The document discusses envenomations from animal bites and stings. It covers the types of venomous animals found around the world, the effects of their venoms, symptoms of envenomation, and treatment methods including antivenins. Key points include that most bites cause local effects but some venoms are neurotoxic or cause tissue damage and systemic symptoms. Antivenins derived from animals carry risks of allergic reactions but can prevent death from severe envenomation if given promptly.

1. Envenomations Prof. Dr. Saad S. Al-Ani MBChB, CABP,IBCLC Senior Pediatric Consultant Khorfakkan hospital

5. Common Viper Dice Snake Tessellated Aeskulapian Snake Green Pit Viper Oxus Cobra Big Bend Milk Snake

6. Scorpions

7. Spiders

50. The severity of envenomation is commonly graded on a 4 –point scale Minimal envenomation (local swelling and pain without progression) Grade 1 No envenomation Grade 0 Features Grade

51. The severity of envenomation (Cont,) Severe envenomation (marked local response ,severe systemic findings and significant alteration in laboratory findings Grade 3 Moderate envenomation (swelling ,pain , or ecchymosis progress beyond the site of injury Mild systemic or laboratory manifestations) Grade 2 Features Grade