This document provides definitions and examples of sentence structures in English grammar. It discusses the key parts of a sentence including the subject, verb, object, complement, and adverbial. It also classifies sentences based on meaning into statements, questions, commands, exclamations, and optatives. Further, it categorizes sentences based on structure into simple, complex, and compound sentences depending on the number of clauses. Finally, it outlines 10 basic sentence structures for simple declarative sentences and provides examples for each.
Binary Opposites discusses several opposing concepts:
- Males are generally more dominant while females are usually smaller and more delicate, but sometimes females can take the leading role.
- Old people are more mature with experience while young people have less experience and need guidance.
- There are stereotypes associated with different ethnicities, sexualities, social classes, physical abilities, and regional identities between north and south. However, one should not judge or look down on others based on these attributes.
This document discusses semantics and how it studies meaning in language. It covers topics like how the meaning of sentences is determined by the meanings of its parts and their arrangement. It also examines different types of meanings, scales of meaning, and lexical semantics. Additionally, it explores semantic relations between words like synonymy and antonymy. The document notes that ambiguity is pervasive in language and discusses how word meanings can change over time through processes like semantic broadening, narrowing, amelioration, and pejoration.
Thank you for providing that additional context on how the present perfect can indicate an effect on the present moment. Reviewing and understanding the various uses and nuances of verb tenses is important.
The document defines several grammatical components of the English language including nouns, verbs, pronouns, adverbs, conjunctions, interjections, prefixes, and suffixes. Nouns name people, places, things, and ideas. Verbs indicate actions. Other parts of speech like pronouns, adverbs, conjunctions modify or connect other words.
This document discusses triphthongs, which are combinations of three vowels forming a single sound. It provides examples of common triphthongs in English like /eɪə/ in "layer" and /aɪə/ in "liar". Exercises are included to classify words containing these triphthongs according to their sounds.
This document discusses several aspects of connected speech in English, including:
- Weak forms being pronounced more quickly and at a lower volume than stressed syllables.
- Assimilation processes like alveolar consonants becoming velar before velar consonants.
- Elision of consonants like /t/ and /d/ in consonant clusters.
- Linking processes that occur between words like intrusive /r/ and linking vowels with /j/ or /w/ to smooth transitions.
This document provides an overview of vowels and vowel-like articulations from Ladefoged's A Course in Phonetics. It discusses cardinal vowels as reference points for describing vowel quality, including their definition based on tongue height, backness, and lip rounding. It also covers secondary cardinal vowels, advanced tongue root, rhotacized vowels, nasalization, and semivowels. Finally, it discusses four types of secondary articulatory gestures that can be added to vowels: palatalization, velarization, pharyngealization, and labialization.
Binary Opposites discusses several opposing concepts:
- Males are generally more dominant while females are usually smaller and more delicate, but sometimes females can take the leading role.
- Old people are more mature with experience while young people have less experience and need guidance.
- There are stereotypes associated with different ethnicities, sexualities, social classes, physical abilities, and regional identities between north and south. However, one should not judge or look down on others based on these attributes.
This document discusses semantics and how it studies meaning in language. It covers topics like how the meaning of sentences is determined by the meanings of its parts and their arrangement. It also examines different types of meanings, scales of meaning, and lexical semantics. Additionally, it explores semantic relations between words like synonymy and antonymy. The document notes that ambiguity is pervasive in language and discusses how word meanings can change over time through processes like semantic broadening, narrowing, amelioration, and pejoration.
Thank you for providing that additional context on how the present perfect can indicate an effect on the present moment. Reviewing and understanding the various uses and nuances of verb tenses is important.
The document defines several grammatical components of the English language including nouns, verbs, pronouns, adverbs, conjunctions, interjections, prefixes, and suffixes. Nouns name people, places, things, and ideas. Verbs indicate actions. Other parts of speech like pronouns, adverbs, conjunctions modify or connect other words.
This document discusses triphthongs, which are combinations of three vowels forming a single sound. It provides examples of common triphthongs in English like /eɪə/ in "layer" and /aɪə/ in "liar". Exercises are included to classify words containing these triphthongs according to their sounds.
This document discusses several aspects of connected speech in English, including:
- Weak forms being pronounced more quickly and at a lower volume than stressed syllables.
- Assimilation processes like alveolar consonants becoming velar before velar consonants.
- Elision of consonants like /t/ and /d/ in consonant clusters.
- Linking processes that occur between words like intrusive /r/ and linking vowels with /j/ or /w/ to smooth transitions.
This document provides an overview of vowels and vowel-like articulations from Ladefoged's A Course in Phonetics. It discusses cardinal vowels as reference points for describing vowel quality, including their definition based on tongue height, backness, and lip rounding. It also covers secondary cardinal vowels, advanced tongue root, rhotacized vowels, nasalization, and semivowels. Finally, it discusses four types of secondary articulatory gestures that can be added to vowels: palatalization, velarization, pharyngealization, and labialization.
Present simple vs present continuous pptbetishteacher
The document discusses the difference between using the simple present and present continuous tenses in English. The simple present is used to describe routines and habitual actions, while the present continuous is used to describe temporary actions or actions happening at the time of speaking. A few examples are provided to illustrate when each tense would be used.
This document discusses the history and evolution of the English language from Old English to Modern English. It describes how family trees were created to show how languages are related and how words in different languages with similar meanings, spellings and pronunciations (cognates) can indicate a shared ancestral language. The document also explains comparative reconstruction, which aims to reconstruct the original forms in ancestral languages, and provides examples of how sounds and words were reconstructed across language families. Finally, it outlines the major periods of English history: Old English before 1100, Middle English from 1100-1500, Early Modern English from 1500-1700, and Modern English after 1700.
This document provides an overview of sociolinguistics and language variation and change. It discusses key topics in sociolinguistics including real time and apparent time studies, the critical period of language acquisition, and generational change. Phenomena studied in sociolinguistics include regional variations and social factors that influence language use such as social relationships between speakers. The document also examines how language variation can be studied diachronically over time or synchronically at a single point in time to understand language change.
Pragmatics and language acquisition.pptxHassanGohar3
This document discusses the importance of pragmatics in language acquisition. It begins by defining pragmatics as the study of how language is used in context and conveys meaning beyond literal word meanings. It then explains that pragmatics plays a crucial role in language acquisition, as children must learn social and cultural language norms in addition to vocabulary and grammar. The document also notes that pragmatic skills develop throughout childhood and are influenced by environmental factors like caregiver interactions. Finally, it concludes that explicitly teaching pragmatics is important for both native language acquisition and second language learning.
Word vs lexeme by james jamie 2014 presentation assigned by asifa memon lect...James Jamie
The document discusses words and lexemes. It defines a word as the smallest meaningful unit in a language that can be used independently, representing a thought or psychological unit. A lexeme is the smallest semantic unit, which can be formed from root words through the addition of prefixes, suffixes, and affixes. While a word remains a word even if its class or form is changed, it will then represent a separate lexeme. Examples are provided to illustrate this distinction between words and lexemes.
Stylistic differentiation of english vocabularyjverftukli
This document discusses stylistic differentiation in the English language with respect to vocabulary used in different functional styles. It provides examples of how the same concepts can be expressed using neutral, colloquial, formal, scientific, or slang terminology. It also discusses characteristics of the colloquial style, such as use of shortened forms, ellipses, and informal phrases. Additionally, it defines terms, professionalisms, and the process of "determinisation" where terms enter common vocabulary.
The document summarizes key aspects of connected speech in English, including rhythm, assimilation, elision, and linking. It defines each concept and provides examples. Rhythm refers to the regular stress pattern in speech. Assimilation is the change in pronunciation of sounds due to surrounding sounds, such as in "newspaper." Elision is the omission of sounds, like the 't' in "night." Linking describes how words and sounds are connected together in fluent speech according to five basic rules.
This document provides a detailed phonetic analysis of vowels in English. It examines tongue position, length, rounding, and nasality of vowels. Tongue position is described based on height in the mouth and which part of the tongue is highest. Length distinguishes long from short vowels. Rounding refers to whether the lips are rounded or spread. The document also discusses how vowels can be distinguished from consonants based on obstruction of air flow and ability to form a syllable nucleus. Diagrams are used to illustrate different tongue positions for front, central, and back vowels.
This document discusses complex word stress in English. It covers several types of complex words formed from affixes or compounds. For words with affixes, the affix may receive primary stress, stress remains on the stem, or stress shifts within the stem. Common suffixes are discussed, some carry their own stress while others do not affect stress placement. Prefixes do not regularly carry or shift stress in predictable ways. Compound words may be stressed on the first or second element depending on the word class. Variable stress can occur in connected speech or between dialects. Word-class pairs with identical spelling but different stress include noun/verb pairs where the verb is stressed on the second syllable and the noun/adjective on the first.
Languagelab 2.2 - Master Liquids, Affricates and Semi-vowelsLanguagelab Group
This document provides an introduction to three types of consonant sounds: liquids, affricates, and semi-vowels. It explains that liquids like /l/ and /r/ allow air to exit smoothly from the mouth. Affricates combine a plosive explosion with friction, making /ch/ and /j/ difficult to pronounce. Semi-vowels like /w/ and /y/ are produced similarly to vowels but without a clear beat. The document includes descriptions and examples of how to pronounce each type of sound, as well as learning activities to practice reading words containing these consonants.
This document discusses phonetics and the production of speech sounds. It describes how speech sounds are made (articulatory phonetics) and the two basic positions of the vocal cords that determine if a sound is voiced or voiceless. It then explains the place of articulation in the mouth where sounds are produced, such as bilabial, labiodental, alveolar, palatal, and velar. Finally, it discusses the manner of articulation, including stops, fricatives, nasals, liquids, glides, and other categories that describe how the articulators interact and affect airflow.
A History Of The English Language By Albert C.Baugh And ThomMaria Perkins
This document provides an overview of the 5th edition of the textbook "A History of the English Language" by Albert C. Baugh and Thomas Cable. It discusses the book's comprehensive exploration of the linguistic and cultural development of English from the Middle Ages to present day. The 5th edition has been revised and updated with recent developments in the field such as expanded sections on African American Vernacular English and Hispanic American English, as well as a new section on gender issues and linguistic change. The document also provides background on the authors and includes contents of the book.
This document discusses English word and sentence structure. It covers morphology, the study of word forms and how words are constructed from morphemes. It defines different types of morphemes such as bound, free, root, stem, derivational, and inflectional morphemes. It also discusses affixes, grammatical morphemes, and the relationship between morphemes and words. The document analyzes how English words are formed through processes like derivation, compounding, acronyms, backformations, and other methods.
The document discusses the past continuous tense in English. It begins by explaining the basic form uses "was/were" plus the present participle. It then discusses several uses of the past continuous including: describing actions that lasted for some time in the past; interrupted actions; actions happening simultaneously; expressing irritation; and asking polite questions. It provides examples for each use and explains how to form past continuous statements, questions, and negative sentences.
The document provides examples of sentences using the present continuous tense to describe actions that are happening now or ongoing. Some key examples include "I am watching TV", "Lara is swimming in the pool", and exercises asking questions like "What are you doing now?" and providing short responses like "I am eating hamburger".
The document discusses weak and strong syllables in English. Weak syllables tend to be unstressed and may contain reduced vowel sounds like schwa. They often occur in function words like "the" and prefixes/suffixes. Strong syllables are stressed and have clearer vowel sounds. The types of segments that can make up syllables and examples of words with different syllable structures are provided.
The document discusses homonyms, which are words that are identical in sound or spelling but have different meanings. It provides examples of different types of homonyms in English, such as lexical homonyms which differ only in meaning (e.g. fair-fare), grammatical homonyms which also differ in part of speech (e.g. milk-to milk), and lexico-grammatical homonyms which differ in both meaning and part of speech (e.g. tear-to tear). The document also examines how homonyms can arise through processes like sound changes, borrowings, shortenings, and the diverging or converging development of word meanings over time.
Morphology is the study of word forms and the rules by which words are formed. There are several types of morphemes including bound morphemes like prefixes and suffixes, free morphemes, root morphemes, stem morphemes, derivational morphemes, inflectional morphemes, and grammatical morphemes. Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning in a language and can be combined to form words. The internal structure of words and how they are built from morphemes is the focus of morphological analysis.
Elision is the omission of sounds in words or phrases to make them easier to pronounce. In English, sounds like vowels, consonants, and syllables are often elided. Elision occurs naturally for native English speakers and is sometimes deliberate. It can be difficult for learners to recognize elided words, especially without exposure to native speakers. Elision involves omitting sounds like /t/ and /d/ between consonants, the schwa vowel before liquids, and occurs in words like "comfortable," "fifth," and contractions like "gonna." Elision skills predict success in reading nonsense words and may be an important part of screening for reading difficulties in children.
The document discusses the history and evolution of languages over time. It describes how Proto-Indo-European was identified as the common ancestor of many European and Indian languages based on similarities between their vocabularies and grammars. It also discusses methods of reconstructing earlier forms of words by comparing cognates across related languages and identifying common sound changes. As an example, it summarizes the major periods in the history of English from Old English to Modern English and some of the phonetic changes that occurred between each period like the loss of the letters þ and ð.
This document provides an overview of grammar concepts across 22 chapters. It begins with basic concepts like parts of speech, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs and their tenses. It then covers additional topics such as degrees of comparison, articles, prepositions, conjunctions, interjections, punctuation and sentence structure. For each topic, there are explanations of key terms and concepts along with examples. Page numbers are provided for reference in AP state syllabus textbooks. The document is intended to help non-English medium students and teachers learn English grammar.
safwat mohamed reda shoaib.english grammer.the paragraphali omar
The document summarizes the eight parts of speech in English grammar: nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. It provides examples and definitions for each part of speech, describing what kind of word it is and how it functions in a sentence. The document also discusses different types of verbs, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, and prepositions. In closing, it wishes the reader good luck in understanding the presentation on parts of speech.
Present simple vs present continuous pptbetishteacher
The document discusses the difference between using the simple present and present continuous tenses in English. The simple present is used to describe routines and habitual actions, while the present continuous is used to describe temporary actions or actions happening at the time of speaking. A few examples are provided to illustrate when each tense would be used.
This document discusses the history and evolution of the English language from Old English to Modern English. It describes how family trees were created to show how languages are related and how words in different languages with similar meanings, spellings and pronunciations (cognates) can indicate a shared ancestral language. The document also explains comparative reconstruction, which aims to reconstruct the original forms in ancestral languages, and provides examples of how sounds and words were reconstructed across language families. Finally, it outlines the major periods of English history: Old English before 1100, Middle English from 1100-1500, Early Modern English from 1500-1700, and Modern English after 1700.
This document provides an overview of sociolinguistics and language variation and change. It discusses key topics in sociolinguistics including real time and apparent time studies, the critical period of language acquisition, and generational change. Phenomena studied in sociolinguistics include regional variations and social factors that influence language use such as social relationships between speakers. The document also examines how language variation can be studied diachronically over time or synchronically at a single point in time to understand language change.
Pragmatics and language acquisition.pptxHassanGohar3
This document discusses the importance of pragmatics in language acquisition. It begins by defining pragmatics as the study of how language is used in context and conveys meaning beyond literal word meanings. It then explains that pragmatics plays a crucial role in language acquisition, as children must learn social and cultural language norms in addition to vocabulary and grammar. The document also notes that pragmatic skills develop throughout childhood and are influenced by environmental factors like caregiver interactions. Finally, it concludes that explicitly teaching pragmatics is important for both native language acquisition and second language learning.
Word vs lexeme by james jamie 2014 presentation assigned by asifa memon lect...James Jamie
The document discusses words and lexemes. It defines a word as the smallest meaningful unit in a language that can be used independently, representing a thought or psychological unit. A lexeme is the smallest semantic unit, which can be formed from root words through the addition of prefixes, suffixes, and affixes. While a word remains a word even if its class or form is changed, it will then represent a separate lexeme. Examples are provided to illustrate this distinction between words and lexemes.
Stylistic differentiation of english vocabularyjverftukli
This document discusses stylistic differentiation in the English language with respect to vocabulary used in different functional styles. It provides examples of how the same concepts can be expressed using neutral, colloquial, formal, scientific, or slang terminology. It also discusses characteristics of the colloquial style, such as use of shortened forms, ellipses, and informal phrases. Additionally, it defines terms, professionalisms, and the process of "determinisation" where terms enter common vocabulary.
The document summarizes key aspects of connected speech in English, including rhythm, assimilation, elision, and linking. It defines each concept and provides examples. Rhythm refers to the regular stress pattern in speech. Assimilation is the change in pronunciation of sounds due to surrounding sounds, such as in "newspaper." Elision is the omission of sounds, like the 't' in "night." Linking describes how words and sounds are connected together in fluent speech according to five basic rules.
This document provides a detailed phonetic analysis of vowels in English. It examines tongue position, length, rounding, and nasality of vowels. Tongue position is described based on height in the mouth and which part of the tongue is highest. Length distinguishes long from short vowels. Rounding refers to whether the lips are rounded or spread. The document also discusses how vowels can be distinguished from consonants based on obstruction of air flow and ability to form a syllable nucleus. Diagrams are used to illustrate different tongue positions for front, central, and back vowels.
This document discusses complex word stress in English. It covers several types of complex words formed from affixes or compounds. For words with affixes, the affix may receive primary stress, stress remains on the stem, or stress shifts within the stem. Common suffixes are discussed, some carry their own stress while others do not affect stress placement. Prefixes do not regularly carry or shift stress in predictable ways. Compound words may be stressed on the first or second element depending on the word class. Variable stress can occur in connected speech or between dialects. Word-class pairs with identical spelling but different stress include noun/verb pairs where the verb is stressed on the second syllable and the noun/adjective on the first.
Languagelab 2.2 - Master Liquids, Affricates and Semi-vowelsLanguagelab Group
This document provides an introduction to three types of consonant sounds: liquids, affricates, and semi-vowels. It explains that liquids like /l/ and /r/ allow air to exit smoothly from the mouth. Affricates combine a plosive explosion with friction, making /ch/ and /j/ difficult to pronounce. Semi-vowels like /w/ and /y/ are produced similarly to vowels but without a clear beat. The document includes descriptions and examples of how to pronounce each type of sound, as well as learning activities to practice reading words containing these consonants.
This document discusses phonetics and the production of speech sounds. It describes how speech sounds are made (articulatory phonetics) and the two basic positions of the vocal cords that determine if a sound is voiced or voiceless. It then explains the place of articulation in the mouth where sounds are produced, such as bilabial, labiodental, alveolar, palatal, and velar. Finally, it discusses the manner of articulation, including stops, fricatives, nasals, liquids, glides, and other categories that describe how the articulators interact and affect airflow.
A History Of The English Language By Albert C.Baugh And ThomMaria Perkins
This document provides an overview of the 5th edition of the textbook "A History of the English Language" by Albert C. Baugh and Thomas Cable. It discusses the book's comprehensive exploration of the linguistic and cultural development of English from the Middle Ages to present day. The 5th edition has been revised and updated with recent developments in the field such as expanded sections on African American Vernacular English and Hispanic American English, as well as a new section on gender issues and linguistic change. The document also provides background on the authors and includes contents of the book.
This document discusses English word and sentence structure. It covers morphology, the study of word forms and how words are constructed from morphemes. It defines different types of morphemes such as bound, free, root, stem, derivational, and inflectional morphemes. It also discusses affixes, grammatical morphemes, and the relationship between morphemes and words. The document analyzes how English words are formed through processes like derivation, compounding, acronyms, backformations, and other methods.
The document discusses the past continuous tense in English. It begins by explaining the basic form uses "was/were" plus the present participle. It then discusses several uses of the past continuous including: describing actions that lasted for some time in the past; interrupted actions; actions happening simultaneously; expressing irritation; and asking polite questions. It provides examples for each use and explains how to form past continuous statements, questions, and negative sentences.
The document provides examples of sentences using the present continuous tense to describe actions that are happening now or ongoing. Some key examples include "I am watching TV", "Lara is swimming in the pool", and exercises asking questions like "What are you doing now?" and providing short responses like "I am eating hamburger".
The document discusses weak and strong syllables in English. Weak syllables tend to be unstressed and may contain reduced vowel sounds like schwa. They often occur in function words like "the" and prefixes/suffixes. Strong syllables are stressed and have clearer vowel sounds. The types of segments that can make up syllables and examples of words with different syllable structures are provided.
The document discusses homonyms, which are words that are identical in sound or spelling but have different meanings. It provides examples of different types of homonyms in English, such as lexical homonyms which differ only in meaning (e.g. fair-fare), grammatical homonyms which also differ in part of speech (e.g. milk-to milk), and lexico-grammatical homonyms which differ in both meaning and part of speech (e.g. tear-to tear). The document also examines how homonyms can arise through processes like sound changes, borrowings, shortenings, and the diverging or converging development of word meanings over time.
Morphology is the study of word forms and the rules by which words are formed. There are several types of morphemes including bound morphemes like prefixes and suffixes, free morphemes, root morphemes, stem morphemes, derivational morphemes, inflectional morphemes, and grammatical morphemes. Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning in a language and can be combined to form words. The internal structure of words and how they are built from morphemes is the focus of morphological analysis.
Elision is the omission of sounds in words or phrases to make them easier to pronounce. In English, sounds like vowels, consonants, and syllables are often elided. Elision occurs naturally for native English speakers and is sometimes deliberate. It can be difficult for learners to recognize elided words, especially without exposure to native speakers. Elision involves omitting sounds like /t/ and /d/ between consonants, the schwa vowel before liquids, and occurs in words like "comfortable," "fifth," and contractions like "gonna." Elision skills predict success in reading nonsense words and may be an important part of screening for reading difficulties in children.
The document discusses the history and evolution of languages over time. It describes how Proto-Indo-European was identified as the common ancestor of many European and Indian languages based on similarities between their vocabularies and grammars. It also discusses methods of reconstructing earlier forms of words by comparing cognates across related languages and identifying common sound changes. As an example, it summarizes the major periods in the history of English from Old English to Modern English and some of the phonetic changes that occurred between each period like the loss of the letters þ and ð.
This document provides an overview of grammar concepts across 22 chapters. It begins with basic concepts like parts of speech, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs and their tenses. It then covers additional topics such as degrees of comparison, articles, prepositions, conjunctions, interjections, punctuation and sentence structure. For each topic, there are explanations of key terms and concepts along with examples. Page numbers are provided for reference in AP state syllabus textbooks. The document is intended to help non-English medium students and teachers learn English grammar.
safwat mohamed reda shoaib.english grammer.the paragraphali omar
The document summarizes the eight parts of speech in English grammar: nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. It provides examples and definitions for each part of speech, describing what kind of word it is and how it functions in a sentence. The document also discusses different types of verbs, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, and prepositions. In closing, it wishes the reader good luck in understanding the presentation on parts of speech.
Tenth class state syllabus-text book-em-tm-ap-ts-englishNaukriTuts
Nick Vujicic was born without limbs but has overcome his disability through a positive attitude and strong faith. Despite facing immense challenges due to his condition, he leads an active life playing sports and pursuing hobbies. His parents made the difficult decision to enroll him in mainstream schools to give him independence, which he says was beneficial. Though he faced bullying and depression as a child, he now travels the world giving inspirational speeches about embracing life's difficulties. His message is that having the right attitude can help one achieve more than what seems possible.
The document provides rules for spelling verbs in their various forms in English. It lists common English verbs and their spellings in the present, past, and past participle forms. It also provides examples of rules for changing verb spellings when adding suffixes like -ed or -ing. Additionally, it gives exercises for learners to practice forming verbs in different tenses. The purpose is to teach English spelling rules for verbs to help with grammar.
This document provides guidance on distinguishing different verb tenses when tutoring. It discusses the importance of clarity, consistency, and using the proper verb tense to express the time of an event. It then provides details on identifying verbs and determining the tense based on time clues. Finally, it offers examples and explanations of simple, progressive, and perfect verb tenses in the present, past, and future.
The document provides information about the Common Recruitment Process for recruitment of clerks in participating organizations conducted by the Institute of Banking Personnel Selection. Some key details include:
- The online examination for recruitment of clerks in participating banks is tentatively scheduled for December 2014. Candidates who appear will be shortlisted for a common interview conducted by participating organizations.
- Depending on vacancies, shortlisted candidates will be provisionally allotted to one of the participating organizations based on reservation policies and administrative convenience.
- The participating organizations, eligibility criteria including educational qualifications and age limits, reservation policies and categories, and tentative schedule of events are provided. Reasonable accommodations are available for persons with disabilities.
A comprehensive grammar of the english language quirk greenbaum leech svartvikIvana Jovanovic
English is the most widely spoken language in the world, with over 300 million native speakers. It is used internationally more than any other language, serving as a lingua franca for about a third of the world's population. English functions as a native language, second language, and foreign language in different contexts, playing instrumental, regulatory, communicative, occupational, and creative roles in societies where it is learned as a second language.
English book oxford practice grammar with answersMaria José Silva
This document provides a summary of the key changes between the first and second editions of the book "Practice Grammar with Answers" by John Eastwood.
The second edition contains more units (153 compared to 120), with more two-page units and fewer four-page units. There are now also 25 tests throughout the book. Dialogues and illustrations have been added to explanation pages. Many examples and exercises are new. The characters introduced provide context for grammar explanations and exercises. Additional appendices have been included on topics like word formation, American English, and irregular verbs. Overall, the second edition features more content, exercises, and tests to help learners of English at intermediate level improve their grammar skills.
This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts related to sentences in the English language. It discusses the components of a sentence, including the subject, verb, object, complement and other parts. It also classifies sentences based on meaning into statements, questions, commands, exclamations and optatives. Additionally, it examines sentence structure types such as simple, complex and compound sentences. The document aims to outline the basic structures of simple declarative sentences for communicative English. It concludes by explaining the eight parts of speech that words in a sentence can belong to.
The document defines key terms related to sentences in English grammar, including:
- A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought through a subject and predicate.
- Sentences can be classified based on meaning (statements, questions, commands, exclamations), structure (simple, complex, compound), and affirmative/negative forms.
- The basic parts of a sentence are the subject, verb, object, complement, and adverbial elements. Common sentence structures are described.
- Parts of speech are the building blocks of sentences and include nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections.
Basic grammar (for the weak) [www.itmona.com]Itmona
This document discusses basic grammar concepts including person and number, subject and auxiliary verbs. It explains the differences between singular and plural forms of subjects and objects in the first, second and third person. It also discusses the short forms of auxiliary verbs and how to identify subjects as powerful or powerless to determine if a sentence is active or passive. Key points covered are the forms of subjects as single words or noun phrases and that the subject of a sentence comes before the verb.
This document provides information about parts of speech from Cambrian College's Basic English Grammar department. It defines parts of speech as categories that words fall into based on their functions. It then discusses three main things learned from parts of speech: identifying their category, understanding their word function, and how new words can be formed from existing words. The document goes on to classify parts of speech into eight categories - noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection - and provides examples of each. It also discusses nouns and pronouns in more detail.
This document provides information about tenses in the English language from Cambrian College in Bangladesh. It discusses the present continuous tense and its structure. It also discusses rules for adding "-ing" to verbs and provides examples. Students are asked to identify tenses in sentences, answer questions about simple past and present simple tense, and write a paragraph on environmental pollution using correct tenses. The objectives are to identify tenses, understand tense structures, and use tenses correctly in sentences.
1. A letter is a basic written symbol that represents a sound in a language. The English alphabet consists of 26 letters which are divided into capital letters and small letters.
2. Capital letters are used at the beginning of sentences and for proper nouns like names and days. Small letters are used for all other letters in a word.
3. Vowels are letters that can be pronounced on their own while consonants need a vowel to be pronounced. The English alphabet classifies letters into vowels and consonants.
The document discusses verb tenses and how to change verbs between the past, present, and future tenses. There are three main tenses - past, present, and future. The past tense indicates action that has already occurred. The present tense indicates current or ongoing action. The future tense uses helping verbs like "will" to indicate action that has not yet occurred but will happen. There are specific rules for changing verbs from the present to past tense, such as adding "-ed", doubling consonants, dropping "e" and adding "-ed", changing "y" to "i" and adding "-ed", or changing spelling entirely.
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The document discusses verb tenses and how to change verbs from present to past and future. It outlines the three main tenses - past, present, and future. For past tense, most verbs end in "ed" but there are rules for doubling final consonants, dropping final "e", changing "y" to "i", and changing spelling. Present tense shows current actions using "ing", "s", or "es". Future tense adds "will" before present tense verbs. Examples are provided to demonstrate changing verbs between tenses.
This document provides a short guide to English grammar, defining key terms like parts of speech, clauses, phrases, and verb tenses and aspects. It explains that a word can be divided into a stem and inflections, and a sentence contains a subject, predicate, object, and possibly complement. There are two types of clauses - principal and subordinate. Parts of speech include nouns, articles, verbs, adverbs, prepositions. Verbs are classified by tense, aspect, voice, and mood.
This document provides a short guide to English grammar, defining key terms like parts of speech, clauses, phrases, and parts of a sentence. It explains nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions and their functions. For example, it states a noun is a "name" and denotes things or ideas. A verb expresses an action, with tense, aspect, voice and mood. Overall, the document serves as a basic introduction to grammatical concepts and terminology.
This document provides a short guide to English grammar, defining key terms like parts of speech, clauses, phrases, and verb tenses and aspects. It explains that a word can be divided into a stem and inflections, and a sentence divided into a subject, predicate, object, and complement. There are two types of clauses - principal and subordinate. Parts of speech include nouns, articles, verbs, adverbs, prepositions. Verbs are classified by tense, aspect, voice, and mood.
Eight parts of speech are discussed: nouns, verbs, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. Nouns name people, places, things, or ideas. Verbs express actions or states of being. Pronouns take the place of nouns. Adjectives modify nouns, while adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Prepositions show relationships of nouns or pronouns to other words in a sentence. Conjunctions join words or groups of words. Interjections express emotion. The document provides examples and definitions for understanding these core parts of English grammar.
This document describes a module on adverbs ending in -ly for an English grammar class, including objectives to define and identify adverbs and adjectives, understand their functions, and apply adverbs ending in -ly correctly. It provides an overview, focus questions, activities, assessments, and references to reinforce students' knowledge of adverbs ending in -ly through different exercises.
The document provides information on various grammar concepts related to verbs. It discusses action verbs and direct objects, helping verbs and linking verbs. It also covers forming verbs in the present, past and future tense, subject-verb agreement, irregular verbs, verb phrases using "have", and distinguishing between similar verb pairs like teach/learn and sit/set. The document aims to teach grammar rules for identifying and using different types of verbs.
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The document provides an overview of a four-day communication skills workshop focusing on parts of speech. Day 1 covers parts of speech, Day 2 covers grammar tenses, Day 3 covers sentence formation, and Day 4 recaps and assesses the material. It then goes into detail about different parts of speech, including definitions and examples of nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives and other parts of speech. Exercises are provided to help identify and work with different parts of speech.
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The document discusses a new type of office called a "bong haat" or borderless office. It is an office without physical borders created by a company called Borderless Office LLP in 2018. The borderless office aims to provide flexibility to work from anywhere without being restricted by location.
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Arjun samagra part 4 by samaresh majumdarSouvik Dolui
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This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
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There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
2.
3
‘Be’ verb QvovI appear, become, seem, sound, look, taste, turn BZ¨vw`I linking verb
wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq|
Adverbial: An adverbial is a word or a phrase that adds more information about
place, time, manner, cause or degree to a verb, an adjective, a phrase or another
adverb. ‡hgbt Hamidur Rahman is in our memory.
GLv‡b ‘in our memory’ n‡jv adverbial phrase.
Classification of sentences according to meaning:
Simple English sentence †K Meaning Abyhvqx Communicative grammar Pvi fv‡M
Classify K‡i| †hgb –i. Statements (Assertive) ii. Questions (Interrogative) iii.
Commands (Imperative) Ges iv. Exclamation. Z‡e Traditional Grammar Gi mv‡_ AviI
GK cÖKvi hy³ K‡i †hUv Optative sentence bv‡g cwiwPZ|
1. Statements (Assertive sentences) :
Statements are sentences in which the subject is present and generally comes
before the verb. †hgbt I am going to speak to the manager today.
2. Questions (interrogative sentences) : Questions are sentences started with
either interrogative words or auxiliary verbs. ‡hgb t Will you see him today?
Who do you want to speak to?
3. Commands (imperative sentences) : Commands are the sentences with the
verb in the imperative and usually have no expressed subjects. †hgb t Speak to
the author today.
4. Exclamations (exclamatory sentences) : Exclamations are sentences which
begin with ‘what’ or ‘how’, without inversion of subject and operator and
usually end with an exclamation mark (!). †hgbt What a noise they are making!
5. Optative sentences: Optative sentences are sentences with wish, prayer or
desire. †hgb t May Bangladesh win!
GB cuvP iKg Gi cÖ‡Z¨KwUB Avevi `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| †hgb : i) Affirmative sentence ii)
Negative sentence.
i) Affirmative sentence: n¨uv-evPK ev BwZevPK evK¨‡KB Bs‡iwR‡Z Affirmative sentence e‡j|
†hgb: In our country, corruption is everywhere.
ii) Negative sentence: ‡bwZevPK ev bv-evPK evK¨‡KB Bs‡iwR‡Z Negative sentence e‡j| †hgb:
Farid was not an extrovert.
Classification of sentences according to structures:
Structure Abyhvqx sentence wZbfv‡M fvM Kiv nq| Gi wfwË n‡jv sentence G clause Gi msL¨v
GK ev GKvwaK wKbv Zv| myZivs Avgv‡`i Av‡M Rvb‡Z n‡e clause wK|
Clause: A clause is a group of words that includes a subject and a verb and forms a
sentence or part of a sentence. GB clause-Gi Dcw¯’wZi wfwˇZ sentence simple, complex
ev compound n‡Z cv‡i|
Simple sentence: Sentences containing just one clause are called simple sentence.
‡hgb t She heard an explosion. She phoned the police.
34.
35
Present Tense: When a verb indicates present action, it is Present Tense. Example: I
play football.
Past Tense: When a verb indicates past action, it is Past Tense. Example: I played
football.
Future Tense: When a verb indicates future action, it is Future Tense. Example: I
will play football.
1. There are some 90 universities in Britain.
2. Many overseas students are joining publicly funded higher and further education
institutions in Britain.
3. Higher education in Britain has experienced a dramatic expansion.
4. Britain has been maintaining good standard in higher education since 1989.
Look, all the sentences above are in present tense. But there are differences in the
uses of their verbs. Thus, according to use, each Present, Past and Future tense is
again sub-divided into four classes –
Present Tense
1. Present Indefinite Tense/Simple Present Tense
2. Present Continuous Tense/ Present Progressive Tense
3. Present Perfect Tense
4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Past Tense
1. Past Indefinite Tense/Simple Past Tense
2. Past Continuous Tense/ Past Progressive Tense
3. Past Perfect Tense
4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Future Tense
1. Future Indefinite Tense/Simple Future Tense
2. Future Continuous Tense/Future Progressive Tense
3. Future Perfect Tense
4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Tense
Present Past Future
42.
Rules to remember
Indefinite:
1. Put the verb according to the tense.
Continuous:
1. Put ‘be verb’ before the base form of verb.
2. Add ‘ing’ with the base form of verb.
Perfect:
1. Put ‘have verb’ before the base form of verb.
2. Add ‘past participle’ form of the verb.
Future Tense:
1. Put ‘will’ after the subject.
2. Put the base form of verb.
Details about ‘Be Verb’ and ‘Have Verb’
Be Verb
am, is, are for present tense
was, were for past tense
be can be used as - 1. been (past participle) 2. being (gerund)
Have Verb:
have, has for present tense
had for past tense
heving (gerund)
Details about ‘Base form of Verb’ and ‘Present form of Verb’
Base form of Verb:
The verb which is in its original form without adding any ‘s/es’, ed/en’/t, ‘ing’ etc. If
the verb is broken there will be no meaning. Example: go, sleep and so on.
Present form of Verb:
The verb which is not in its original form, rather there are ‘s/es’, ‘ing’ etc. is a
present form of verb. This type of verb can be broken and after breaking the base
form will be got. Example: goes (go + es), going (go + ing) and so on.
About ‘Person’ and ‘Number’
Person:
There are three types of person –
1. First person : I, me, my, mine, we, our, us, myself, ourselves
2. Second person : you, your, yourself, yourselves
3. Third person : All except first person and second person
Number:
There are two types of number –
1. Singular: Anything means ‘one’.
2. Plural: Anything means ‘more than one’.