air pollution public health lecture medicine

1. Result of discharge of the
Foreign bodies Vapors
Particles Droplets
Air
pollution
Into the atmosphere
Or due to excessive amount of normal constituents
Such as
And
CO2
Suspended particular
matter
Produced by
Burning fossils
Fuels
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2. 75.4%
20.3%
2.9%0.5%
NORMAL
CONSTITUENTS
OF AIR
Nitrog
e
n
7
8
%
O
x
y
g
e
n
21%
Other minor
Gaseous
Elements: neon,
Helium, krypton
& water vapor
0.9%
Argon 0.03%
CO2
Plant pollen:
can cause illness
in susceptible
People (hay,
fever &ashma)
1
-
3
%
There are other
Constituents as:
Spores
Seeds
Pollen
Grain
Factors affecting
sensitivity of human
to air pollution
Age General state
Of health
Nutrition Pre-existing disease
Sex Temperature & humidity
At time of exposure

3. Air
pollution
and health
Mortality & morbidity
Impairment of function &
performance of the systems
With exposure
Symptoms of
irritation
Effects on well-being
Mentally , visibility and
anosmia
Impairment of lung function is often
associated with chronic respiratory conditions
that is aggravated by air pollution
Rhinitis, eye
irritation,
sinusitis
Dermatitis from smoke,
fumes and photochemical
oxidants

4. P H Y S I C A L A G E N T S
heat (thermal) noise
C H E M I C A L A G E N T S
Dust & vapors
Noxious gases Metals
B I O L O G I C A L A G E N T S
Infectious Non-infectious
radiation
O U T D O O R A I R P O L L U T I O N
Contamination
of
the air by
minute particles of
solid and liquid
matter (particulates)
in
concentrations that
endanger health.
lead mercury
bacteria fungi virus
flu measeles
pollen grains
of flowers
Dust mite&
fungi (Molds)
Animal
source
Minute scales from
hair, feathers, or
skin
Protein in urine of
rats and mice (when
it dries, it can
become
airborne) is a
potent allergen.
Outdoor air pollution: It is alteration of percentage of normal air constituents or/and
discharge of contamination leading to imbalance in the air quality

5. Source (causes) of air pollution

6. Combustion
sources
NO2
w
a
r
s
I
n
d
u
s
t
r
i
a
l
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
P
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
h
a
b
i
t
s
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
Naturally
occurring
pollution
pollen grains
of flowers
Volcanic eruptions
Forest fires
D
e
f
o
r
e
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
Restricted to area
of activity and
depend on:
Location, Raw
material,
Equipment
Man-made
pollution
Water vapor.
Energy
Petroleum
refineries
used in
Iron and steel
industry
Smoke & ash
lead
mercury
SO
The end result of
combustion of fuel
for energy production used for heat,
electricity,
automobiles, industry. This achieved
through power plants, oil refineries and
motor vehicles.

7. SIX
MAJOR
POLLUTANTS
Sulfur Dioxide
(So2)
Ozone (O3).
Nitrogen
Dioxide (No2)
Carbon
Monoxide (Co)
Particulate
matter
Metals: Lead
(Pb)

8. Effects of air pollution
Effects on
environment
Effects on
human health

9. Increase rate
of asthma.
Ozone and
traffic
pollutants can
trigger an
asthma attack
Irritation
of the
eyes, nose
and throat
Carbon
monoxide (CO)
binds to
hemoglobin
Brain
problems
People with
asthma, emphysema,
angina, and other
lung and/or heart
problems
may feel the
effects more
acutely.
Cancer risk increases
with exposure to
toxic air
contaminants, such
as benzene,
formaldehyde and
diesel particulate
matter
Problems with
pregnancy: can
increase the
risk of
premature birth,
stillbirth and
low birth weight
Effects on
human
health
Decreased oxygen content in
air leads to inadequate
energy supply to the brain.
There is also the risk of
headaches, depression,
anxiety, etc.

10. Effects on
environment
Acid rain Global
warming
Ozone layer
depletion
Smog

11. Global warming
A significant upward
increase in mean
temperature of
atmosphere produced
mainly
from human activities
such as burning fossil
fuels, and farming.
It is caused by
increased
concentrations of
greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere, mainly
from human activities
such as burning fossil
fuels, and farming.
Green-house gases:
- Water vapor
- Methane
- Ozone (O3)
- CO2
- NO
- Chlorofluorocarbons
(CFC)

12. Efeects of Global Warm
ing
Strong
hurricanes
and cyclones
Loss of
biodiversity
Desertification
Melting of the polar ice
caps, accompanied by a
rise in sea levels, would
lead to
disastrous flooding of low
lying coastal regions.
The distribution of infectious diseases
is expected to change:
•malaria migrating north as
temperatures rise.
•Other vector borne diseases
threatening to spread include dengue
fever,
viral encephalitis, schistosomiasis,
leishmaniasis, , and yellow fever
changes in agricultural
productivity and, given the
time and investment it takes
to adapt to such changes,
most likely famine and
conflict.

13. Acid rain
Effect on Human Effect on The plants
Effect on Seas & rivers Effect On buildings
breathing and lung problems
in children and adult such as
fever, asthma and flu.
acid rain damages the outer
waxy coating which protects
the leaves.
This allows the acid to seep
into the tree, which
eventually kills the tree.
acid rain pollutes the water;
this makes it difficult for
animals that live in the water
to breathe.
As a result, they will
suffocated and die.
acid rain reacts with the
marble and calcium
carbonate, causing
damage to these
buildings
Rainfall made acidic by atmospheric pollution.
The main cause is the industrial
burning of coal and other fossil
fuels, the waste
gases from which contain
Sulphur and Nitrogen oxides
which combine with rain
water to form the acidic rain.

14. Ozone layer depletion
Ozone: is the lower
most part of
stratosphere layer
which prevent most
of UVR
from penetrating
earth surface.
The main cause of ozone
depletion is the emission of
chlorofluorocarbons (freon)
and other ozone depleting
substances and reacting with
the ozone layer thus
thinning it and allowing the
passage of UV rays of the sun
and exerting its harmful
effects on both environment
and man.
Effect:
- Human: more UVR
can end by cancer skin.
- Seas & rivers:
destruction of marine
life.
- The plants: disturbed
planet life-cycle

15. The main cause of ozone
depletion is the emission of
chlorofluorocarbons (freon)
and other ozone depleting
substances and reacting with
the ozone layer thus
thinning it and allowing the
passage of UV rays of the sun
and exerting its harmful
effects on both environment
and man.
Smog(dense visible air pollution)
Smoke: Gas particles e.g. CO, NO.
Fog: Tiny liquid particles microscopic in size.
Smog: Combination of smoke and fog forming dense visible air
pollution.
Gray smog (London smog): in 1952 and after the World War II Londoners
were burning a lot of sulfur-rich coal.
A temperature inversion trapped air pollution which was rich in sulfur
dioxide with fog for five days.
Visibility was near zero at midday for two days.

16. The main cause of ozone
depletion is the emission of
chlorofluorocarbons (freon)
and other ozone depleting
substances and reacting with
the ozone layer thus
thinning it and allowing the
passage of UV rays of the sun
and exerting its harmful
effects on both environment
and man.
CONTROL
MEASURES OF
AIR POLLUTION
CONTROL THE
INDUSTRIAL
ACTIVITIES
LAWS TO CONTROL
THE EMISSION.
Motor vehicles
maintenance and
natural gas-powered
vehicles.
Adequate
ventilation&Smoke
restriction
Promote use of energy
sources other than
fossil fuels e.g. solar &
wind.
Control of solid
waste burning by
recycling and safe
disposal.
Health education
about the effects of
pollution.

17. SOURCE OF
AIR
POLLUTION
Infectious
Non-infectious
Indoor air pollution: People spend large portion of time indoors so that more people suffer
from the effects of indoor air pollution than outdoor pollution (25-62%)
Smoking, home
heating
furnaces and
stoves
Vapors of
building
material, paints
and furniture
bacteria fungi virus
flu measeles
pollen grains
of flowers
Dust mite&
fungi (Molds)
Animal
source
Minute scales from
hair, feathers, or
skin
Protein in urine of
rats and mice (when
it dries, it can
become
airborne) is a
potent allergen.
Overcrowdings with poor air circulation
can promote the spread of some
bacteria
and viruses to buildings and circulate
through indoor ventilation systems.
Note : two conditions help biological
growth: nutrients and moisture.

18. SITES OF
BIOLOGICAL
POLLUTANTS
IN THE
HOME
Kitchen without
windows
Bathroom
without windows
Dirty air
conditioners
Dirty
refrigerator
Carpet on damp
basement floor

19. Health Effects
of Biological
Pollutants
Symptoms include sneezing,
watery eyes, coughing and
shortness of breath,
dizziness, lethargy, fever,
and digestive problems,
especially in children, elderly
people, and people with
breathing problems.
Trigger allergic reactions,
including hypersensitivity
pneumonitis, allergic
rhinitis, and some types of
asthma.
Infectious illnesses & toxins,
such as influenza, measles
and molds
Humidifier fever, are
associated with exposure to
toxin from microorganisms
that can grow in large
building ventilation
systems.
Toxic reactions:
caused by some
biological air
pollutants in
the home

20. Prevention and control
of biological Pollutants
Good housekeeping and
maintenance of heating and
air conditioning equipment
are very important.
Insect and
animal control
The key to mold
control is
moisture control.
Adequate ventilation and
good air distribution
Health education
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