The document discusses key ideas and thinkers of the Enlightenment period from the 17th to 18th centuries. This period is commonly referred to as the Age of Reason. Major philosophers who contributed influential ideas included Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Baron de Montesquieu, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Voltaire. They advocated for forms of government like democracy and separation of powers, and for concepts like natural rights, freedom of speech and religion, and the social contract between rulers and citizens. The Enlightenment fueled democratic revolutions, applied reason to government and law, stimulated religious tolerance, and taught that rights come from natural law, not governments.

2. 1. What does it
mean to be
“enlightened”?

3. To gain knowledge and
wisdom: to be freed
from prejudice,
ignorance, or superstition

4. 2. What is the
Enlightenment
commonly referred to
as?

5. The Age of Reason

6. 3. What is
“reason”?

7. To think logically

8. ***When was the
Enlightenment?

9. 1600-1800
17th and 18th
centuries

10. 4. How were the
Enlightenment
and Renaissance
similar?

11. Both studied the ideas
and art of ancient
Greece and Rome.

12. 5. What new form
of literature
evolved during the
Age of
Enlightenment?

13. The novel
The most
popular novel
author today is
John Grisham
Tom Clancy is also
very popular today

14. 6. What Age of
Enlightenment
book did Thomas
Hobbes write?

15. Leviathan
A Leviathan is a huge
“sea monster”

16. 7. What did
Hobbes argue
was the best
form of
government in

17. Absolutism: to
manage
behavior
The Leviathan, or sea
monster, represents the
all powerful government
Hobbes Hobbes believed exist
absolute to avoid chaos
ruler

18. 8. Who wrote the Two
Treatises of Government?
The mystery
author!

19. John Locke

20. 9A. What did
Locke argue was
the best form of
Government?
9B. Why?

21. A. democracy
B. Locke believed in
democracy because he
argued the people were
SOVEREIGN--the people have
ultimate power

22. 10. What three
rights did Locke
say the
Government MUST
protect?

23. Life, liberty,
and
property

24. 11. What
effects did John
Locke have on
the United
States?

25. He influenced the
Declaration of
Independence .
“among these
rights are life,
liberty, and
the pursuit
of happiness ”

26. 12. Who
wrote The
Spirit of
Laws ?
Who is this author?

27. Baron de
Montesquieu
Montesquieu
was from
France

28. 13. What idea
about the
structure of
government did
Montesquieu
express in

29. “separation of
powers”
--3 branches of
government

31. 14. Why did
Montesquieu
advocate
“separation of
powers”?

32. In order to avoid one
person gaining all the
power
(NO ABSOLUTISM!)

33. 15. If Montesqueiu
is AGAINST
absolutism, then
which thinker does
he disagree with?

34. Thomas
Hobbes
A Leviathan: The
absolute government

35. 16. What effect
did Montesquieu
have on the
United States ?

36. Montesquieu
influenced the U.S.
Constitution
The Constitution sets up three
branches of Government, just as
Montesquieu recommended.

37. 17. What was
Voltaire famous
for saying?

38. “I disapprove of what
you say, but will
defend to the death
your right to say it”

39. 18. What does
this quote
defend?

40. Freedom of
speech and
religion

41. 19. What was
Voltaire’s opinion
on the relationship
between religion
and the
government?

42. There should be “separation
of church and state”
Church State

43. 20. Who
wrote the
Social
Contract
?

44. Jean-Jacques
Rousseau

45. 21. What does
Rousseau say
about “The
Social (or
society’s)

46. It is a contract
between the
people and their
rulers

48. 22. What does
Rousseau say
should happen if
this contract is
broken by the
rulers?

49. The people should
rebel!
The Storming of Bastille
Liberty leading the
People
by Delacroix

50. 23. What were four
effects of the
Enlightenment?

51. Fueled democratic
revolutions around world
(American, French)
Bastille: The French Signing of the Declaration
Revolution Begins July of Independence: July 4,
14, 1789! 1776

52. Applied reason to
the human world
(government, law)

53. Stimulated
religious
tolerance
“It would be
reasonable if we all
just got along,
wouldn’t it?
Billy Graham,Protestant, and
Pope John Paul II

54. Taught that our
rights come from
natural law NOT the
government
Natural rights