The objective of this paper involved an analysis to democracy in Islam. The paper tried to answer the
question of how democratic and/or Islamic some countries in the Islamic world are. The paper analysed 59
countries using data from the World Values Survey 2005-2008. It measured several variables such as,
Religiosity, Islamic Practices, Political Importance, Family Importance and the GDP. The paper concluded
that there was absolutely no evidence to suggest that either Islam is anti-democratic or democratic, it is clearly
subjective.
Slideshow prepared for a series of lectures on Public Opinion and Political Socialization for PS 101 American Government at the University of Kentucky, Spring 2008. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Lecturer.
One of the key questions in international relations and foreign policy is the question of how you examine state behavior. This is the level of analysis problem. Scholars see several levels of analysis through which state behavior can be examined.
The objective of this paper involved an analysis to democracy in Islam. The paper tried to answer the
question of how democratic and/or Islamic some countries in the Islamic world are. The paper analysed 59
countries using data from the World Values Survey 2005-2008. It measured several variables such as,
Religiosity, Islamic Practices, Political Importance, Family Importance and the GDP. The paper concluded
that there was absolutely no evidence to suggest that either Islam is anti-democratic or democratic, it is clearly
subjective.
Slideshow prepared for a series of lectures on Public Opinion and Political Socialization for PS 101 American Government at the University of Kentucky, Spring 2008. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Lecturer.
One of the key questions in international relations and foreign policy is the question of how you examine state behavior. This is the level of analysis problem. Scholars see several levels of analysis through which state behavior can be examined.
Reginald M.J. Oduor (Nairobi, Kenya): Identity Politics in the Twenty-first C...Thomas Huebel
Reginald M.J. Oduor (Nairobi, Kenia):
Identity Politics in the Twenty-first Century: A Kenyan Perspective
Audiofile of the lecture (IWK, Vienna, 5.2.2014)
https://audiothek.philo.at/media/reginald-mj-oduor-nairobi-kenia-identity-politics-
Over the past four decades, ethnic and religious minorities, organisations of persons with disabilities, and feminist organisations among others have contributed significantly to the growth of identity politics, that is, competition for state power among interest groups. Nevertheless, many centralist regimes continue to suppress this mode of political expression through a »nationalist« discourse.
This paper examines identity politics in the twenty-first century, with special reference to the Kenyan experience. It observes that the dominant variety of identity politics in Kenya is ethnically-based, with more than forty-two ethnic groups competing for state power. Consequently, Kenya is a multi-ethnic state forcefully created by colonialism rather than a nation-state formed by a largely homogenous cultural group. Yet the dominant public political discourse continues to refer to the country as a »nation« or even a »nation-state«. Furthermore, although the Constitution of Kenya promulgated in 2010 to some extent acknowledges the right of ethnic groups to pursue their aspirations within the Kenyan polity, the elites of dominant ethnic groups continue to publicly castigate the articulation of ethnic interests while simultaneously executing political strategies based on those same interests.
The central argument of the paper is that for most of Kenya’s fifty years of political independence, the suppression of ethnically-based politics among the non-dominant ethnic groups has significantly contributed to socio-political instability in the country. Consequently, it proposes that Kenya’s long-term political stability is dependent on a shift from liberal democracy with its focus on the atomic individual to a mode of democracy that takes cognisance of the ethnic loyalties of the bulk of the country’s population.
Reginald M.J. Oduor: is Lecturer in Philosophy, Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies, University of Nairobi. Latest Publication: »Ethnic Minorities in Kenya’s Emerging Democracy: Philosophical Foundations of their Liberties and Limits«, Lambert Academic Publishing, Saarbrücken 2012.
Slides of a paper presented at the 17th Biennial Conference of the African Association of Political Science (AAPS), held at the University of Pretoria, South Africa (12-14 October 2023).
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Political Science 2 – Comparative Politics - Power Point #11
1. Dr. Tabakian’s Political Science 2
Modern World Governments – Fall 2012
Power Point Presentation – November 6th & November 8th
2. COURSE LECTURE TOPICS
This Week’s Lecture Covers:
•Nigeria
Current Policy Challenges
The Effects Of History
Environmental Potential And Limitations
Political Culture And Subcultures
Political Socialization
Political Recruitment
Political Structure
Interest Articulation
Political Participation
Parties And Elections
Policy Formation And Implementation
3. COURSE LECTURE: WEEK #11 (2)
Nigeria In Africa And In The World
Prospects For Development
•United States
•Current Policy Challenges
•The United States Among The World’s Nations
•The Constitutional System
•Political Culture And Socialization
•Political Participation And Recruitment
•Recruitment Of Leaders
•Interest Articulation: Pressure Groups And PACs
•Special Characteristics Of American Political Parties
•Policy Performance
6. COUNTRY BIO: NIGERIA (2)
• Population: 130 million • Religion:
• Territory: 356,668 sq. miles – Muslim: 50%
• Year of Independence: 1960 – Christian: 40%
• Year of Current Constitution: 1979 – Indigenous beliefs: 10%
Constitution still partially in force;
draft 1995 Constitution published
and revised in 1999 (the 1999
Constitution)
• Head of State: President Omaru
Yar’Adua
• Head of Government: President
Omaru Yar’Adua
• Language: English (official),
Hausa,Yoruba, Igbo, (and 250 other
ethnic groups)
7. BACKGROUND (1)
• Nigeria = megastate in the African context
• Major country
– One-fifth of the people in Africa
– The world’s largest black population
– Petroleum
– Standing military force of substance
– Forty-five universities
8. BACKGROUND (2)
• Traditions
– Large scale emirates in north
– Small kingdoms and village-level republics in the South
– Culture divided by ethnicity and by religion (Muslim and
Christian)
• Groping toward a renewal of democracy
• Sick giant
– Economy in shambles
– Provision of public services has broken down
11. CURRENT POLICY CHALLENGES (1)
• Nigeria – question of the future of the country
• Divisions have intensified in recent years.
– Break up into a weak federation or independent
states
• Nigeria has existed for only 47 years.
12. CURRENT POLICY CHALLENGES (2)
• 1999: Nigeria returned to formal civilian rule when
Olusegun Obasanjo was elected president.
• Test: How can a potentially wealthy country fail to
provide basic human needs, education, potable
water, reliable transportation and communications,
and engage in politics without corruption?
• Still ranked as one of the poorest and most corrupt
countries
13. THE EFFECTS OF HISTORY
• Effects of precolonial events
– Early empires of Nigeria
– Igbo
– Hausa
– Fulani
– Hausa-Fulani
– Yoruba
14. THE EFFECTS OF HISTORY:
COLONIAL INTERLUDE (1)
• 1900-1960
• Lugard- architect of colonial Nigeria
• Conference of Berlin in1884-1885
– Divided Africa into spheres of
influence/seize control of the continent
rather than trade only
15. THE EFFECTS OF HISTORY:
COLONIAL INTERLUDE (2)
• Entity in 1914
– Northern and Southern Protectorates and Lagos
were brought under single colonial administration
– Unifying action largely symbolic
– Ruled separately
– Indirect rule
– Southern and Northern conflict
– Incompatible objectives
• Modern constitutional development
16. THE EFFECTS OF HISTORY
• Nigerian Independence
– October 1, 1960
• Two year honeymoon period
• Conflict: tore apart the ruling coalition in the Western region
• National census
– 1965 law and order broke down in Western Region over
election-related fraud and violence
– Military ended the First Republic in a January 1966 coup
– Is there a role for obas and emirs in modern Nigeria?
19. ENVIRONMENTAL POTENTIAL & LIMITATIONS (1)
• Agricultural production
• Sale of primary commodities
• Disease
• Population growth
20. ENVIRONMENTAL POTENTIAL & LIMITATIONS (2)
• Urbanization
• Petroleum
– Niger delta basin (8% of the country)
– Biafra
– MEND
• Distribution of natural resources
– Political effects
• The international environment
21. POLITICAL CULTURE AND
SUBCULTURE (1)
• Ethnic identity
– Hausa-Fulani
• Mostly northern half of Nigeria
– Igbo (Ilbo)
• Southeastern part of Nigeria
• Responsive to western culture
– Yoruba
• Lagos
• Oba and lineage chiefs and the British
• Fragmenting effect of multiple ethnic identities
• Religion
– Christianity, Islam, and traditional religious institutions
22. POLITICAL CULTURE AND
SUBCULTURE (2)
• Nigerian nationalism
– Three major sources
• Freed slaves from N.A. others of African descent from
the Caribbean
• Nigerians who fought for the British in WWII
– Frustration with lack of recognition for service
• Nigerians who studied in U.K. and U.S.
• Democratic norms and values
23. POLITICAL CULTURE AND
SUBCULTURE (3)
• Political role of women
– Position of women varies immensely
– In general Nigerian women vote in similar
numbers as men but are underrepresented in
government.
• Political corruption
– EFCC
24. POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION
• The family
– Polygamy
– Kinship/sense of identity
• Schools
• Mass media
– One third of people are illiterate
• The State
• Contact with urban life
• Religion
– Nearly 80% of Nigerians say they belong to religious associations.
25. POLITICAL RECRUITMENT
• Northerners have dominated the leadership of the
country under military and civilian rule.
• Military power
• Role of Nigerian universities
• Civil service
• No recruitment of “strangers”
• Federal character of appointments of military
personnel
• Ethnic politics still dominate
28. POLITICAL STRUCTURE (1)
• Constitution of 1999
– Election of 1993
– Succession of military regimes
• Federalism
– Three level federalism
29. POLITICAL STRUCTURE (2)
• Parliamentary vs. presidential
government
– Nigerian pluralism; lack of trust by
subcultures
– No institutional structure can overcome this
roadblock.
30. POLITICAL STRUCTURE (3)
• Judiciary
– Federal and state courts are integrated into a
single system of trial and appeal courts.
– Independent judiciary survived, even throughout
military regimes
– Traditional authorities maintain their greatest
influence in their judicial role
• Muslim Koranic Law
• Sharia courts
31. INTEREST ARTICULATION
• Ethnic and religious associations
– MOSOP
• Associational groups
– Often by sector
– Universities
• Non-associational groups
– Kaduna mafia
• Patron-client networks
– Clientelism
32. POLITICAL PARTICIPATION
• Great range in activity
– Voting
– Civil war
– Violence; thugs
• Rise in honest and responsive
institutions
33. PARTIES AND ELECTIONS
• 1993- party activities banned in Nigeria
– Exception: artificially created five party system
• No criticism of Abacha
• History of parties
– 1923 first modern party
– 1944 nationalists
– 1951 Constitution
– Return to civil rule
– Elections of 1979 and 1983
– 1998 and 1999 elections: nationwide organization required of parties
– Elections of 2003
• Ethnic solidarity and party loyalty
35. POLICY FORMATION AND IMPLEMENTATION
• Extractive performance
– Fiscal system
– Revenues from oil
• Distributive performance
– Potential to be rich, but remains poor
– Education
• Dealing with debt and structural adjustment
• Regulative performance
– The Census issue
• Conclusions on performance
– Public policy as the national cake
38. NIGERIA IN AFRICA AND THE
WORLD
• Has the population and resources to be a regional
power
• Economic Community of West African States
– Free trade zones
– Critic of international organizations’ monetary policy:
World Bank, IMF
• France- closer economic ties
• U.S. and Britain – condemnation of military rulers
39. PROSPECTS FOR DEVELOPMENT
• Frustration
• Few have gotten rich; many poor
• But Nigeria has moved toward becoming a
service-oriented country
– Success in telephone and transportation
– Success in water, housing and electricity
41. COUNTRY BIO: UNITED STATES (2)
• Population: • Language:
– 300 million – English, Spanish (spoken by a sizable
majority)
• Territory: • Religion:
– 3,475,031 sq. miles – Protestant 52%; Roman Catholic 24%,
• Year of Independence: Muslim 1%, Mormon 1%, Jewish 1%,
none 14%
– 1776
• Year of Current Constitution:
– September 17, 1787; effective
March 4, 1789
• Head of State:
– President George W. Bush
• Head of Government:
– President George W. Bush
42. CURRENT POLICY CHALLENGES
• Impact of September 11, 2001
– New war unlike any other in history
– Overshadows other policy challenges
• Domestic affairs
– Economic and social status of African Americans
– Immigration
– War on drugs
– Economic conditions
• Oil prices, Social Security, and Medicare
• Foreign policy
– Main question: Should the U.S. conduct its foreign policy mainly solely
through the structures and procedures of the UN or should the U.S. do what
the U.S. president thinks is imperative even if the UN votes against it?
44. THE UNITED STATES AMONG THE
WORLD’S NATIONS (1)
• History
– “first new nation”; but relatively old democracy
– Civil War
– Fourteenth Amendment
• Geography
– Fourth largest nation in the world
– Secure location allows for foreign policy of isolation
• Not true in contemporary world
45. THE UNITED STATES AMONG THE
WORLD’S NATIONS (2)
• Population
– Third most populous country in the world
– Immigrants in three historic waves
– Far more immigrants than any other nation
in history
– The most ethnically and culturally diverse
population in the world (only India comes
close)
46. THE UNITED STATES AMONG THE
WORLD’S NATIONS (3)
• Economy
– GNP in 2003: $11 trillion
– Economic dominance at an end?
• World’s greatest debtor nation
• America’s position in world politics
– Until the end of the nineteenth century, the U.S. followed an
isolationist foreign policy; Minor player in world politics
– Changeover began with the Spanish-American War.
– WWII
– Cold War
– Still the world’s most powerful nation, but a new national
order is emerging
47. THE CONSTITUTIONAL SYSTEM
• Federalism
– Divides power in the following principle ways:
• Powers specifically assigned to the federal government
• Powers reserved to the states by the Tenth Amendment
• Powers that are shared by federal and state government
• Powers that are forbidden to the federal government
• Powers that are forbidden to the sate governments
49. THE CONSTITUTIONAL SYSTEM
• Separation of powers
– Most important difference between our presidential democracy and most
other democratic systems, which are generally parliamentary democracies
– Persons heading each branch of the U.S. government are selected by different
procedures for different terms.
• House
• Senate
• President
• Courts
– Checks and balances
• Judicial review
– Defined as the power of a court to render a legislative or executive act null
and void on the ground of unconstitutionality
50. POLITICAL CULTURE &
SOCIALIZATION (1)
• Melting pot or patchwork quilt?
– Melting pot: blends all of the different cultures of
immigrants into one uniquely American culture
– Patchwork quilt: an array of the languages, history,
customs, and values of each of the nation’s major ethnic
groups, all respected, none dominant; rejects
homogenization
• Advocates bilingual education
• Opposition has built to this movement
51. POLITICAL CULTURE &
SOCIALIZATION (2)
• Main elements of the traditional American political culture
– More Americans tend to believe that government officials are
trustworthy, but less inclined to believe that government is really run
for the benefit of all people
– More likely to say they are proud of their country and are willing to
fight for it
– But not as likely to trust their government to do the right thing
– A paradox? Belief that ordinary Americans are good, solid, reliable
folks with plenty of commons sense, and that American is a wonderful
country. BUT, they feel that the government, which is not the same as
the country, may not always be trustworthy given the nature of
ambitious political leaders and elections, etc.
– Litigious nature
52. POLITICAL CULTURE &
SOCIALIZATION (3)
• Political socialization
– Begins with children as young as 3 or 4 and continues on in
life
– Agents of political socialization
• Family, primarily parents- most powerful role
• School teachers
• Friends and schoolmates
• Work associates
• Mass communication media
– Privately owned media more important
– Scarcity doctrine
– Internet
55. PARTICIPATION & RECRUITMENT
• Participation by voting
– Voting turnout
– Voting registration
– Direct initiative
– Popular referendum
• Participation by other means
58. RECRUITMENT OF LEADERS
• American leaders are drawn disproportionately from the
middle and upper ranges of wealth and status.
• Administrative employees
– Merit system
• In general, recruitment in U.S. is like other countries
except for our unique nomination process.
– The unique direct primary
• Closed primaries
• Crossover primaries
• Open primaries
• Blanket primaries
– Democratic Party v. Jones (2000)
59. INTEREST ARTICULATION:
PRESSURE GROUPS & PACS
• PACs and campaign contributions
• The most important PACS can be classified in
one of three main categories:
– Narrow material interest PACs
– Single, nonmaterial interest PACs
– Ideological PACS
• Pressure groups and lobbying
60. AMERICAN POLITICAL PARTIES
• A two-party system
• The “Americanization” of electioneering
• Differences between the two parties
– Partisan polarization
• Decentralized organization
– Hierarchies versus stratarchies
– Presidential party
– Congressional party
• Low cohesion
• Weak discipline
• Divided party control of government
– Divided party control
– Ticket-splitting
63. POLICYMAKING IN AMERICA
• Constitutional framework
– Regarded deadlocks as highly preferable to any
government action that rides roughshod over the interests
and objections of any significant part of the community.
• Traditional ways of avoiding deadlocks
– Ordinary times process
– Presidential-dictatorship escape valve
• Not open indefinitely