT- We conducted a first order analysis on the proximate composition (protein, carbohydrate, fat and astaxanthin) of three dominant seaweed species viz. Enteromorpha intestinalis, Ulva lactuca and Catenella repens inhabiting Indian Sundarbans. The study was conducted at three stations (Gosaba, Bali Island and Jharkhali) during premonsoon, monsoon and postmonsoon of 2014-15. The relevant hydrological parameters (surface water temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen and dissolved nutrients) were monitored simultaneously during the tenure of the work. ANOVA carried out on the observed data reflects pronounced variations of all hydrological parameters except surface water temperature and salinity between stations. Pronounced seasonal variations were observed for all the selected hydrological parameters. In the domain of proximate composition, ANOVA results exhibit pronounced variations between stations and seasons (except carbohydrate in U. lactuca and C. repens between stations and astaxanthin in U. lactuca between seasons).
Keywords - Seaweed, Indian Sundarbans, Proximate composition, ANOVA, Seasonal variation
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document discusses carbon sequestration through the growth of Acacia mangium trees planted in coal mining reclamation areas in Indonesia. It presents results from measuring the biomass accumulation and developing allometric equations for A. mangium stands of different ages. The key findings are:
1) Younger A. mangium stands in mined areas had lower volume, basal area, and mean annual increment compared to older stands in non-mined areas, likely due to degraded soil in mined areas.
2) Allometric equations were developed relating diameter at breast height to stem volume and biomass of different components. Stem biomass accounted for 67% of total biomass on average.
3
Inventory of the aquatic macrophytes in lake kharungpat, indiaAlexander Decker
This study surveyed the aquatic plant species in Lake Kharungpat in India. A total of 54 species from 28 families were found. The plants were grouped as submerged (7 species), floating leaves (6 species), free floating (8 species), or emergent (33 species). The most common species were Alternanthera philoxeroides, Azolla pinnata, Brachiaria mutica, Ceratophyllum demersum, Echinochloa stagnina, Eichhornia crassipes, Enhydra fluctuans, Hygroryza aristata, Ludwigia adscendens, Pistia stratiotes, Salvinia cucullata and Zizania lat
This document summarizes a study comparing the ecology of two ponds in southern India with different management practices. Water quality parameters and plant biodiversity were analyzed seasonally. One pond hosted migratory birds and was protected as a wildlife reserve, while the other was used for irrigation and faced more human impacts. Water quality varied between ponds, with higher sulfate levels in the migratory bird pond. More plant species and individuals were found in the protected pond, indicating it supported a more stable ecosystem. The study highlights the importance of understanding pond ecology in relation to utilization and management for conservation.
This document summarizes restrictions on sharing and distributing an article from a journal published by Elsevier. The copy of the article provided to the author can be used for internal non-commercial research and instruction purposes, but cannot be reproduced, distributed or used commercially without permission. The author is allowed to post a version of the article on a personal or institutional website but is directed to Elsevier's website for more information on author rights and policies regarding archiving and using manuscripts.
Trees Lose Their Leaves Later in Agroforestry SystemsIJEAB
In Brazilianagroforestry systems (AFS), Cordia oncocalyx trees, a native species of Caatinga, lose their leaves late in relation to the trees of the same species occurring in secondary forest. Our hypothesis is that, due to environmental features, the trees of the AFS maintain better water status. This work aims to present environmental humidity (rainfall, soil moisture and air relative humidity) and trees (photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and transpiration) data to explain the late loss of leaves in anagrosilvopastoral system (AGP) in the Brazilian semiarid region compared to a secondary forest (SF).Meteorological data were obtained from two weather stations installed in the AGP and SF areas. The physiological traits were measured using an infrared gas analyzer. There was a correlation between physiological processes (transpiration and stomatal conductance) and soil water content in plants of AGP, but not in SF, showing some independence of the plants of this system to variations in soil moisture. This indicates that AGP plants may have developed the physiological and anatomical features that enable to them to keep photosynthesis even when climatic conditions are more severe. Although the most inhospitable environmental conditions in the AGP system, the lower density of plants, and therefore less competition for water, favoring photosynthesis longer, causing the leaves to fall later.
Ecosystem Carbon Storage and Partitioning in Chato Afromontane Forest: Its Cl...IJEAB
The document summarizes a study that assessed carbon storage and climate change mitigation potential in the Chato Afromontane forest ecosystem in Ethiopia. The study measured carbon storage in various pools including aboveground biomass, belowground biomass, dead tree biomass, plant litter, and soil organic carbon. It found that carbon storage capacity varied between forest types, ranging from 107.12 Mg ha-1 for acacia plantations to 453.21 Mg ha-1 for intact natural forest. In total, the forest ecosystem stored nearly 6371.30 Gg of carbon in vegetation and soil to a depth of 60 cm. The document concludes that conserving this forest would significantly contribute to net carbon addition and regulation
ABSTRACT- We conducted a first order analysis on the proximate composition (protein, carbohydrate, fat and astaxanthin) of three dominant seaweed species viz. Enteromorpha intestinalis, Ulva lactuca and Catenella repens inhabiting Indian Sundarbans. The study was conducted at three stations (Gosaba, Bali Island and Jharkhali) during premonsoon, monsoon and postmonsoon of 2014-15. The relevant hydrological parameters (surface water temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen and dissolved nutrients) were monitored simultaneously during the tenure of the work. ANOVA carried out on the observed data reflects pronounced variations of all hydrological parameters except surface water temperature and salinity between stations. Pronounced seasonal variations were observed for all the selected hydrological parameters. In the domain of proximate composition, ANOVA results exhibit pronounced variations between stations and seasons (except carbohydrate in U. lactuca and C. repens between stations and astaxanthin in U. lactuca between seasons).
Keywords - Seaweed, Indian Sundarbans, Proximate composition, ANOVA, Seasonal variation
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document discusses carbon sequestration through the growth of Acacia mangium trees planted in coal mining reclamation areas in Indonesia. It presents results from measuring the biomass accumulation and developing allometric equations for A. mangium stands of different ages. The key findings are:
1) Younger A. mangium stands in mined areas had lower volume, basal area, and mean annual increment compared to older stands in non-mined areas, likely due to degraded soil in mined areas.
2) Allometric equations were developed relating diameter at breast height to stem volume and biomass of different components. Stem biomass accounted for 67% of total biomass on average.
3
Inventory of the aquatic macrophytes in lake kharungpat, indiaAlexander Decker
This study surveyed the aquatic plant species in Lake Kharungpat in India. A total of 54 species from 28 families were found. The plants were grouped as submerged (7 species), floating leaves (6 species), free floating (8 species), or emergent (33 species). The most common species were Alternanthera philoxeroides, Azolla pinnata, Brachiaria mutica, Ceratophyllum demersum, Echinochloa stagnina, Eichhornia crassipes, Enhydra fluctuans, Hygroryza aristata, Ludwigia adscendens, Pistia stratiotes, Salvinia cucullata and Zizania lat
This document summarizes a study comparing the ecology of two ponds in southern India with different management practices. Water quality parameters and plant biodiversity were analyzed seasonally. One pond hosted migratory birds and was protected as a wildlife reserve, while the other was used for irrigation and faced more human impacts. Water quality varied between ponds, with higher sulfate levels in the migratory bird pond. More plant species and individuals were found in the protected pond, indicating it supported a more stable ecosystem. The study highlights the importance of understanding pond ecology in relation to utilization and management for conservation.
1) The study analyzed groundwater samples from 12 locations near the Varuna River in Varanasi, India to assess water quality.
2) Analysis found that around 50% of samples met drinking water standards for total dissolved solids, while 41% exceeded limits for nitrates.
3) High nitrate levels were likely due to fertilizer use, poor sanitation, and waste disposal near residential areas not engaged in agriculture. Proper waste management is needed to reduce nitrate pollution impacting over 40% of local groundwater.
1) The document analyzes how evapotranspiration (ET) has changed in the Mahanadi River Basin in India due to changes in climate, land use, and water use from 1901-1955 to 1990-2000.
2) It finds that while irrigated land area increased, actual water use per unit of irrigated land varied greatly within the basin, with much higher usage in downstream humid areas leading to higher ET changes there than in upstream water-stressed areas.
3) Modeling the basin under pre-1955, post-1955 climate only, and post-1955 climate with irrigation scenarios shows that climate increased temperatures while precipitation decreased slightly, but irrigation increased ET more than climate changes alone
This study investigated leaf processing behavior in Atta leafcutter ants. The researchers found that:
1) Around 90% of leaf cutting that breaks leaves down into fungal substrate takes place inside the nest, with only about 12% occurring outside as the ants carry leaves back to the nest.
2) The ants were observed to cut leaves into smaller pieces inside the nest using their mandibles rather than chewing, with an estimated 2.9 km of cutting required to reduce a square meter of leaf material.
3) The ants showed a preference for leaves that were already cut into smaller pieces, likely because smaller pieces require less cutting which conserves energy.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the groundwater quality in the western region of Perambalur District, Tamil Nadu, India using geographical information systems (GIS) and physicochemical parameters. 15 groundwater samples were collected from bore wells during the pre-monsoon season of 2015 and analyzed for parameters like pH, EC, TDS, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, fluoride. The water quality was classified based on standards like USSL, hardness, sodium percentage, salinity, SAR. GIS was used to map the spatial variation in water quality across the study area. Overall, the groundwater was found to be suitable for drinking according to WHO standards, with pH ranging from 6.12-
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
1. The study analyzed soil samples from 12 villages along the Varuna River in Varanasi, India to examine macro nutrients and physical properties.
2. Soil pH was moderately alkaline and suitable for plant growth, while electrical conductivity and available sulphur were high/deficient in most samples respectively.
3. Organic carbon and available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium varied among samples but were generally in sufficient amounts to support plant growth. Floods from the Varuna River contribute to fertile soils in the low-lying flood plains.
A STUDY ON GROUNDWATER QUALITY OF THIRUKALUKUNDRAM AREA, KANCHEEPURAM DISTRIC...IJESM JOURNAL
Freshwater is most important for life. The demand for freshwater is so high, that a major share of obtained as groundwater. The portability of drinking water is mainly based on recommended permissible limit of certain parameters, when water exceeds these limits it is unfit for human consumption. For the present study in and around Thirukalukundram area have been selected. The requirement of groundwater is constantly increasing in the study area due to the population exploration in Kalpakkam and Mahabalipuram area. An attempt is made to identify the groundwater quality through the chemical parameters. The groundwater samples have been collected and analysed for various anions and cations. The results have been brought in digital format with the help of Geographical Information System (GIS).
Analysis of Bhadra River Surface Water during Rainy Seasontheijes
Water samples were collected from Bhadra river along four different significant points and analyzed various temperature correlated parameters during the period rainy season 5th july, 2014 to 22nd august, 2014 using standard method. Water samples were collected from about10 cm depth with three replications from each station during low tides and high tides of the day. The study was conducted to know the present status of the water quality of the Bhadra river and the change of water quality parameters with the change of temperature. The study is significant due to huge practice of aquaculture at the adjacent area using the river water. The other significant feature is the connection of the river with sundarbans river system. This study involves the determination of some physical and chemical parameters which are mainly temperature correlated such as pH, transparency, salinity, electrical conductivity (EC), total alkalinity, total acidity, dissolved oxygen (DO) and dissolved free carbon dioxide of the surface water at four locations. The mean of parameters of different stations were temperature 290C; pH 7.68; transparency 10.88 cm, salinity 3.18 ppt, electrical conductivity (EC) 4.78 mS/cm, total alkalinity 103.91 mg/L, total acidity 8.4 mg/L, dissolve oxygen(DO) 5.1 mg/L, dissolve free carbon dioxide 3.89 mg/L. According to the results the parameters found less deviation from the standard water quality for aquatic habitat of river water
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Distribution of macrophytes in river narmada near water intake pointAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study on the distribution of aquatic macrophytes near a water intake point on the River Narmada in India. [1] 8 species of macrophytes were recorded, with submerged species dominating. [2] Macrophyte diversity was highest in upstream sites with good water quality but none were found directly at the water intake point. [3] Downstream sites had lower macrophyte numbers despite suitable physico-chemical conditions, indicating water abstraction negatively impacted the macrophyte community.
1) Water properties in the Indian Sundarbans have changed significantly over the past 27 years (1980-2007). Surface water temperature has risen at a rate of 0.5°C per decade, much higher than global averages.
2) Salinity has decreased in the western sector due to increased melting of Himalayan glaciers, but has increased in the eastern sector where connections to freshwater sources have been lost due to silting.
3) Other properties like pH, dissolved oxygen, and water transparency have also exhibited long-term changes and warrant further study of their ecological impacts. Warming trends have accelerated after the 1990s and may threaten 20-30% of species in the region by 2100 if temperatures continue
Ecological survey of macrobenthic invertebrates of selected ponds in agbede f...Alexander Decker
1) The study surveyed the macrobenthic invertebrate composition, abundance, and distribution in three ponds in Agbede Flood Plain in southern Nigeria between January and June 2007.
2) A total of 10 taxa comprising 1,031 individuals were recorded. The most dominant groups were Coleopterans (35.79%), Hemiptera (20.19%), and Dipterans (18.47%).
3) Pond 2, which experienced no human activities, contained the highest number of macroinvertebrates (416), suggesting human activities can rapidly alter aquatic communities.
Biomass of mangroves with stored carbonAbhijit Mitra
This document summarizes a study on biomass estimation of mangrove species in the Sundarbans region of India. The study estimated above-ground and below-ground biomass for three mangrove species (Avicennia alba, Excoecaria agallocha and Sonneratia apetala) in two regions with different salinity levels over three years. Higher biomass was observed for A. alba compared to the other species. A negative correlation was found between biomass of S. apetala and salinity, while a positive correlation was observed for A. alba and E. agallocha. Allometric equations were developed relating biomass to diameter at breast height for each species
Cover page of latest book on climate changeAbhijit Mitra
Mangroves are salt tolerant forest ecosystems found in tropical and subtropical coastal regions. Over the past 50 years, more than 50% of mangrove cover has been lost due to human activities like shrimp farming, agriculture, and urban development. Climate change also threatens mangroves through sea level rise and increased temperatures. This book addresses how climate change impacts mangrove ecosystems through case studies and research on effects on flora and fauna, carbon sequestration, and vulnerability to climate change. It seeks to inform future climate policies.
This document analyzes the impacts of climate change on the Indian Sunderbans region from 1924-2008 through a time series analysis. It finds that both erosion and accretion processes are occurring in the region. Increased downstream salinity due to obstruction of upstream water flow has led to decreased water transparency and declines in phytoplankton, fish density, and diversity in the central sector of the Sunderbans. Analysis of above-ground biomass for three dominant mangrove species revealed better growth in the western sector compared to the central sector. The study shows the cumulative effects of climate change and human disturbance on biodiversity and productivity in the world's largest mangrove ecosystem.
This document analyzes the impacts of climate change on the Indian Sunderbans region from 1924-2008 through a time series analysis. It finds that both erosion and accretion processes are occurring in the region. Increased downstream salinity due to obstruction of upstream water flow has led to decreased water transparency and declines in phytoplankton, fish density, and diversity in the central sector of the Sunderbans. Analysis of above-ground biomass for three dominant mangrove species revealed better growth in the western sector compared to the central sector. The study shows the cumulative effects of climate change and human disturbance on biodiversity and productivity in the world's largest mangrove ecosystem.
Sunderbans mangrove trees losing capacity to absorb co2 studyAbhijit Mitra
The study found that the mangrove forests in the Sunderbans, which naturally absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, are losing their capacity to do so. Rising salinity of water, deforestation, and pollution have reduced the growth and absorption ability of the dominant mangrove species, Byne trees. In particular, the central Sunderbans region now absorbs 22 tons of carbon per hectare compared to over 30 tons in other areas, threatening the ecosystem. The loss of "blue carbon" absorption will increase the amount of heat-trapping carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
The document analyzes trace metal levels in commercially important crustaceans collected from the Sundarbans region of India, a UNESCO World Heritage site. It finds significant variation in zinc, copper, lead, and cadmium levels between species and sampling locations, with the highest metal levels found at the station closest to industrial/urban areas. While metal concentrations were within normal limits across most stations, the levels exceeded guidelines for human consumption at the most polluted station. The study indicates the need to monitor heavy metals in edible species to assess health risks from pollution in the Sundarbans ecosystem.
This document analyzes soil samples from 12 stations across the Indian Sundarbans for organic carbon content, bulk density, and organic carbon density over different seasons and soil depths. Higher organic carbon density is found in stations of the western Sundarbans, which is closer to urban areas with more anthropogenic activities. The eastern Sundarbans exhibits lower organic carbon density as it is located further within the protected forest area with minimal human influence. Organic carbon and density decrease with increasing soil depth, while bulk density increases at lower depths. Significant spatial variation is observed in soil organic carbon and density across the study area.
Each month, join us as we highlight and discuss hot topics ranging from the future of higher education to wearable technology, best productivity hacks and secrets to hiring top talent. Upload your SlideShares, and share your expertise with the world!
Not sure what to share on SlideShare?
SlideShares that inform, inspire and educate attract the most views. Beyond that, ideas for what you can upload are limitless. We’ve selected a few popular examples to get your creative juices flowing.
1) The study analyzed groundwater samples from 12 locations near the Varuna River in Varanasi, India to assess water quality.
2) Analysis found that around 50% of samples met drinking water standards for total dissolved solids, while 41% exceeded limits for nitrates.
3) High nitrate levels were likely due to fertilizer use, poor sanitation, and waste disposal near residential areas not engaged in agriculture. Proper waste management is needed to reduce nitrate pollution impacting over 40% of local groundwater.
1) The document analyzes how evapotranspiration (ET) has changed in the Mahanadi River Basin in India due to changes in climate, land use, and water use from 1901-1955 to 1990-2000.
2) It finds that while irrigated land area increased, actual water use per unit of irrigated land varied greatly within the basin, with much higher usage in downstream humid areas leading to higher ET changes there than in upstream water-stressed areas.
3) Modeling the basin under pre-1955, post-1955 climate only, and post-1955 climate with irrigation scenarios shows that climate increased temperatures while precipitation decreased slightly, but irrigation increased ET more than climate changes alone
This study investigated leaf processing behavior in Atta leafcutter ants. The researchers found that:
1) Around 90% of leaf cutting that breaks leaves down into fungal substrate takes place inside the nest, with only about 12% occurring outside as the ants carry leaves back to the nest.
2) The ants were observed to cut leaves into smaller pieces inside the nest using their mandibles rather than chewing, with an estimated 2.9 km of cutting required to reduce a square meter of leaf material.
3) The ants showed a preference for leaves that were already cut into smaller pieces, likely because smaller pieces require less cutting which conserves energy.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the groundwater quality in the western region of Perambalur District, Tamil Nadu, India using geographical information systems (GIS) and physicochemical parameters. 15 groundwater samples were collected from bore wells during the pre-monsoon season of 2015 and analyzed for parameters like pH, EC, TDS, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, fluoride. The water quality was classified based on standards like USSL, hardness, sodium percentage, salinity, SAR. GIS was used to map the spatial variation in water quality across the study area. Overall, the groundwater was found to be suitable for drinking according to WHO standards, with pH ranging from 6.12-
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
1. The study analyzed soil samples from 12 villages along the Varuna River in Varanasi, India to examine macro nutrients and physical properties.
2. Soil pH was moderately alkaline and suitable for plant growth, while electrical conductivity and available sulphur were high/deficient in most samples respectively.
3. Organic carbon and available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium varied among samples but were generally in sufficient amounts to support plant growth. Floods from the Varuna River contribute to fertile soils in the low-lying flood plains.
A STUDY ON GROUNDWATER QUALITY OF THIRUKALUKUNDRAM AREA, KANCHEEPURAM DISTRIC...IJESM JOURNAL
Freshwater is most important for life. The demand for freshwater is so high, that a major share of obtained as groundwater. The portability of drinking water is mainly based on recommended permissible limit of certain parameters, when water exceeds these limits it is unfit for human consumption. For the present study in and around Thirukalukundram area have been selected. The requirement of groundwater is constantly increasing in the study area due to the population exploration in Kalpakkam and Mahabalipuram area. An attempt is made to identify the groundwater quality through the chemical parameters. The groundwater samples have been collected and analysed for various anions and cations. The results have been brought in digital format with the help of Geographical Information System (GIS).
Analysis of Bhadra River Surface Water during Rainy Seasontheijes
Water samples were collected from Bhadra river along four different significant points and analyzed various temperature correlated parameters during the period rainy season 5th july, 2014 to 22nd august, 2014 using standard method. Water samples were collected from about10 cm depth with three replications from each station during low tides and high tides of the day. The study was conducted to know the present status of the water quality of the Bhadra river and the change of water quality parameters with the change of temperature. The study is significant due to huge practice of aquaculture at the adjacent area using the river water. The other significant feature is the connection of the river with sundarbans river system. This study involves the determination of some physical and chemical parameters which are mainly temperature correlated such as pH, transparency, salinity, electrical conductivity (EC), total alkalinity, total acidity, dissolved oxygen (DO) and dissolved free carbon dioxide of the surface water at four locations. The mean of parameters of different stations were temperature 290C; pH 7.68; transparency 10.88 cm, salinity 3.18 ppt, electrical conductivity (EC) 4.78 mS/cm, total alkalinity 103.91 mg/L, total acidity 8.4 mg/L, dissolve oxygen(DO) 5.1 mg/L, dissolve free carbon dioxide 3.89 mg/L. According to the results the parameters found less deviation from the standard water quality for aquatic habitat of river water
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Distribution of macrophytes in river narmada near water intake pointAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study on the distribution of aquatic macrophytes near a water intake point on the River Narmada in India. [1] 8 species of macrophytes were recorded, with submerged species dominating. [2] Macrophyte diversity was highest in upstream sites with good water quality but none were found directly at the water intake point. [3] Downstream sites had lower macrophyte numbers despite suitable physico-chemical conditions, indicating water abstraction negatively impacted the macrophyte community.
1) Water properties in the Indian Sundarbans have changed significantly over the past 27 years (1980-2007). Surface water temperature has risen at a rate of 0.5°C per decade, much higher than global averages.
2) Salinity has decreased in the western sector due to increased melting of Himalayan glaciers, but has increased in the eastern sector where connections to freshwater sources have been lost due to silting.
3) Other properties like pH, dissolved oxygen, and water transparency have also exhibited long-term changes and warrant further study of their ecological impacts. Warming trends have accelerated after the 1990s and may threaten 20-30% of species in the region by 2100 if temperatures continue
Ecological survey of macrobenthic invertebrates of selected ponds in agbede f...Alexander Decker
1) The study surveyed the macrobenthic invertebrate composition, abundance, and distribution in three ponds in Agbede Flood Plain in southern Nigeria between January and June 2007.
2) A total of 10 taxa comprising 1,031 individuals were recorded. The most dominant groups were Coleopterans (35.79%), Hemiptera (20.19%), and Dipterans (18.47%).
3) Pond 2, which experienced no human activities, contained the highest number of macroinvertebrates (416), suggesting human activities can rapidly alter aquatic communities.
Biomass of mangroves with stored carbonAbhijit Mitra
This document summarizes a study on biomass estimation of mangrove species in the Sundarbans region of India. The study estimated above-ground and below-ground biomass for three mangrove species (Avicennia alba, Excoecaria agallocha and Sonneratia apetala) in two regions with different salinity levels over three years. Higher biomass was observed for A. alba compared to the other species. A negative correlation was found between biomass of S. apetala and salinity, while a positive correlation was observed for A. alba and E. agallocha. Allometric equations were developed relating biomass to diameter at breast height for each species
Cover page of latest book on climate changeAbhijit Mitra
Mangroves are salt tolerant forest ecosystems found in tropical and subtropical coastal regions. Over the past 50 years, more than 50% of mangrove cover has been lost due to human activities like shrimp farming, agriculture, and urban development. Climate change also threatens mangroves through sea level rise and increased temperatures. This book addresses how climate change impacts mangrove ecosystems through case studies and research on effects on flora and fauna, carbon sequestration, and vulnerability to climate change. It seeks to inform future climate policies.
This document analyzes the impacts of climate change on the Indian Sunderbans region from 1924-2008 through a time series analysis. It finds that both erosion and accretion processes are occurring in the region. Increased downstream salinity due to obstruction of upstream water flow has led to decreased water transparency and declines in phytoplankton, fish density, and diversity in the central sector of the Sunderbans. Analysis of above-ground biomass for three dominant mangrove species revealed better growth in the western sector compared to the central sector. The study shows the cumulative effects of climate change and human disturbance on biodiversity and productivity in the world's largest mangrove ecosystem.
This document analyzes the impacts of climate change on the Indian Sunderbans region from 1924-2008 through a time series analysis. It finds that both erosion and accretion processes are occurring in the region. Increased downstream salinity due to obstruction of upstream water flow has led to decreased water transparency and declines in phytoplankton, fish density, and diversity in the central sector of the Sunderbans. Analysis of above-ground biomass for three dominant mangrove species revealed better growth in the western sector compared to the central sector. The study shows the cumulative effects of climate change and human disturbance on biodiversity and productivity in the world's largest mangrove ecosystem.
Sunderbans mangrove trees losing capacity to absorb co2 studyAbhijit Mitra
The study found that the mangrove forests in the Sunderbans, which naturally absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, are losing their capacity to do so. Rising salinity of water, deforestation, and pollution have reduced the growth and absorption ability of the dominant mangrove species, Byne trees. In particular, the central Sunderbans region now absorbs 22 tons of carbon per hectare compared to over 30 tons in other areas, threatening the ecosystem. The loss of "blue carbon" absorption will increase the amount of heat-trapping carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
The document analyzes trace metal levels in commercially important crustaceans collected from the Sundarbans region of India, a UNESCO World Heritage site. It finds significant variation in zinc, copper, lead, and cadmium levels between species and sampling locations, with the highest metal levels found at the station closest to industrial/urban areas. While metal concentrations were within normal limits across most stations, the levels exceeded guidelines for human consumption at the most polluted station. The study indicates the need to monitor heavy metals in edible species to assess health risks from pollution in the Sundarbans ecosystem.
This document analyzes soil samples from 12 stations across the Indian Sundarbans for organic carbon content, bulk density, and organic carbon density over different seasons and soil depths. Higher organic carbon density is found in stations of the western Sundarbans, which is closer to urban areas with more anthropogenic activities. The eastern Sundarbans exhibits lower organic carbon density as it is located further within the protected forest area with minimal human influence. Organic carbon and density decrease with increasing soil depth, while bulk density increases at lower depths. Significant spatial variation is observed in soil organic carbon and density across the study area.
Each month, join us as we highlight and discuss hot topics ranging from the future of higher education to wearable technology, best productivity hacks and secrets to hiring top talent. Upload your SlideShares, and share your expertise with the world!
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The document summarizes a study on carbon sequestration by mangrove vegetation in the Mahanadi mangrove wetland in Odisha, India. A total of 26 true mangrove species were documented, with Heritiera fomes showing the highest population density. Considering the total stem biomass of all 26 species, the rate of change of biomass was 16.20 tons per hectare per year, representing carbon sequestration of 7.34 tons per hectare per year. This level of carbon sequestration generates a CO2 equivalent of 26.94 tons per hectare per year, highlighting the importance of conserving mangrove stands in the region to minimize CO2 levels locally.
This document reports on a study that analyzed the impact of climate change-induced salinity variation on the endangered mangrove species Heritiera fomes in the Indian Sundarbans. The study found that salinity levels are decreasing in the western sector due to increased glacier melting and freshwater discharge, leading to an increase in aboveground biomass of H. fomes. Meanwhile, salinity levels are increasing in the central sector due to reduced freshwater input, resulting in low growth of H. fomes biomass. The study analyzed 11 years of salinity and physiochemical data from both sectors, finding contrasting impacts of changing salinity on the endangered mangrove species due to climate change effects.
Tree species composition and above ground tree biomass estimationMrumba E. John
This document reports on a study of the tree species composition and above-ground biomass of the Salenda Bridge mangrove patch in Tanzania. Only one mangrove tree species, Avicinnia marina, was found in the study area. Data on tree diameter, height, and frequency was collected from 12 sample plots and used to calculate the above-ground biomass and carbon stock. The estimated above-ground biomass was 458.3 tons/ha and the carbon stock was 221.67 tons/ha. The study concludes the mangrove forest is well-developed with relatively high conservation but recommends further protection, restoration, and additional research.
Tree species composition and above ground tree biomass estimationMrumba E. John
This document reports on a study of the tree species composition and above-ground biomass of the Salenda Bridge mangrove patch in Tanzania. A total of 12 circular plots were established to sample the mangrove trees. Only one species, Avicennia marina, was found. Its estimated above-ground biomass was 458.3 tons/ha and carbon stock was 221.67 tons/ha. The study concludes the mangrove forest is well-developed with relatively high conservation but recommends more protection, restoration, and further research to enhance biomass storage and species diversity.
Over a 27-year period from 1980 to 2007, researchers observed changes in various water properties in the Indian Sundarbans region of the Bay of Bengal that provide evidence of the effects of climate change. Surface water temperature increased at a rate of 0.5°C per decade, higher than global or Indian Ocean averages. Salinity decreased at the western end near the Ganges River due to increased Himalayan melting but increased in the east where connections to meltwater sources have been cut off by siltation. Long-term changes were also seen in dissolved oxygen, pH, transparency and water quality that warrant further ecological study. The study analyzed temperature, salinity, and other parameters using data from two stations representing the western and
Seasonal Variability and Behavior of Hydrographic and Nutrient Parameters in ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
The document summarizes a study on the density, biomass, and community structure of megabenthos in Ise Bay, Japan from 1993 to 1994. Five species dominated the megabenthos communities: Oratosquilla oratoria, Carcinoplax vestita, Charybdis bimaculata, Luidia quinaria, and Repomucenus valenciennei. The community structure changed seasonally, closely related to the development and disappearance of low-oxygen water in the bay each summer. A total of 132 megabenthos species were identified, with crustaceans, mollusks, echinoderms, and fishes being the most common
Estimation of Long-Term Above-Ground Biomass, Carbon Stocks and Carbon Dioxid...AI Publications
Tropical forests play an important role of storing significant quantities of carbon, both, aboveground and belowground. However, deforestation activities for various purposes, among them, agriculture and settlement, have continued to remove unknown quantities of biomass and carbon stocks across tropical forests of Africa. This study was conducted to estimate aboveground tree biomass (AGB), carbon stocks (AGCS) and carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2 e) among three vegetation cover types (wooded land, bushland and grassland) found in Mapfungautsi forest and to quantify the long-term estimated total AGB, AGCS and CO2 e lost due to deforestation activities in the forest (between the year 2000 and 2020). Data collection was conducted using remote sensing imagery, field measurements and an allometric equation. A total of 22 plots, each measuring 50m x50m were established across the three vegetation cover types where tree height, diameter at breast height, number of stems/ha and regeneration were measured. The collected data was analysed using EViews Version 10 software. Wooded land generally had the highest values across all the four tree growth variables followed by bushland and grassland. The average estimated AGB stored were 50.78t/ha, 14.7t/ha and 8.2 t/ha for wooded land, bushland and grassland respectively. From the 10632ha cleared over 20 years, losses amounting to an estimated mean total AGB, AGCS and CO2 e of 387669.53t, 182205.09t and 668692.69t respectively were observed. We conclude that quantifying and raising awareness about the lost AGB, AGCS and CO2 e among stakeholders will lead to the implementation of remedial action to replenish the lost biomass and carbon stocks.
Biomass and Carbon Stock Assessment in Moist Deciduous Forests of Doon Valley...Dr. Mohommad Shahid
The study was conducted in the three forest ranges of Dehra Dun Forest Division of Doon Valley, Western Himalaya,
India. Biomass and carbon status in the moist deciduous forest were estimated using volumetric equations. A total of 150 quadrats
were laid in the study sites. The biomass ranged from 338.40 Mg ha-1 to 438.17 Mg ha-1 and carbon stocks from 169.20 Mg ha-1 to
219.08 Mg ha-1 in different study sites. The study concludes that moist deciduous forests of Doon Valley have the potential for
carbon sequestration. The study sites are also experiencing lot of anthropogenic pressures from the villages at the forest fringes.
This study assessed the water quality of Anchar Lake in Kashmir, India over a 6-month period to determine the impact of anthropogenic activities. Physico-chemical parameters were measured monthly at 6 sites around the lake. Correlation and cluster analyses found some parameters were positively correlated while others were negatively correlated. The Bray Curtis similarity analysis showed 96% similarity between two sites and less than 92% similarity between other sites. Overall, the study found the lake to be heavily polluted due to sewage, agricultural and other waste entering the lake from surrounding areas.
Tree species composition and above ground tree biomass estimationMrumba E. John
This document summarizes a study on the tree species composition and above-ground biomass estimation of the Salenda Bridge mangrove patch in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Only one mangrove tree species, Avicennia marina, was identified in the area. Data was collected using circular plots and tree measurements. The estimated above-ground biomass and carbon stock of the mangrove patch was 458.3 tons/ha and 221.67 tons/ha respectively. The study concluded the mangrove forests at Salenda Bridge are well developed with relatively high conservation levels. It recommends further protection and restoration efforts to enhance biomass and carbon storage.
This document provides an abstract for a 4th National Research Conference on Climate Change held at the Indian Institute of Technology Madras from October 26-27, 2013. It includes the detailed program for the two-day conference covering sessions on climate change science and impacts, mitigation, and adaptation. The first day's program includes three sessions with oral presentations on topics like glacial changes in the Himalayas, climate impacts on agriculture, and climate change adaptation strategies. It also includes a session on high-resolution regional climate modeling and a poster session on adaptation projects. The abstracts provided give an overview of the research presented at the conference on assessing climate impacts and developing mitigation and adaptation solutions for India.
The document analyzes water quality parameters of the Vaigai River in Tamil Nadu, India. Samples were collected from three locations along the river on a monthly basis and tested for total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and magnesium. The results found that two of the sampling locations had water quality issues like high dissolved solids and magnesium that require treatment for drinking. Water quality was generally better during monsoon seasons with more rainfall. The study aims to evaluate the river's water resources and classify them for different uses.
ESTIMATION OF CARBON STOCKS IN ABOVE GROUND BIOMASS IN MUTHUPET MANGROVE, SOU...pharmaindexing
This document summarizes a study estimating carbon stocks in the above ground biomass of mangrove forests in Muthupet, India. Mangroves play an important role in carbon sequestration and storage. The study area contains extensive mangrove habitat dominated by Avicennia marina trees. Samples of leaves, stems, and roots were collected from different mangrove species and marsh plants to estimate moisture content, dry weight, organic matter, and organic carbon content. Satellite imagery from 1999 and 2007 was used to map land cover including mangroves, mudflats, and salt pans. The carbon stocks in above ground biomass of mangroves and marsh plants were calculated to understand their role in climate change mitigation
This study examined the effect of increasing salinity on photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids) and proline content in seedlings of Avicennia alba, a dominant mangrove species in the Sundarbans region. Seedlings were exposed to various salinity levels from 2-20 psu over 30 days. Results showed that total chlorophyll content increased with higher salinity, while chlorophyll a/b ratios and carotenoid levels remained constant. Proline content also did not change with salinity. This suggests A. alba has tolerance to higher salinity levels and may thrive with climate change induced salinity rises in the Sundarbans region.
This document summarizes a study that assessed the coastal water quality of three sites in and around the Sundarbans mangrove ecosystem in India using the Aquatic Health Index (AHI). Water samples were collected from Canning, Junput, and Sagar Island and analyzed for various physicochemical parameters. The AHI was highest for Sagar Island, reflecting its more pristine environment influenced by mangroves and tidal flushing. Canning and Junput had lower AHI values, indicating deteriorated water quality due to human activities like industrialization, urbanization, tourism, and fishing. The study aims to evaluate ecologically sensitive zones and monitor coastal water health through the AHI assessment.
Abundance Plankton and Analysis Stomach Content and Trophic Level in Makassar...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The research aims to know the condition of environmental parameters both from biological factors and physical factors of the Makassar Strait during the East season. The usability of the research ie can be to build and simulate dynamic models of fisheries systems. Data Collection has been carried since May 2019 to November 2019. Data collection on environmental parameters (temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, flow velocity) and nutrients (nitrates and phosphates), phytoplankton and zooplankton abundance, , and gastric contents analysis were carried out, Method for analysing was used analysis of variance (ANOVA) to compare environmental parameters, nutrients and abundance of plankton between the three districts observed. The relationship between the abundance of plankton with environmental parameters was analyzed by using multiple linear regression analysis. Determination of trophic level is based on analysis of gastric contents using the TrophLab 2K program. Results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) between observation stations grouped in 6 months of observation showed that salinity was significantly different between locations and months of observation, temperature and pH were significantly different between months but did not differ according to location of observation, whereas DO levels did not show differences either between locations. The results of identification of phytoplankton types obtained during this research were dominated by diatoms. The type of zooplankton obtained is generally dominated by copepods. The result of gastric surgery is 10 dominant and economically valuable fish's species belonging to planktivor, omnivor and carnivor fish, and based on ecosystems including pelagic and demersal fish.
3 ijfaf jul-2017-1-evaluation of the ichthyofaunalAI Publications
Fish constitute more than half of the total number of all the aquatic vertebrates in the world; thus, a study was carried out for six months from January-June, 2016 to investigate the physico-chemical parameters, composition, abundance and diversity of ichthyofauna present in some sections of Omambala, Ezu and Ahommiri Rivers in Anambra state, Nigeria. Water samples were collected for physico-chemical analysis and fish samples were also collected with the assistance of artisanal fishermen using different types of traditional fishing gears namely - gill nets, cast nets, hook and line, local traps (baited) and bag nets to evaluate fish species composition and abundance. The result of the physico-chemical analysis showed uniform values for temperature (25±0.16oC-30±0.48oC), dissolved oxygen (3.65±0.78-5.65±0.11mg/l) and biochemical oxygen demand (13±0.03-16±0.08mg/l) which favoured the distribution of fishes present in different sections of the three Rivers. A total catch of 11,031 fishes were recorded from the three Rivers which comprised 11 orders, 29 families, 43 genera and 69 species. Umuoba-Anam section had 9691 catches, Ebenebe section (702) and Awa section (638). Monthly composition showed highest in March (1,909) and June (2,294) for dry and rainy seasons respectively. Seasonal composition showed highest during the rainy season with a total number of 5922 fishes while 5109 fishes was recorded for the dry season. The diversity indices of the three Rivers indicated diverse communities with ten common species variety and Shannon Weiner (H’) diversity index of 2.755-3.682. Tilapia zilli (22.2%) was the most common and abundant species followed by Clarias anguillaris (21.4%), Malapterus electricus (18.9%), Heterobranchus bidorsalis (15.4%), Xenomystis nigri (14.6%), Heterotis niloticus (13.0%), Auchenoglanis monkei (11.0%), Tilapia dageti (10.2%), Hepsetus odoe (8.1%) and Bagrus filamentosus (7.2%). The study revealed that taxa richness and species diversity increase with increased water level and uniform physico-chemical changes. Further survey of fish species diversity and abundance should be carried out continuously for a longer period on a larger scale for a thorough assessment of the water bodies and their fishery potentials.
Cv of dr. abhijit mitra, department of marine science, calcutta universityAbhijit Mitra
Dr. Abhijit Mitra, Associate Professor and former Head, Dept. of Marine Science, University of Calcutta (INDIA) has been active in the sphere of Oceanography since 1985. He obtained his Ph.D as NET qualified scholar in 1994 after securing Gold Medal in M.Sc (Marine Science) from University of Calcutta. Since then he joined Calcutta Port Trust and WWF (World Wide Fund), in various capacities to carry out research programmes on environmental science, biodiversity conservation, climate change and carbon sequestration. Presently Dr. Mitra is serving Techno India University, West Bengal as the Director of Research. He has to his credit about 485 scientific publications in various National and International journals, and 36 books of postgraduate standards. Dr. Mitra is presently the member of several committees like PACON International, IUCN, SIOS etc. and has successfully completed about 16 projects on biodiversity loss in fishery sector, coastal pollution, alternative livelihood, climate change and carbon sequestration. Dr. Mitra also visited as faculty member and invited speakers in several foreign Universities of Singapore, Kenya, Oman and USA. In 2008, Dr. Mitra was invited as visiting fellow at University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth, USA to deliver a series of lecture on Climate Change. Dr. Mitra also successfully guided 32 Ph.D students. Presently his domain of expertise includes environmental science, mangrove ecology, sustainable aquaculture, alternative livelihood, climate change and carbon sequestration.
Coral reefs occupy only 0.2% of the ocean but support over 25% of marine species. They are highly biodiverse ecosystems found in tropical waters between 30 degrees north and south. Coral reefs are constructed by corals which are colonial animals made up of tiny polyps. Polyps secrete calcium carbonate to form the coral structure and have a symbiotic relationship with algae called zooxanthellae. Coral reefs provide habitat for many organisms and are ecologically important as they protect coastlines from erosion and serve as nurseries for many fish species.
Cv of dr. abhijit mitra, calcutta universityAbhijit Mitra
Dr. Abhijit Mitra, Associate Professor and former Head, Dept. of Marine Science, University of Calcutta (INDIA) has been active in the sphere of Oceanography since 1985. He obtained his Ph.D as NET qualified scholar in 1994 after securing Gold Medal in M.Sc (Marine Science) from University of Calcutta. Since then he joined Calcutta Port Trust and WWF (World Wide Fund), in various capacities to carry out research programmes on environmental science, biodiversity conservation, climate change and carbon sequestration. Presently Dr. Mitra is serving as the advisor of Oceanography Division of Techno India University, West Bengal. He has to his credit about 475 scientific publications in various National and International journals, and 36 books of postgraduate standards. Dr. Mitra is presently the member of several committees like PACON International, IUCN, SIOS etc. and has successfully completed about 16 projects on biodiversity loss in fishery sector, coastal pollution, alternative livelihood, climate change and carbon sequestration. Dr. Mitra also visited as faculty member and invited speakers in several foreign Universities of Singapore, Kenya, Oman and USA. In 2008, Dr. Mitra was invited as visiting fellow at University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth, USA to deliver a series of lecture on Climate Change. Dr. Mitra also successfully guided 32 Ph.D students. Presently his domain of expertise includes environmental science, mangrove ecology, sustainable aquaculture, alternative livelihood, climate change and carbon sequestration.
This document analyzes the nutritional content of samosa and kachuri (Indian snacks) developed with leaves of the Suaeda maritima plant collected from the Sundarbans mangrove forests. The snacks containing a 1:1 ratio of leaves to other ingredients had higher protein, carbohydrates, fat, fiber, calcium, and potassium than snacks with a 7:3 ratio, but the 7:3 ratio snacks had higher sodium. The study found the plant-based snacks to be nutritious alternatives that could support livelihoods in the Sundarbans region impacted by climate change and rising sea levels.
- The document describes an experiment conducted by researchers to prepare a special type of rasgulla, a traditional Indian sweet, by mixing an extract of tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) leaves into the sugar syrup instead of water.
- Analysis found the rasgulla prepared with tulsi extract had significantly higher levels of proteins, vitamins, and minerals compared to a control rasgulla without the extract.
- It is concluded that consuming the rasgulla with tulsi extract could provide health benefits like protection against coughs and colds due to the medicinal properties of tulsi leaves.
Book chapter on fish by Ankita (kinka) MitraAbhijit Mitra
This document analyzes the condition factor of 14 commercially important fish species collected from two estuaries in the lower Gangetic delta region of India - the Hooghly estuary and Matla estuary. The Hooghly estuary has lower salinity due to freshwater discharge, while the Matla estuary is hyper saline with no freshwater input. Condition factors were higher for all fish species collected from the Hooghly estuary, indicating that higher salinity adversely affects fish growth and condition. Long-term changes in salinity due to climate change and other factors could significantly impact the fisheries of this region.
The document discusses features of the seafloor and morphology of planet Earth. It describes how the discovery of mid-ocean ridges and convection cells in the asthenosphere led to the theory of plate tectonics and seafloor spreading. Pangaea was the only supercontinent approximately 200 million years ago, which later broke into Laurasia and Gondwanaland. The morphology of Earth is constantly changing due to gradual cracking and movement of tectonic plates at ridges, trenches, and faults. The document also summarizes key features of the seafloor including the continental margin, continental rise, ocean basin floor, abyssal plains, oceanic rises, seamounts, and trenches.
This curriculum vitae outlines the professional experience and qualifications of Dr. Abhijit Mitra. He is currently a Professor and Advisor in the Oceanography Division of Techno India University, and was formerly the Head of the Department of Marine Science at the University of Calcutta. He has over 30 years of research experience in areas such as marine biodiversity, coastal pollution, aquaculture, and climate change. He has published over 390 scientific papers and authored 34 books. He has supervised numerous PhD and MPhil students and received research grants and awards for his work.
Dr. Abhijit Mitra has over 30 years of experience in oceanography, having obtained his Ph.D. in 1994. He has since worked with the Calcutta Port Trust, WWF, and Techno India University, focusing his research on environmental science, biodiversity conservation, climate change, and carbon sequestration. Dr. Mitra has authored over 390 publications and 34 books, and has successfully completed 16 projects related to biodiversity loss, coastal pollution, alternative livelihoods, climate change, and carbon sequestration.
The document discusses a study on threats to the mangrove ecosystem in India's Sundarbans region. Researchers developed composite threat scales for three sectors (western, central, eastern) by surveying 305 respondents from different backgrounds on their perceptions of six major threats. For the western sector, pollution was ranked as the highest threat. In the central sector, siltation was ranked highest. And in the eastern sector, erosion was seen as the greatest threat. The threat rankings varied significantly between sectors, reflecting differences in geographical and environmental conditions across the Sundarbans region.
This curriculum vitae outlines the educational and professional experience of Dr. Abhijit Mitra. He has over 30 years of experience in marine science research, teaching, and administration. He currently holds a position as a professor and advisor at Techno India University, and has previously served as the Head of the Department of Marine Science at the University of Calcutta. His areas of expertise include mangrove ecosystem biodiversity conservation, pollution monitoring, sustainable aquaculture, and carbon mapping. He has published over 340 scientific papers and 28 books, supervised numerous students, and undertaken several research projects and consultancy jobs in marine and estuarine sectors.
Title ecological health of indian sundarbansAbhijit Mitra
The document summarizes a book titled "Ecological Health of Indian Sundarbans and its Management" by Abhijit Mitra, Harekrishna Jana, and Tanmay Ray Chaudhuri. It discusses the authors' expertise in areas related to oceanography, marine science, microbiology, and environmental policy. The book aims to assess the ecological health of the Sundarbans mangrove forests in a simple way for common readers and discusses management of the vulnerable ecosystem.
Dr. Abhijit Mitra, Associate Professor and former Head, Dept. of Marine Science, University of Calcutta (INDIA) has been active in the sphere of Oceanography since 1985. He obtained his Ph.D as NET qualified scholar in 1994. Since then he joined Calcutta Port Trust and WWF (World Wide Fund), in various capacities to carry out research programmes on environmental science, biodiversity conservation, climate change and carbon sequestration. Presently Dr. Mitra is serving as the advisor of Oceanography Division of Techno India University, Kolkata. He has to his credit about 388 scientific publications in various National and International journals, and 34 books of postgraduate standards. Dr. Mitra has successfully completed about 16 projects on biodiversity loss in fishery sector, coastal pollution, alternative livelihood, climate change and carbon sequestration. Dr. Mitra also visited as faculty member and invited speakers in several foreign Universities of Singapore, Kenya, Oman and USA. In 2008, Dr. Mitra was invited as visiting fellow at University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth, USA to deliver a series of lecture on Climate Change. Dr. Mitra also successfully guided 29 Ph.D students. Presently his domain of expertise includes environmental science, mangrove ecology, sustainable aquaculture, alternative livelihood, climate change and carbon sequestration.
Dr. Abhijit Mitra, Associate Professor and former Head, Dept. of Marine Science, University of Calcutta (INDIA) has been active in the sphere of Oceanography since 1985. He obtained his Ph.D as NET qualified scholar in 1994. Since then he joined Calcutta Port Trust and WWF (World Wide Fund), in various capacities to carry out research programmes on environmental science, biodiversity conservation, climate change and carbon sequestration. Presently Dr. Mitra is serving as the advisor of Oceanography Division of Techno India University, Kolkata. He has to his credit about 388 scientific publications in various National and International journals, and 34 books of postgraduate standards. Dr. Mitra has successfully completed about 16 projects on biodiversity loss in fishery sector, coastal pollution, alternative livelihood, climate change and carbon sequestration. Dr. Mitra also visited as faculty member and invited speakers in several foreign Universities of Singapore, Kenya, Oman and USA. In 2008, Dr. Mitra was invited as visiting fellow at University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth, USA to deliver a series of lecture on Climate Change. Dr. Mitra also successfully guided 29 Ph.D students. Presently his domain of expertise includes environmental science, mangrove ecology, sustainable aquaculture, alternative livelihood, climate change and carbon sequestration.
Destruction and mitigation.. BY DR. ABHIJIT MITRAAbhijit Mitra
Dr. Abhijit Mitra, Associate Professor and former Head, Dept. of Marine Science, University of Calcutta (INDIA) has been active in the sphere of Oceanography since 1985. He obtained his Ph.D as NET qualified scholar in 1994. Since then he joined Calcutta Port Trust and WWF (World Wide Fund), in various capacities to carry out research programmes on environmental science, biodiversity conservation, climate change and carbon sequestration. Presently Dr. Mitra is serving as the advisor of Oceanography Division of Techno India University, Kolkata. He has to his credit about 388 scientific publications in various National and International journals, and 34 books of postgraduate standards. Dr. Mitra has successfully completed about 16 projects on biodiversity loss in fishery sector, coastal pollution, alternative livelihood, climate change and carbon sequestration. Dr. Mitra also visited as faculty member and invited speakers in several foreign Universities of Singapore, Kenya, Oman and USA. In 2008, Dr. Mitra was invited as visiting fellow at University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth, USA to deliver a series of lecture on Climate Change. Dr. Mitra also successfully guided 29 Ph.D students. Presently his domain of expertise includes environmental science, mangrove ecology, sustainable aquaculture, alternative livelihood, climate change and carbon sequestration.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptxRayLetai1
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Promoting Multilateral Cooperation for Sustainable Peatland management
ENVIRONMENTAL INCIDENCE
1. Research Article
AJBBL http://www.ajbbl.com/ Volume 02 Issue 02 July 2013 1
Impact of salinity on above ground biomass and stored carbon
in a common mangrove Excoecaria agallocha of Indian
Sundarbans
Asit Kumar Bhattacharjee*, Sufia Zaman#* Atanu Kumar Raha#, Subhadra Devi
Gadi$, and Abhijit Mitra#*
#TECHNO INDIA UNIVERSITY, Salt Lake Campus, Kolkata 700 091. *Department of Marine Science, Calcutta
University, 35. B.C. Road, Kolkata 700 019. $Department of Zoology, Carmel College for Women, Nuven, Salcete,
Goa 403604
E-mail: sufia_zaman@yahoo.com, Tele Phone: +91 9830 501959
*Corresponding author
Published: July 01, 2013, Received: April 04, 2013
AJBBL 2012, Volume 02: Issue 02 Pages 01-11 Accepted: May 31, 2013
ABSTRACT
The above ground biomass (AGB) and carbon stock of Excoecaria agallocha (a
common mangrove plant species) were estimated in western and central
Indian Sundarbans for five successive years (2005 – 2010). The two sectors
are drastically different with respect to salinity on account of massive siltation
that prevents the flow of fresh water of the River Ganga to the central sector of
Indian Sundarbans. The biomass and carbon content of the above ground
structures (stem, branch and leaf) of the species vary significantly with
locality (p<0.01), the values being more in the high saline central sector on
account of higher stem biomass. The tolerance of Excoecaria agallocha to high
saline environment of lower Gangetic delta is confirmed.
INTRODUCTION
Mangroves are a taxonomically diverse
group of salt-tolerant, mainly arboreal, flowering
plants that grow primarily in tropical and
subtropical regions (Ellison and Stoddart 1991).
Salinity plays a crucial role in the growth and
survival of mangroves. Based on the physiological
studies, Bowman (1917) and Davis (1940)
concluded that mangroves are not salt lovers,
rather salt tolerant. However, excessive saline
conditions retard seed germination, impede growth
and development of mangroves. Indian
Sundarbans, the famous mangrove chunk of the
tropics is gradually losing a few mangroves species
(like Heritiera fomes, Nypa fruticans etc.) owing to
increase of salinity in the central sector of the
deltaic complex around the Matla River. Reports on
adverse impact of salinity on growth of mangroves
in Indian Sundarbans are available (Mitra et al.
2004). However no study has yet been carried out
to investigate the effect of salinity on the carbon
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content of mangroves from this part of the Indian
subcontinent.
The present study aims to establish a
baseline data set of stored carbon in the AGB of
Excoecaria agallocha, a dominant mangrove species
of Indian Sundarbans. The species thrives
luxuriantly in a wide range of salinity (4 psu – 28
psu) and hence an attempt was also made to find
the AGB and carbon content in above ground
structures (stem, branches and leaves) of the
species with respect to ambient aquatic salinity.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
STUDY AREA:
The mighty River Ganga emerges from the
Himalayas and flows down to the Bay of Bengal
covering a distance of 2525 km. At the apex of Bay
of Bengal a delta has been formed which is
recognized as one of the most diversified and
productive ecosystems of the tropics and is
referred to as Indian Sundarbans. The deltaic
complex has a Biosphere Reserve area of 9630 sq.
km and houses 102 islands. The western sector of
the deltaic lobe receives the snowmelt water of
mighty Himalayan glaciers after being regulated
through several barrages on the way. The central
sector on the other hand, is fully deprived from
such supply due to heavy siltation and clogging of
the Bidyadhari channel in the late 15th century
(Chaudhuri and Choudhury 1994). Such variation
cause sharp difference in salinity between the two
sectors (Mitra et al. 2009). Two sampling sites were
selected each in the western and central sectors of
this lower Gangetic delta (Fig.1). The station in the
western part lies at the confluence of the River
Hugli (a continuation of Ganga-Bhagirathi system)
and Bay of Bengal. The site is locally known as
Sagar South (88° 01' 47.28" E Latitude and 21° 31'
4.68" N Longitude). In the central sector, the
sampling station was selected at Canning (88° 40'
36.84" E Latitude and 22° 18' 37.44" N Longitude),
near to tide fed Matla River. Study was undertaken
in both these sectors during low tide period
through three seasons viz. premonsoon (March),
monsoon (September) and postmonsoon
(December) for five consecutive years (2005 –
2010).
In each sector, plot size of 10m × 10m was
selected and the average readings were
documented from 15 such plots. The mean relative
density of Excoecaria agallocha was evaluated for
relative abundance of the species.
ABOVE - GROUND STEM BIOMASS ESTIMATION
The stem volume for each tree of the
species in every plot was estimated using the
Newton’s formula (Husch et al. 1982) as per the
expression: V = h/6 (Ab + 4Am + At) where, V is the
volume (in m3), h the height measured with laser
beam (BOSCH DLE 70 Professional model), and Ab,
Am, and At are the areas of the selected tree at base,
middle and top respectively. Specific gravity (G) of
the wood was estimated taking the stem cores from
5 to 10 cm depth with a motorized corer, which
was further converted into stem biomass (BS) as
per the expression BS = GV. The stem biomass of
individual tree was finally multiplied with the
number of trees of the species in 15 selected plots
in both western and central Indian Sundarbans.
ABOVE GROUND BRANCH BIOMASS ESTIMATION
The total number of branches irrespective of
size was counted on each of the sample trees. These
branches were categorized on the basis of basal
diameter into three groups, viz. <6 cm, 6–10 cm and
>10 cm. Dry weight of two branches from each size
group was recorded separately using the equation of
Chidumaya (1990). Total branch biomass (dry
3. Research Article
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weight) of individual tree was determined after
drying at 80 ± 50C as per the expression: Bdb = n1bw1
+ n2bw2 + n3bw3 = Σ nibwi
Where, Bdb is the dry branch biomass per tree, ni the
number of branches in the ith branch group, bwi the
average weight of branches in the ith group and i = 1,
2, 3, …..n are the branch groups. The branch biomass
of individual tree was finally multiplied with the
number of trees of the species in all the 15 plots for
each station.
ABOVE GROUND LEAF BIOMASS ESTIMATION
Leaves from nine branches (three of each size
group) of individual trees were plucked, weighed and
oven dried separately to a constant weight at 80 ±
50C. Three trees per plot were considered for
estimation. The leaf biomass was then estimated by
multiplying the average biomass of the leaves per
branch with the number of branches in a single tree
and the average number of trees per plot as per the
expression: Ldb = n1Lw1N1 + n2Lw2N2 + ……….niLwiNi
Where, Ldb is the dry leaf biomass of selected
mangrove species per plot, n1..….ni are the number of
branches of each tree of the species, Lw1 …….Lwi are
the average dry weight of leaves removed from the
branches and N1………Ni are the number of trees of the
species in the plots.
CARBON ESTIMATION
Direct estimation of percent carbon was done
by a CHN analyzer. For this, a portion of fresh sample
of stem, branch and leaf from thirty trees (two trees/
plot) of the species (covering all the 15 plots) was
collected. The vegetative parts were oven dried
separately at 700C and ground to pass through a 0.5
mm screen (1.0 mm screen for leaves). The carbon
content (in %) was finally analyzed on a Vario MACRO
elementar CHN analyzer.
SALINITY
The surface water salinity was recorded by
means of an optical refractometer (Atago, Japan) in
the field and cross-checked in laboratory by
employing Mohr- Knudsen method. The correction
factor was found out by titrating the silver nitrate
solution against standard seawater (IAPO standard
seawater service Charlottenlund, Slot Denmark,
chlorinity = 19.376‰). Our method was applied to
estimate the salinity of standard seawater procured
from NIO and a standard deviation of 0.02% was
obtained for salinity. The average accuracy for
salinity (in connection to our triplicate sampling) is ±
0.28 psu.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Scatterplots, allometric equations and
correlations were computed with a sample size of
240 for each sector to observe the interrelationships
between AGB, DBH, stem, branch and leaf biomass
along with stored carbon in these above ground
structures. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was
performed to assess whether biomass and carbon
content varied significantly between sites, years and
seasons; possibilities less than 0.01 (p < 0.01) were
considered statistically significant. All statistical
calculations were performed with SPSS 9.0 for
Windows.
RESULTS
RELATIVE ABUNDANCE
Nine species of mangroves were documented
in the selected plots in the western sector, but in the
central sector only six species were recorded. The
mean relative abundance of Excoecaria agallocha was
18.75% and 25.81% in the western and central
sectors respectively. In both the sectors, the trees are
~12 years old, but high salinity in the central sector
probably stunted the growth of the species.
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ABOVE GROUND BIOMASS
The stem, branch, leaf and AGB of the
mangrove species increased with age. The increment
was however not uniform in both the sectors as
revealed from the trend line equations (Fig. 2 - 5). We
observed significant variation in the rate of AGB
increase between sites (p<0.01). It was
0.63t/ha/month and 0.75 t/ha/month in the western
and central sectors respectively. The yearly variation
of AGB was also significant (p<0.01), but the seasonal
variation was not pronounced. It is interesting to
note that AGB of Excoecaria agallocha in the Indian
Sundarbans is accounted solely due to stem, which is
a basic indicator of growth unlike branches and
leaves that contribute substantially to litter fall and
less to permanent biomass. The nature of the scatter
plots also confirm strong dependency of AGB on stem
biomass and DBH unlike branch and leaf biomass
that exhibit no relationships with AGB of the species
(Fig. 6 -11).
CARBON CONTENT
The seasonal variations of stored carbon in
the above ground structures of the species for five
successive years are shown in Fig. 12 to 15. In both
the sectors carbon content was highest in stems,
followed by branches and leaves. In stem the carbon
content ranged from 0.81 t/ha (in the central sector
during September, 2005) to 10.13 t/ha (in the central
sector during March, 2010), which are 40.5% and
42.0% of the biomass respectively. The sequestration
rates of carbon in the stem of the western and central
sectors are significantly different (p<0.01) with
values of 0.10 t/ha/month and 0.17 t/ha/month
respectively. In branch the range of stored carbon
was 0.22 t/ha (39.2% of the branch biomass in the
central sector during September, 2005) to 6.40 t/ha
(42.2% of the branch biomass in the western sector
during March, 2010). The branch sequestered 0.10
t/ha/month and 0.09 t/ha/month in the western and
central sectors respectively. In leaf minimum carbon
content (0.22 t/ha which is equivalent to 43.1% of
leaf biomass) was observed in the central sector in
September, 2005 and the maximum value (4.74 t/ha
which is equivalent to 46.4% of leaf biomass) was
recorded in the western sector in March, 2010. The
sequestration rates are 0.08 t/ha/month and 0.06
t/ha/month in the western and central sectors
respectively.
ANOVA results confirmed significant
differences in stored carbon of the stem between the
sites (p < 0.01), but no differences were observed for
branches and leaves. The carbon content in the above
ground structures exhibit significant positive
correlations with stem biomass and its DBH, but not
with branch and leaf biomass.
SALINITY
The surface water salinity values ranged from
8.66 psu (at Sagar south in the western sector during
2010 monsoon) to 26.59 psu (at Canning in the
central sector during 2008 premonsoon). The salinity
values varied as per the order premonsoon >
postmonsoon > monsoon and the seasonal variation
is significant (p < 0.01). The salinity values were
significantly higher (p<0.01) in the central sector
compared to the western sector irrespective of
seasons and year (Table 1).
5. Table 1. Seasonal variation of surface water salinity (in psu) in the selected stations during 2005 -
2010
Season 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
A B A B A B A B A B A B
Pre
monsoon
- 26.10 26.50 25.12 26.00 29.11 26.59 24.04 26.08 23.58 25.95
Monsoon 9.16 10.44 9.02 9.65 9.30 9.98 8.76 9.90 9.08 10.02 8.66 10.13
Post
monsoon
22.32 23.10 21.67 23.15 21.80 23.88 20.73 24.06 20.04 24.32 20.12 25.02
A - Sagar south (Western sector) and B – Canning (Central sector)
Table 2. Data on AGB in few mixed mangrove forests
Region Location Condition or age AGB (t/ha) Reference
Sri Lanka 8° 15' N Latitude and
79° 50'E Longitude
Fringe forest 172.0 Amarasinghe and
Balasubramaniam (1992)
Sri Lanka 8° 15' N Latitude and
79° 50'E Longitude
Riverine forest 57.0 Amarasinghe and
Balasubramaniam (1992)
Thailand (Trat Eastern) 12° 12' N Latitude
and 102° 33'E
Longitude
Secondary forest 142.2 Poungpam (2003)
Western Indian
Sundarbans (Sagar
South)
88° 01' 47.28" N
Latitude and 21° 31'
4.68" E Longitude
~ 12 years 15.14 This study, considering
only 1 species (n = 225)
Central Indian
Sundarbans (Canning)
88° 40' 36.84" N
Latitude and 22° 18'
37.44" E Longitude
~ 12 years 26.52 This study, considering
only 1 species (n = 225)
6. Research Article
AJBBL http://www.ajbbl.com/ Volume 02 Issue 02 July 2013 6
Fig.1. Location of sampling stations in the western and central sectors of Indian Sundarbans
Sagar South
Canning
7. Research Article
AJBBL http://www.ajbbl.com/ Volume 02 Issue 02 July 2013 7
Fig. 2. Stem biomass of Excoecaria agallocha
y = 1.53x - 1.2507
R2
= 0.9474
y = 0.8396x + 6.0925
R2
= 0.9546
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Sept.,2005
Dec.,2005
Mar.,2006
Sept.,2006
Dec.,2006
Mar.,2007
Sept.,2007
Dec.,2007
Mar.,2008
Sept.,2008
Dec.,2008
Mar.,2009
Sept.,2009
Dec.,2009
Mar.,2010
Stembiomass(t/h
Western
Central
Fig. 3. Branch biomass of Excoecaria agallocha
y = 0.9145x + 1.497
R2
= 0.992
y = 0.9016x - 1.7879
R2
= 0.9656
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Sept.,2005
Dec.,2005
Mar.,2006
Sept.,2006
Dec.,2006
Mar.,2007
Sept.,2007
Dec.,2007
Mar.,2008
Sept.,2008
Dec.,2008
Mar.,2009
Sept.,2009
Dec.,2009
Mar.,2010
Branchbiomass(t/
Western
Central
Fig. 4. Leaf biomass of Excoecaria agallocha
y = 0.6404x + 0.2699
R2
= 0.9914
y = 0.56x - 1.151
R2
= 0.936
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Sept.,2005
Dec.,2005
Mar.,2006
Sept.,2006
Dec.,2006
Mar.,2007
Sept.,2007
Dec.,2007
Mar.,2008
Sept.,2008
Dec.,2008
Mar.,2009
Sept.,2009
Dec.,2009
Mar.,2010
Leafbiomass(t/h
Western
Central
Fig. 5. AGB of Excoecara agallocha
y = 2.3881x + 7.9308
R2
= 0.9933
y = 2.9901x - 4.1249
R2
= 0.9549
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
Sept.,2005
Dec.,2005
Mar.,2006
Sept.,2006
Dec.,2006
Mar.,2007
Sept.,2007
Dec.,2007
Mar.,2008
Sept.,2008
Dec.,2008
Mar.,2009
Sept.,2009
Dec.,2009
Mar.,2010
AGB(t/ha
Western
Central
Fig. 6. Relationship between stem biomass and AGB of
Excoecaria agallocha in western sector
y = 0.8446x + 12.514
R2
= 0.6761
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00
Stem Biomass (Kg)
AGB(Kg
Fig. 7. Relationship between stem biomass and AGB of
Excoecaria agallocha in central sector
y = 1.0283x + 5.4284
R2
= 0.7426
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Stem biomass (Kg)
AGB(Kg
8. Research Article
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Fig. 8. Relationship between branch biomass and AGB of
Excoecaria agallocha in western sector
y = 0.8807x + 20.83
R2
= 0.1131
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00
Branch Biomass (Kg)
AGB(Kg
Fig. 9. Relationship between branch bioamss and AGB of
Excoecaria agallocha in central sector
y = 1.6631x + 8.9866
R2
= 0.3011
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
Branch Biomass (Kg)
AGB(Kg
Fig. 10. Relationship between leaf biomass and AGB of
Excoecaria agallocha in western sector
y = 1.5126x + 21.255
R2
= 0.1075
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
Leaf Biomass (Kg)
AGB(Kg
Fig. 11. Relationship between leaf biomass and AGB of
Excoecaria agallocha in central sector
y = 2.8266x + 9.4954
R2
= 0.2738
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50
Leaf Biomass (Kg)
AGB(Kg
Fig. 12. Carbon content in Excoecaria agallocha stem
y = 0.3752x + 2.577
R2
= 0.9391
y = 0.6478x - 0.533
R2
= 0.952
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Sept.,2005
Dec.,2005
Mar.,2006
Sept.,2006
Dec.,2006
Mar.,2007
Sept.,2007
Dec.,2007
Mar.,2008
Sept.,2008
Dec.,2008
Mar.,2009
Sept.,2009
Dec.,2009
Mar.,2010
Carboncontent(t/h
Western
Central
Fig. 13. Carbon content in Excoecaria agallocha branch
y = 0.3804x + 0.6025
R2
= 0.9879
y = 0.3703x - 0.7356
R2
= 0.9673
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Sept.,2005
Dec.,2005
Mar.,2006
Sept.,2006
Dec.,2006
Mar.,2007
Sept.,2007
Dec.,2007
Mar.,2008
Sept.,2008
Dec.,2008
Mar.,2009
Sept.,2009
Dec.,2009
Mar.,2010
Carboncontent(t/h
Western
Central
9. Research Article
AJBBL http://www.ajbbl.com/ Volume 02 Issue 02 July 2013 9
Fig. 14. Carbon content in Excoecaria agallocha leaf
y = 0.2885x + 0.1203
R2
= 0.9802
y = 0.2518x - 0.5292
R2
= 0.9347
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
Sept.,2005
Dec.,2005
Mar.,2006
Sept.,2006
Dec.,2006
Mar.,2007
Sept.,2007
Dec.,2007
Mar.,2008
Sept.,2008
Dec.,2008
Mar.,2009
Sept.,2009
Dec.,2009
Mar.,2010
Carboncontent(t/h
Western
Central
Fig. 15. Carbon content in AGB of Excoecaria agallocha
y = 1.0534x + 3.0511
R2
= 0.9623
y = 1.2692x - 1.7874
R2
= 0.9582
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
Sept.,2005
Dec.,2005
Mar.,2006
Sept.,2006
Dec.,2006
Mar.,2007
Sept.,2007
Dec.,2007
Mar.,2008
Sept.,2008
Dec.,2008
Mar.,2009
Sept.,2009
Dec.,2009
Mar.,2010
Carboncontent(t/h
Western
Central
DISCUSSION
The potential impact of mangrove on
coastal zone carbon dynamics has been a topic of
intense debate during the past decades. Despite the
large number of case studies dealing with various
aspects of organic matter cycling in mangrove
systems (Kristensen et al. 2008), there is very limited
consensus on the carbon sequestering potential of
mangroves. It has been opined by several workers
that the carbon sequestration in this unique producer
community is a function of biomass production
capacity, which in turn depends upon interaction
between edaphic, climate, and topographic factors of
an area (Chaudhuri and Choudhury, 1994; Mitra and
Banerjee, 2005). Hence, results obtained at one place
may not be applicable to another. We therefore
attempted to establish allometric equations for
Excoecaria agallocha of Indian Sundarbans relating
its DBH, stem biomass, branch biomass, leaf biomass,
AGB and stored carbon. The nature of the scatter
plots indicate significant positive correlations
between AGB, stem biomass, DBH and stored carbon
in both the sectors. The AGB and stored carbon do
not exhibit any dependency on branch and leaf
biomass of the species. This indicates the sole
contribution of stem biomass and DBH to AGB and
carbon stored in the above ground structures.
Mangroves, in general, prefer brackish
water environment and in extreme saline condition
stunted growth is observed (Mitra et al. 2004). The
present study, however, presents a different picture
and reveals the adaptation of Excoecaria agallocha in
the high saline central sector. The relatively higher
growth rate of the above ground structures of the
species in the central sector (0.75 t/ha/month)
compared to the western part (0.63t/ha/month)
confirms its tolerance to salinity. A critical analysis of
biochemical mechanisms may throw light on the
adaptation of Excoecaria agallocha in the high saline
environment of central Indian Sundarbans.
The carbon content and sequestration rate
of above ground structures are also higher in the
central sector as a direct function of above ground
biomass. During our study period the average surface
water salinity in the central Indian Sundarbans were
relatively higher (26.22 psu during premonsoon,
10.02 psu during monsoon and 23.70 during
postmonsoon) compared to the western part (25.59
psu during premonsoon, 9.00 psu during monsoon
and 21.31 during postmonsoon). This could not
retard the carbon sequestration of the species (by the
total AGB) as evidenced from the stored carbon value
10. Research Article
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and sequestration rate in the central sector (0.32
t/ha/month) compared to the western sector (0.28
t/ha/month). The results of our study have been
compared with the AGB of few mixed mangrove
forests (Table 2) to evaluate the potential of Indian
Sundarbans mangrove as carbon sink. The values of
the present study are less when compared with other
regions, but efficient adaptation of the species in high
saline zone has multiplied the importance of the
species as the present geographical locale is
vulnerable to climate change induced salinity rise
owing to its location below the mean sea level and
experiencing a sea level rise of 3.14 mm/yr as
compared to global average of 2.5 mm/yr.
CONCLUSION
Indian Sundarbans is ecologically dynamic
with contrasting salinity in western and central
sectors. The western sector is hyposaline as the area
receives the freshwater of River Ganga. The central
sector has no head-on discharge and therefore the
environment is hypersaline in nature. The
comparatively more biomass and carbon content in
the Excoecaria agallocha sampled from central Indian
Sundarbans suggests the adaptive efficiency of the
species to high saline condition. Considering the
present state of sea level rise in the deltaic complex
of Indian Sundarbans it can be concluded that
Excoecaria agallocha can cope and survive better in
the matrix of rising salinity.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
The financial assistance from the TECHNO
INDIA UNIVERSITY, Salt Lake Campus, Kolkata is
gratefully acknowledged. The authors are also
grateful to the Forest Department, Govt. of West
Bengal for assisting the research team in collecting
data and providing all infrastructural facilities to
reach the remote islands.
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