Energy Environment

1. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

2. Definition of Pollution
 When Harmful Substances Contaminate the
environment it is Called Pollution.
 It can be defined as any undesirable change in
the physical, chemical, biological characteristics
of any component of the environment which can
cause harm to life and property.

3. Types of Pollution
Pollution
Air
Thermal
Nuclear
Soil
Noise
Water
Marine

4. Air pollution

5. What is Atmosphere?
 Atmosphere is the life blanket of Earth.

6. Air....
 Air supplies us with oxygen which is essential for
our bodies to live.
 Air is a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, water
vapor, carbon dioxide and inert gases.
 Human activities can release substances into the
air, some of which can cause problems to
humans, plants, and animals.
 Natural Composition of Gases

7. Definition
 Air pollution : An atmospheric condition in
which certain substances (including normal
constituents in excess) are present in
concentrations which can cause undesirable
effects on man and his environment.
 They are in the form of gases (Nox, Sox,
CO,VOC); Particulate matter(dust, smoke, fumes,
etc) & Radioactive (rado-222, Iodine-131, etc)

8. Sources of Air Pollution
Sources
Natural
Volcanic Eruptions, Forest
Fires, Sea Salt Sprays,
Biological Decay, Pollen
Grains, Marshes,
Photochemical Oxidation
of Terpenes
Anthropogenic
Thermal Power
Plants,
Vehicular Emissions,
Industrial Units

10. Classification of Air Pollutants
 Air pollutants may be particulate or gaseous.
On the basis of origin they are divided as
 Primary pollutants ---- Are emitted directly
from the point source. e.g. : CO, NO2, SO2
 Secondary pollutants ---- formed by interaction
of primary pollutants
e.g. : PAN, Smog, Ozone etc

11. Criteria of Pollutants
Name of the gas Characteristics Source
Nitrogen dioxide (N2 in air is
oxidized); Nox sum of NO, NO2,
other oxides of N
Brownish gas irritates the
respiratory system originates
from combustion
Burning fuels including
petrol, diesel, and coal
Ground level O3 (primary
constituent of smog)
Reaction of VOC + nox in
presence of heat +sun light
Vehicles and industries are
the major source
Carbon monoxide Reduces bloods ability to carry
O2
Produced by the incomplete
burning of carbon-based fuels
& natural and synthetic
products such as cigarettes
Carbon dioxide Principle greenhouse gas. Emitted as a result of human
activities such as the burning
of coal, oil, and natural gases
Sulphur dioxide Precursor to acid rain along
with Nox
Formed when fuel (coal, oil)
containing S is burned and
metal smelting
Chorofluoro carbon (CFC) Ozone depletion Released from air-
conditioning systems and
refrigeration.
Lead Cause learning disabilities in
children , toxic to liver,
kidney, blood forming organs
Present in petrol, diesel, lead
batteries, paints, hair dye
products, etc
Particulate matter (PM 10 & 2.5)

12. Indoor air pollution
 Many people spend large portion of time indoors -
as much as 80-90% of their lives.
 We work, study, eat, drink and sleep in enclosed
environments where air circulation may be
restricted
 Children, women more exposed to risk
 Radon gas
 Burning of dung cakes for fuel, wood, kerosene
 Incomplete combustion produces CO
 Cigarette smoke.

14. Effects of Air Pollution
Air Pollution affects???
 Human health
 Animals
 Plants
 Materials
 Environment

15. Effect on Human health
 Main problems are related to Respiratory Track - Asthma, hay
fever, and other allergic diseases.
 Irritation of the eye, nose and throat. In severe cases there may
be headaches, nausea, and loss of coordination.
 Prolonged exposure can cause damage to the nervous system,
digestive problems, and in some cases cause Lung cancer.
 It lowers our resistance to colds and pneumonia.
 CO has affinity towards Hb which cause disturbance in
transportation of Oxygen, impairing our concentration, slow our
reflexes, and make us confused and sleepy.
 SO2 in the air leads to diseases of the lung and other lung
disorders such as wheezing and shortness of breath.
 Chronic respiratory disease, lung cancer, heart disease, and
even damage to the brain, nerves, liver, or kidneys.
 Effects of Arsenic, Asbestos, Mercury , Benzene etc.

16. Effect on Plants
 Pollutants enter through stomata
 Destroy chlorophyll and Affect
photosynthesis
 Cuticle( Wax Layer on Leaves) is lost
 Necrosis – Damage to Leaf Structure
 Chlorosis - Loss/ reduction of Chlorophyll
 Abscission - Dropping of leaf
 Epinasty – Downward curling of Leaf
 DEATH

19. Effect on Animals and materials
 Corrosion of metal surfaces, fading
 SO2 & water form H2S – corrosion as well
as disfigurement of statues made up of
limestone or Marble
 Air pollutants mix with rain water and
increase acidity (Acid Rain) of water body
and kill fish.
 Ozone causes crackling of rubber

20. Effect on Environment
 Visibility
 Pollutants in the presence of sunlight
produce photochemical Smog
 Emission of Green House Gases tend to
Global Warming
 CFC’s cause Ozone Depletion

21. National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Sr
No
Pollutant and time-
weighted average
Industrial
area
Residential
area
Sensitive
area
1 Sulphur dioxide
Annual average
24 hours
80.00
120.00 µg/m3
60.00
80.00 µg/m3
15.00
30.00 µg/m3
2 Nitrogen oxides Annual
average
24 hours
80.00
120.00
60.00
80.00
15.00
30.00
3 RSPM (less than 10 µgm)
Annual average
24 hours
20.00
150.00
60.00
100.00
50.00
75.00
4 SPM
Annual average
24 hours
360.00
500.00
140.00
200.00
70.00
100.00
5 LEAD
Annual average
24 hours
1.00
1.50
0.75
1.00
0.500
0 .750
6 CO
Annual average
24 hours
5.00
10.00
2.00
4.00
1.00
2.00

22.  Annual Average : Annual Arithmetic Mean of minimum 104
measurements in a year taken twice a week 24-hourly at
uniform interval
 24 Hours Average : 24-hourly/8-hourly values should be met
98% of the time in a year. However 2% of the time, it may
exceeded but not two consecutive days.
 1. The levels of air quality necessary with an adequate
margin of safety, to protect the public health, vegetation and
property.
 2. Whenever and wherever two consecutives values exceeds
the limit specified above for the respective category, it shall
be considered adequate, reason to institute regular /
continuous monitoring and further investigations.
 HIGH VOLUME SAMPLER, GASEOUS SAMPLERS

23. Control Of Air Pollution
 Proper air pollution control devices in industries
 Using low sulphur coal
 Regular engine tune up, replacement of old more
polluting vehicles
 Using mass transport system, bicycles etc
 Shifting to less polluting fuels
 Planting more trees
 No to FIRE CRACKERS in Diwali and other
occasions

24. Pollution Control Devices
Cyclone Separator Bag House Filter

25. NATIONAL AIR QUALITY MONITORING
PROGRAMME (NAMP)
 Central Pollution Control Board is executing a nation-wide
programme of ambient air quality monitoring known as National
Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP).
 The network consists of three hundred and forty two (342)
operating stations covering one hundred and twenty seven (127)
cities/towns in twenty six (26) states and four (4) Union
Territories of the country.
 Under N.A.M.P., four air pollutants viz ., Sulphur Dioxide (SO2),
Oxides of Nitrogen as NO2, Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM)
and Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM / PM10)
have been identified for regular monitoring at all the locations.
 The monitoring of meteorological parameters such as wind speed
and wind direction, relative humidity (RH) and temperature were
also integrated with the monitoring of air quality.

26. Water Pollution
The Contamination of water with
undesirable substances which make it
unfit for usage is termed water Pollution.

27. Pollution Sources
 Point sources are direct discharges to a single point;
 examples include discharges from sewage treatment
plants, injection wells and some industrial sources.
 Non-point sources are diffused across a broad area and
their contamination cannot be traced to a single
discharge point.
 Examples include runoff of excess fertilizers,
herbicides, and insecticides from agricultural lands
and residential areas; oil, grease, and toxic chemicals
from urban runoff and energy production; and
sediment from improperly managed construction sites,
crop and forest lands, and eroding stream banks.

28. Surface Water Pollution
 Sewage
 Industrial effluents
 Synthetic detergents
 Agrochemicals
 Oil
 Waste heat

29. Domestic Sewage
 Refers to waste water that is discarded from
households. Also referred to as sanitary sewage,
such water contains a wide variety of dissolved
and suspended impurities.
 It is large by volume and contains impurities such
as organic materials and plant nutrients that tend
to rot.
 The main organic materials are food and vegetable
waste, plant nutrient come from chemical soaps,
washing powders, etc.
 Domestic sewage is also very likely to contain
disease-causing microbes.

30. Industrial Effluents
 Waste water from manufacturing or chemical
processes in industries
 Industrial waste water usually contains specific and
readily identifiable chemical compounds.
 Mainly in the form of toxic wastes and organic
pollutants.
 Chromium, mercury, lead, copper, cadmium etc

31. Synthetic Detergents And Oils
 Added because of washing clothes, cleaning
utensils.
 In industries for washing
 Add surfactants and soaps to water
 Toxic to fish, aquatic life.
 Oceans are polluted by oil on a daily basis from
oil spills, routine shipping, run-offs and dumping.
 Oil spills make up about 12% of the oil that
enters the ocean. The rest come from
shipping travel, drains and dumping.

32. Agricultural Run Off
 Routine applications of fertilizers and pesticides
for agriculture and uncontrolled run off in water
bodies.
 Adds Nitrogen and Phosphorus to water
 Causes Eutrophication and algal blooms.
 Nitrate concentration is above the permissible
level of 45 ppm in 11 states, covering 95
districts and 2 blocks of Delhi.

33. Ground Water Pollution
 Is less comparatively as soil acts as a filter
Still...
 Septic tanks
 Mining
 Deep well injection
 Presence of heavy metals in groundwater is
found in 40 districts from 13 states, viz., Andhra
Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Haryana, Himachal
Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa,
Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh,
West Bengal, and five blocks of Delhi.
 Arsenic , Nitrate, Fluoride

34. Fluoride Poisoning
 The incidence of fluoride above permissible levels of
1.5ppm occur in 14 Indian states, namely:
 Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana,
Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,
 Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar
Pradesh and West Bengal affecting a total of
69districts, according to some estimates.
 Some other estimates find that 65 per cent of India’s
villages are exposed to fluoride risk.

35. Fluoride Poisoning
 A recent survey by the International Water Management
Institute (IWMI) in north Gujarat showed 42 per cent of
the people covered in the sample survey (28,425) were
affected; while 25.7 per cent were affected by dental
fluorosis, 6.2 per cent were affected by muscular skeletal
fluorosis and 10 per cent by both.
 Fluoride had been reported to cause depressions in DNA
and RNA synthesis in cultured cells.
 Another study on the effects of fluorides in mice showed
significant reductions in DNA and RNA levels.
 Conditions including ageing, cancer, and arteriosclerosis
are associated with DNA damage and its disrepair.

36. Arsenic Poisoning
 High levels of arsenic above the permissible levels of 50
parts per billion (ppb) are found in the alluvial plains
of Ganges covering six districts of West Bengal.
 Arsenic contamination of drinking water causes a
disease called arsenicosis, for which there is no
effective treatment.
 Arsenic contamination is by far the biggest mass
poisoning case in the world putting 20 million people
from West Bengal and Bangladesh at risk though some
other estimates put the figure at 36 million people.

37. Effects
 Depletion of dissolved oxygen
 Eutrophication
 Pathogen….spreading diseases
 Bio-magnification
 Genetic deformities
 Blue baby Syndrome
 Minamata disease
 Itai-Itai

38. DEPLETION OF OXYGEN
 Low DO and High
 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
 Biodegradable and organic waste leads to
Oxygen depletion
 DO levels less than 4 mg / l disastrous.
 Polluted waters have 0 DO

39. Pathogen Spread
 Stagnant water and other untreated water
provide a habitat for the mosquito and a
host of other parasites and insects that
cause a large number of diseases especially
in the tropical regions.
 Among these, malaria is undoubtedly the
most widely distributed and causes most
damage to human health.

40. Biomagnification

41.  Pesticides. The organophosphates and the carbonates present in
pesticides affect and damage the nervous system and can cause
cancer.
 Some of the pesticides contain carcinogens that exceed
recommended levels. They contain chlorides that cause reproductive
and endocrinal damage.
 Lead. Lead is hazardous to health as it accumulates in the body and
affects the central nervous system. Children and pregnant women are
most at risk.
 Petrochemicals. Benzene and other petrochemicals can cause cancer
even at low exposure levels.
 Chlorinated solvents. These are linked to reproduction disorders and
to some cancers.
 Other heavy metals. –Heavy metals cause damage to the nervous
system and the kidney, and other metabolic disruptions.

42. Case Study of Vultures
 Veterinary use of the drug diclofenac—
used in the treatment of livestock—has
been linked to the collapse of vulture
populations throughout South Asia.
 Vultures are keystone species that
perform a vital ecosystem service by
disposing of carrion and their decline has
had dramatic ecological and socio-
economic consequences.
 Vultures feeding on the carcasses of animals
recently treated with the drug suffer renal
failure and die.

43. Blue Baby Syndrome
 Blue Baby Syndrome or Methemoglobinemia is caused by
decreased ability of blood to carry oxygen, resulting in
oxygen deficiency in different body parts.
 Infants are more susceptible than adults.
 The disease can be caused by intake of water and
vegetables high in nitrate, exposure to chemicals
containing nitrate, or can even be hereditary.
 As different parts of the body get deprived of oxygen,
clinical symptoms of oxygen starvation start to appear,
the main being cyanosis (derived from ‘cyano’, meaning
dark blue; from Greek, kyanos).
 The lips or even the skin start to take on a blue
colouration, hence the common name, the blue baby
syndrome/ disease.

44. Minamata Disease
 First detected in 1956
 In Minamata, Japan, mercury was used in
the industrial production of acetaldehyde.
 Discharged into the nearby bay and was
ingested by organisms.
 Fish and other creatures in the sea were
soon contaminated and eventually
residents of this area who consumed the
fish suffered from MeHg (methyl mercury)
intoxication

45. ITAI-ITAI
 Itai-itai disease ("ouch ouch sickness"),
 Was the documented case of mass cadmium
poisoning in Toyama Prefecture, Japan,
starting around 1912.
 The cadmium poisoning caused softening of the
bones and kidney failure. The disease is named for
the severe pains (Japanese: itai) caused in the
joints and spine.
 The cadmium was released into rivers by mining
companies. This Cadmium contaminated water
was used to irrigate rice fields.

46. Control of Water Pollution
 Treatment of water before leaving in water
bodies.
 Restoration of polluted water bodies.
 Ganga Action Plan
 River Water Monitoring

47. Marine Pollution
 Marine Pollution is caused due to Sewage
Sludge, Indutrial Effluents, Detergents, solid
waste, plastic, etc.
 Sources :
 River- Bring pollutants from drainage basins
 Catchment Area- Human Settlements
 Oil Drilling & Shipment
 Effects :
 Fishes show mortality
 Oil disrupts the insulating capacity of feathers
 Due to loss of Buoyancy and subsequent
drowning of Birds cause Deaths

48. Control measures
 Effluents should not be discharged
 Treatment before discharge
 Strict law enforcement- regarding drilling in
Ecosensitive zones, dumping of toxic &
Hazardous wastes
 Minimum developmental activities on shore
 CRZs: Coastal regulation Zones

49. Global Environmental Monitoring Stations/ Monitoring of Indian
National Aquatic Resource
 CPCB in collaboration with concerned SPCBs/PCCs established a
nationwide network of water quality monitoring comprising 2500
stations in 28 States and 6 Union Territories.
 The monitoring is done on monthly or quarterly basis in surface waters
and on half yearly basis in case of ground water.
 The monitoring network covers 445 Rivers, 154 Lakes, 12 Tanks, 78
Ponds, 41 Creeks/Seawater, 25 Canals, 45 Drains, 10 Water Treatment
Plant (Raw Water) and 807 Wells.
 Among the 2500 stations, 1275 are on rivers, 190 on lakes, 45 on
drains, 41 on canals, 12 on tanks, 41 on creeks/seawater, 79 on ponds,
10 Water Treatment Plant (Raw Water) and 807 are groundwater
stations
 Water samples are being analysed for 28 parameters consisting of 9 core
parameters, 19 other physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters
apart from the field observations. Besides this, 9 trace metals and 15
pesticides are also analysed in selected samples.
 Biomonitoring is also carried out on specific locations.

50. Thermal Pollution
•Definition : Presence of waste heat in the water
which can cause undesirable changes in natural
environment.
•Causes:
•Heat producing Industries
•Power plants utilize only 1/3rd energy produced
by fossil fuel rest is wasted as heat
•Cold water is taken from water body for cooling
….used and left in the water body….back with
increase of 10-15 Deg.

51. Effects…?
 Oxygen penetration decreases, dissolved
oxygen also reduces as the solubility is
decreased
 Heat kills fishes and other aquatic life.
 Toxicity of pesticides & chemicals increase
with increase in temperature
 Metabolic Activities increase at high temp.
requiring more oxygen.
 Spawning is disturbed
 Fish migration is affected
 Composition of flora & fauna changes-
 Temp. tolerant spp. Start developing

52. Control of Thermal pollution
 Cooling ponds, cooling towers and spray
ponds

53. Noise pollution
 Unwanted and unbearable sound is “Noise”
 Sound travels in form of pressure waves
through air, liquid or soild
 Measured on DECIBEL SCALE.
 Maximum during Diwali,
Ganpati and other festivals
 Higher in Industrial area.
 80 to 120 dB
 Crackers: 125 dB
 Construction: 100 dB

54. Sources and effects
 Transportation
 Heavy Machinery
 Construction activities
 Celebrations and household
appliances
 Physiological and psychological
changes
 Interferes communication
 Hearing damage
 Sleep disturbance

55. Noise standards
 Night 10 p.m. to morning 6 a.m.- loud noise banned.
 Declaration of Zones

56. Control
•Reduction at the source
•Proper maintenance of
machineries
•Machineries should be covered
•Use of sound absorbing silencers
•Through law
•Planting more trees of broad
leaves

57. Nuclear Or Radioactive Hazard
 Natural radioactive decay
 Give out fast moving particles, high
energy radiations.
 Alpha and beta particles
 Nuclear accidents, test laboratories
radioactive fallout
 Fukushima in Japan
 Pripyat in Ukraine

58. Effects and control
 Genetic damage : DNA alterations, gene
damage, chromosome damage
 Somatic damage: Burns, miscarriages,
eye cataract, cancers of skin, bones,
breast.
 Proper siting.
 Proper disposal.

59. Soil pollution
 Soil is upper layer of earth crust, contains organic
matter, fertile
 Dumping of wastes causes soil pollution
 Garbage
 Rubbish like glass, plastics, metallic cans, papers,
cloth rags, containers
 Discharge of Industrial wastes.
 Fly ash from Thermal power plants
 Fertilizers and pesticides: DDT, endrin, Lindane.
 Sewage sludge and radioactive wastes

60. Effects and control
 Reduce soil productivity
 Affects soil flora and fauna
 Sludge contains worms, bacteria and
pathogens.
 Radioactive wastes enter food chain:
Strontium 90 mimics calcium.
 Treatment before discharge
 Convert waste to biogas, fuel etc.
 Recover from soil.

61. SOLID WASTE AND ITS MANAGEMENT
 Higher standards of living…generate more
waste
 Quantities are enormous
 Management is very important
 Sources of solid waste include: Waste from
homes, hospitals, industries, parks, gardens,
shops, construction and demolition waste
 In each and every action of
humans, Solid waste is generated

62. Two types of Waste:
BIODEGRADABLE
 Vegetable waste
 Food waste
 Tea leaves
 Egg shells
 Dry leaves
NON-
BIODEGRADABLE
 Polythene bags
 Glass bottles
 Scrap metal
 Tins, cans etc etc
 Electronic waste

63. EFFECTS OF SOLID WASTE
 Waste heap up on roads
 Litter surroundings
 Foul smells
 Vector breeding
 BURNING produces toxic gases

64. Management
 Following methods in use:
 Composting
 Sanitary landfill
 Incineration
 Segregation of waste
 Current trends of 3- R’s
 Reduce Reuse Recycle

65. Incineration

67. Composting

68. Major pollution episodes
 Love canal tragedy
 Bhopal gas tragedy
 Chernobyl disaster
 Exxon Valdez leak episode
 ……..many more

69. Certain initiatives
 Laws have been made and are followed
 Pollution level Standards: established and
compulsory to maintain.
 Pollution control boards: State and Central
(SPCB’s- like MPCB (Maharashtra Pollution Control Board) and
CPCB)
 NGOs
 Research and development of better technologies
 Awareness in schools and colleges, offices.
 Awards

70. Role of an Individual in Pollution prevention
 Think globally act locally
 Use eco-friendly products
 Use rechargeable batteries
 No to excess pesticides, chemicals, paints,
solvents
 Use less or only required quantity of resource
 PLANT MORE TREES(local species)
 Best from Waste
 3 R’S- Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

71. Thank you