Energy Storage Innovation – Li-ion and beyond

Energy Storage beyond
Li-ion
Dr Timothy Hughes, Principal Scientist
Siemens Corporate Technology
siemens.tld/keywordUnrestricted © Siemens AG 2016

Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2016
15.11.2016Page 2 T Hughes / CT REE ENS
Contents
• Overall Energy Landscape 3
• Li-ion roadmap 7
• Advanced Flow Batteries 12
• Power2Chemicals 16

“Energiewende 2.0”
Future energy systems are facing a profound transformation
Past Today Mid-term Long-term
<10% 20+% 40+% 60+% 80+%
– Efficiency
– LCC reduction
– Availability / reliability / security
– Decreasing spot market prices
– Subsidized economy
– Increasing redispatch1) operation
– First storage solutions
– Power2Heat, CHP increasing
– Demand side management
– HVDC/AC overlay
– Longer duration storage solutions
– Regional plants, cellular grids
– HVDC overlay and meshed
AC/DC systems
– Power2Chem / CO2toValue
– Stability challenge
– Complete integration of
decentralized power generation
– Storage systems/Power2X
– Return of gas power plants?
– Fossil (coal, gas, oil)
– Nuclear
– Renewables (mainly hydro)
– Fossil (coal, gas, oil)
– Renewables (wind, PV, hydro)
– Capacity markets etc. – Predictable regional “area
generation” (topological plants)
– Interaction of all energy carriers
Traditional mix System integration Market integration Regional
self sustaining systems
Decoupled generation
and consumption
Fierce competition in traditional businesses, need to set benchmark in new or changed markets
Profitable business for new technologies cannot be shown yet – today’s use cases are mainly niche or pilot applications
Energiewende 2.0
1) Corrective action to avoid bottlenecks in power grid

Energy storage indispensible in future ecosystem
– enables customers to cope with arising challenges

Portfolio of technologies will be required to cover diverse range of
requirements
Siemens is developing a wide range of storage technologies to meet the expected need for a portfolio of solutions

Contents

Li-ion market driven by eMobility scale and new applications
eMobility
drives
manufacturing
scale
Scale is driving
price down
Price reduction
is enabling
new
applications
“2 to 3 million all-electric cars a year by 2025”.
Volkswagen June 2016
“50GWh of capacity by 2018”. Tesla June 2016
“Shenzhen has set a target to
make its fleet of 16,000 buses
all powered by batteries by
2017, according to its mayor Xu
Qin.” SCMP Jul 2016
Prices are down 70% in the last 18
months” STEM June 2016 (GTM
Research)
“Entering 2016 GM said its cells cost $145
per kilowatt-hour, and by late 2021, they
could be at the $100 mark.” GM Global
Business Conference 2015
100MW – 400MWh peaker plant
replacement (Southern California Edison
Co/AES Corp)
201MW Enhanced Frequency Response
(National Grid)

Li+
Li
Metal
Porous CarbonOrganic
Electrolyte
2Li+ + S + 2e- Li2S Li2S
Li-ion roadmap driven by eMobility requirements
Gen 2 (LiCoO) Gen 3 (Si Anode, HV spinels, ) Gen 4 (Li-S/solid state) Gen 5 (Li-O2)
Evolutionary Disruptive Jump
(Different System)
Incumbent Technology at scale
Dominated by small number of
large players
Commoditised  disappearing
margin
Key Challenges
1. Mechanical stability of anode (large
volume change during cycling – 3-
400%)
Key Challenges
1. Sulphur Cathode – novel carbon –
sulphur materials
2. Electrolyte – minimise electrode
interaction
3. Li-anode passivation to avoid dendrite
formation
4. Device operation to optimise
operation
Key Challenges
1. Air Cathode – novel carbon
materials
2. Electrolyte – minimise anode
interaction and O2
3. Li-anode passivation to avoid
dendrite formation
4. Device operation to optimise
operation
Limited Deployment Laboratory devices
280Wh/kg 600Wh/kg350Wh/kg 900Wh/kg
Li+
LixC6 Li1-xCoO2Organic
Electrolyte
3/2 LiC6+Li0.5CoO2 3C + LiCoO2
Limited Deployment
Li+
Li15C4 Li1-xCoO2Organic
Electrolyte
4Si + 15Li+ + 15e- Li15Si4
Li+
Li
Metal
Porous Carbon
& catalyst
Organic
Electrolyte
2Li+ + O2 + 2e- Li2O2
Li2O2
O2

Innovation not only happens at the cell level
New Applications in eMobility
The fully electric aircraft Magnus
eFusion in flight over the
Matkopuszta airfield in Hungary.
The first electric car and passenger ferry in the world, Ampere was
equipped by Siemens in cooperation with shipbuilder Fjellstrand.
With three battery packs, one on board and one at each pier, it is
completely free of emissions

Innovation not only happens at the cell level
The role of Digitalisation

Contents

What is a Flow Battery?
A flow battery, or redox flow battery (after
reduction–oxidation), is a type of rechargeable
battery. The rechargeability is provided by two
chemical components dissolved in liquids contained
within the system and separated by a membrane.
The energy capacity is a function of the electrolyte
volume (amount of liquid electrolyte) and the power a
function of the surface area of the electrodes.
Many opportunities with different chemistries
1. Enables long duration storage – 6 to 10 hours
2. Lifetime in excess of 10,000 cycles – 20 years
3. 100% DoD possible with no degradation

Engineered Molecules offer disruptive opportunity for costs of both
electrolyte and stack
Research Programs
Polyoxometallate Flow Batterys are based on
mega-ions containing multiple transition metal redox
centers (use molecules containing 3 – 19 Me atoms
 6 – 38 e- per molecule)
Symmetric Organic Flow Batteries are based on
organic molecules with metallic or non metallic redox
centers with a symmetric redox transfer mechanism
Polyoxometallate Flow Batterys
Symmetric Organic Flow Batteries

First results from collaborations show promising results
Research Programs
Chemistry screening where a number of tests are
undertaken on a wide range of potential chemistries
and a short list prepared
Lab scale demonstration where stationary cells and
small scale flow cells are used to determine,
Membrane dynamics, Capacity retention, Faradaic
efficiency and Stability vs environment

Contents

The chemical industry faces significant challenges
 Growing carbon emissions
 Finite resources
 Security of supply for both energy and raw materials
The chemical industry therefore faces significant challenges:
These large challenges represent an opportunity through electrification of the chemical
industry.
It is dependent on hydrocarbons for raw materials and energy for production.
The chemicals industry is a vital part of modern life –
e.g. Fertilisers for food, steel processing, plastics and so on.

Hydrogen is the fundamental technology for Power2Chemicals

The existing chemical industry emissions conflict with initiatives to avoid
climate change
1) Chemical and Petrochemical Sector – IEA2009 2) Key World Energy Statistics – IEA2014
Chemical Industry Emissions
1255 MT/yr CO2
1
 4% world total2
1.1TW 1
 8.2% world total2
UK target of 80% cut in emissions by 2050
EU wide target of 40% cut in emissions by
2030
Climate Act Requirements
≠
Top 10 Chemicals / Processes:
1) Steam cracking
2) Ammonia
3) Aromatics extraction
4) Methanol
5) Butylene
6) Propylene FCC
7) Ethanol
8) Butadiene (C4 sep.)
9) Soda ash
10) Carbon black
Ammonia: 1.8% of the world consumption of fossil energy goes into the production of ammonia. 90% of
ammonia production is based on natural gas.
Opportunity: carbon – free synthesis of chemicals powered by renewable energy

Beyond Hydrogen – Ammonia?
Source: World Fertilizer Trends and Outlook to 2018, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Global fertilizer nutrient consumption
161.829
161.659
170.845
176.784
180.079
183.175
186.895
190.732
193.882
197.19
200.522
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
MillionMT
 A gas, produced by the chemical industry. Over 80% of ammonia is used in the fertiliser
industry.
 Demand for fertiliser, as shown in the graph (including projected growth to 2018), is growing at
+3%pa1.
 Current production levels of Ammonia are about 180m t/year. The commodity value is €600-
€700/t, leading to a commodity market value of over €100bn/year
 Production today uses the Haber-Bosch process and relies on natural gas as a feedstock.
Ammonia

With renewable energy, the ammonia cycle is carbon free
Electrochemically
Produced Ammonia
++
WaterN2 from air Renewable Electricity
=

Opportunity exists in technology for ammonia synthesis and power
conversion
Ammonia
Synthesizer
Technology
Ammonia
Power
Conversion
Technology
Ammonia Storage
Technology
Electrochemically
Produced Ammonia
++
WaterN2 from air Renewable Electricity

• Being built at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, near
Oxford, UK.
• Project 50% supported by Innovate UK
(UK government funding agency).
Decoupling Green Energy: “green” ammonia synthesis and energy storage
system demonstrator
• Evaluation of all-electric synthesis
and energy storage demonstration
system by Dec 2017.

Site layout
Nitrogen
generator
Hydrogen electrolysis and
ammonia synthesis
Combustion and
energy export
Gas store, including
ammonia tank
Control roomWind turbine and grid
connection

Portfolio of technologies will be required to cover diverse range of
requirements
Siemens is developing a wide range of storage technologies to meet the expected need for a portfolio of solutions

Contact
Dr Tim Hughes
Principal Scientist Energy Storage
Corporate Technology, CT REE ENS
Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
Oxford OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
Tel.: +44 1235 446903
Mobil: +44 7808 825686
mailto:timothy.hughes@siemens.com
siemens.com

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