Feasibility Study of Solar HVAC Systems In THE Tropics

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Station
Ht. above M.S.L.
(m)
Yearly Average
Daily Total Solar
Radiation
(kWh/m2
)
Subang 16.5 4.24
Cameron
Highlands
1545 3.89
Kuantan 15.2 4.48
Kota Kinabalu 2.1 5.01

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18. Solar
Photovoltaic
Technologies
Silicon-based
Crystalline Si
Single -
crystalline Si
Poly - crystalline
Si
Ribbon cast
multi -
crystalline Si
Amorphous Si
Thin Film Non-silicon-
based Thin Film
CdTe
CIS
New Concept
Devices
Organic-based
PV
Solar
Concentrator
Systems
Quantum cells

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Maximum Power (Pmax) 230W
Dimension 1655X992mm
Maximum Power/m2 140.09W
Voltage at Pmax (Vmp) 181.2V
Current at Pmax (Imp) 7.62A
Number of cell 60
Efficiency 14%
Angle of Construction 14° South

21. Month
Total
Electrical
Energy
Generated
(kWh)
CO2
Emission
Reduction
(kg)
Total
Electrical
Energy
Generated
per Meter
Square
(kWh/m2)
June 132.1 174.88 13.41
July 121.2 160.45 12.30
August 127.9 169.32 12.98
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26. Payback Period (Year) =
- HVAC Cost +
Maintenance Cost
Solar PV Cost + HVAC Cost +
HVAC Maintenance Cost +
Solar PV Maintenance Cost
Energy Cost / Year
(without Solar PV)
Energy Cost / Year
(with Solar PV)
-
Investment
Return / Year
=

27. VAV
Cost
(RM)
Estimate
Motor
Power
Input (W)
Energy
Usage/ Day
(kWh)
Energy
Usage/ Year
(kWh)
Cost for On-grid
Solar
Photovoltaic
System (RM)
TNB Tariff for
Low Voltage
Commercial
(RM/kWh)
Energy
Cost /
Year (RM)
Payback
Period
(Year)
500 20 0.16 58.4 687.09 0.43 25.11
27.4
600 135 1.08 394.2 4637.86 0.43 169.51
700 300 2.4 876 10306.36 0.43 376.68
900 300 2.4 876 10306.36 0.43 376.68

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Capacity of renewable energy installation
Feed-In-Tariff rate (in
ringgit/kWh)
Effect Period
Annual
degrassion
rate
Installed capacity up to and including 4kWp 1.23
21 years 8.00%
Installed capacity above 4 kWp, and up to and including 24 kWp 1.2
Installed capacity above 24 kWp, and up to and including 72 kWp 1.18
Installed capacity above 72 kWp, and up to and including 1MWp 1.14
Installed capacity above 1 MWp, and up to and including 10 MWp 0.95
Installed capacity above 10 MWp, and up to and including 30 MWp 0.85
Additional for installation in buildings or building structures +0.26
Additional for use as building materials +0.25
Additional for use of locally manufactured or assembled solar
photovoltaic modules
+0.03
Additional for use of locally manufactured or assembled solar
inverters
+0.01

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YHYAU@UM.EDU.MY
ANTHONYPOH_919@YAHOO.COM
AB01@UM.EDU.MY