Energy is a property that can be transferred or converted into different forms. The sun provides energy for life on Earth through photosynthesis in plants. ATP is produced through cellular respiration and stores energy that organisms use for functions like movement. There are three main energy systems: immediate/phosphocreatine uses stored creatine phosphate and lasts seconds; lactic acid/short-term breaks down glycogen and glucose anaerobically and lasts minutes; aerobic/long-term uses oxygen to break down glucose and fatty acids aerobically, lasting over a minute. Each system powers different durations and intensities of exercise and sport.

1. ENERGY
“Energy is a property of objects which can be
transferred to other objects or converted into lots of
different forms” (Wikipedia 2016)
Thermodynamics- Energy is neither created or
destroyed it is transferred from one to the other.

2. What do we use
ENERGY for and
where does it come
from?
• Movement
• Respiration
• Nutrition
• Excretion
• Growth
• Reproduction
We need energy for muscular
contractions and movement, Circulation
of the blood around the body, Digestion
of food, Repairing and replacing tissues
and Transmission of nerve impulses.
The sun is the source of
thermal energy, heat energy
and light energy is the
reason we have life on earth,
without the sun we would
be non existent.
The heat and light made
from the sun allows
photosynthesis in plants to
happen and the plants grow,
animal eat the plants,
humans eat the animal or
plants which proves them
with carbohydrates, lipid and
protein from this it helps us
form energy (ATP) in which
we use to do a range of
things.
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)-
found in almost every cell, the
production of ATP is mainly made
in mitochondria, at rest ATP
replicates itself again to create
more ATP.
ATP is a phosphate grouped as 3,
ribose and adenosine. To produce
energy the chemical bonds must
break between the grouped
phosphate which is energy rich,
this creates ADP (adenosine
diphosphate).
ATP-> ADP + P + ENERGY
http://www.brooklyn.cuny.edu/bc
/ahp/LAD/C7/graphics/C7_atp_1.G
IF

3. PHOSPHOCREATINE/ IMMEDIATE ENERGY
SYSTEM
ATP and Phosphocreatine (ATP-Pcr system) is stored in the muscles meaning that
when we need it, it is readily available and is immediate when need.
Phosphocreatine is made without the presence of oxygen so it can instantaneous,
meaning it is perfect for those who compete in high intensity exercise that involve
explosive work, but it can only last for a short period of time up to a maximum of
10 seconds as supplies of phosphocreatine are very limited, although you can
improve this by training and improving in high intensity for example sprint, rest,
sprint, rest etc. Also by increasing you diet with food that contain a high count of
Pcr will improve your explosive movement and the period of time you can use it for.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f
/Phosphocreatine.svg/512px-Phosphocreatine.svg.png

4. LACTIC ACID/ SHORT TERM ENERGY SYSTEM
The lactic acid energy system is used for a higher intensity exercise which uses an anaerobic
processes over a longer duration of time than the phosphocreatine system. The ATP uses the
breakdown of glucose and glycogens which are stored in the liver and muscles to create energy
which is used at the beginning of exercise when intensity is higher than aerobic capacity, this period
of time will normally last 60-90 at maximum push. Lactic acid goes through an certain stages to
make ATP which involves glucose that goes through a stage of glycolysis when you start exercising to
make pyruvic acid which then gains a hydrate to forms lactic acids which creates ATP energy for the
body to use, once you stop exercising your body takes in more oxygen and the hydrates convert
back and the cycle in reversed, this process will take longer that the immediate energy system
because it is not instantaneous . The recovery time is approximately 8 minutes and by training it
increases your lactic acid tolerance.
http://f.tqn.com/y/chemistry/1/S/R/K/1/lactic_acid.jpg
Lactic acid element
http://www.chemistryland.com/CHM151S/03-
Counting/ElementalAnalysis/glucose.jpg

5. AEOROBIC/ LONG TERM ENERGY SYSTEM
The aerobic energy system is specific to longer periods of time with low, continuous
intensity exercise that last over a minute to complete. This involves oxygen to
supplement glucose and fatty acids to supply a large amount of ATP to the body to
preform everyday movements and light exercise. Aerobic energy is produced in the
mitochondria which is the enzyme system that is responsible for energy
production, they convert food digested into the energy we need, the process of
energy may take longer than the other energy system because it takes a few
minutes for the heart to pump oxygenated blood to the working muscles.
http://www.ptdirect.com/images/personal-training-3-stages-
of-aerobic-system/@@images/dbc6db28-725b-4865-aafe-
b6fb6c24d4d7.jpeg
Aerobic energy cycle

6. RECOVERY TIME TABLE
SECONDS RECOVERY PPO recovery %
15 seconds 68.7
30 seconds 73.6
45 seconds 78.1
60 seconds 81.0
120 seconds 88.2
180 seconds 92.2

7. ENERGY AMOUNT
SYSTEM MOLECULE ATP MADE
IMMEDIATE CREATINE PHOSPHATE 1
SHORT GLUCOSE 2
SHORT GLYCOGEN 3
LONG GLUCOSE 38
LONG FATTY ACIDS 129
*Fatty acids are very important energy sources because they increase the amount of energy stores in the
body and help you to do things as well as recovery from exercise or things you’ve done in the day.

8. ENERGY AND SPORT EXAMPLE TABLE
DURATION CLASSIFICATION ENGERGY SUPPLIED BY SPORT EXAMPLE
1-4 SECONDS ANAROBIC ATP (IN MUSCLE) SHOT PUT
4-10 SECONDS ANAROBIC ATP + CP JAVLIN
10-45 SECONDS ANAROBIC ATP + CP + MUSCLE
GLYCOGEN
100M SPRINT
45-120 SECONDS ANAROBIC AND LACTIC MUSCLE GLYCOGEN 800M
120-240 SECONDS AEROBIC AND ANAROBIC MUSCLE GLYCOGEN +
LACIC ACID
BOXING ROUND
240-600 SECONDS AEORBIC MUSCLE GLYCOGEN +
FATTY ACIDS
1 MILE RUN

9. References
• Class notes
• Sport and exercises science level 3 guide book edexcel
• http://gloxdalebtecsport.blogspot.co.uk/2011/06/energy-
systems.html
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy
• https://www.brianmac.co.uk/energy.htm (tables)