Southeast Asia comprises an extraordinarily diverse set of countries with vast differences in the scale and patterns of energy use and energy resources endowments. Indonesia and Thailand have been selected to be compared because they are the two largest consumers in energy sector in the region and both countries still similarly rely on energy imports such as oil. They have been facing challenges in energy policy reformation distorting energy markets. The combined energy status of Indonesia and Thailand not only aims at providing policy makers with an understanding of the energy trends and challenges being faced by the countries up to the next two decades, but also at confidently convincing them the future energy pathways to unlocking energy efficiency potential and investment. This work contains data and information on pattern of energy use in the past, present, and future, some economic and political factors that may be affecting energy demand and supply of Indonesia and Thailand. Key energy issues that need to be considered are introduced. The potential future energy pathways are included and compared between the countries. Investment opportunities in each country are also identified.
Marketing Strategy for Renewable Energy development In Indonesia Context TodayMercu Buana University
Economic development depends on the availability of energy, especially in supporting the current government’s development priorities to build the infrastructure sector in Indonesia, while the goal of development is to improve the nation’s competitiveness this research aims to investigate the opportunity to reduce fossil energy and switch to renewable energy. One of the efforts to improve long-term national energy security length is through reducing dependence on fossil energy, and the government must take swift action to use renewable energy. The methodology in this research uses internal factor evaluation analysis, external factor evaluation and SWOT matrix. Furthermore, the data used is secondary data in the period 2017–2022 coming from various official sources. The development of renewable energy in the world followed by the technology, more advanced technology used, the cost of investment and renewable energy tariffs will be cheaper, thus will be more competitive with electricity from fossil energy. Currently the installed power generation capacity in Indonesia is 57 gigawatts, of which 86% still use fossil energy and the remaining is renewable energy. Renewable energy in Indonesia becomes a very potent alternative, where the energy source depends on the geographical area and the source of energy it produces. The potential of renewable energy in Indonesia is very big, Indonesia has 40% geothermal potential in the world.
Marketing Strategy for Renewable Energy development In Indonesia Context TodayMercu Buana University
Economic development depends on the availability of energy, especially in supporting the current government’s development priorities to build the infrastructure sector in Indonesia, while the goal of development is to improve the nation’s competitiveness this research aims to investigate the opportunity to reduce fossil energy and switch to renewable energy. One of the efforts to improve long-term national energy security length is through reducing dependence on fossil energy, and the government must take swift action to use renewable energy. The methodology in this research uses internal factor evaluation analysis, external factor evaluation and SWOT matrix. Furthermore, the data used is secondary data in the period 2017–2022 coming from various official sources. The development of renewable energy in the world followed by the technology, more advanced technology used, the cost of investment and renewable energy tariffs will be cheaper, thus will be more competitive with electricity from fossil energy. Currently the installed power generation capacity in Indonesia is 57 gigawatts, of which 86% still use fossil energy and the remaining is renewable energy. Renewable energy in Indonesia becomes a very potent alternative, where the energy source depends on the geographical area and the source of energy it produces. The potential of renewable energy in Indonesia is very big, Indonesia has 40% geothermal potential in the world.
ADB Economics Working Paper Series
Power Sector Development in Myanmar
Kee-Yung Nam, Maria Rowena Cham,
and Paulo Rodelio Halili
No. 460 | October 2015
Kee-Yung Nam (kynam@adb.org) is Principal
Economist, Maria Rowena Cham (rmcham@adb.org) is
Senior Economics Officer, and Paulo Rodelio Halili
(phalili@adb.org) is Senior Economics Officer at the
Economic Research and Regional Cooperation
Department, Asian Development Bank (ADB).
This paper was written as a background paper for the
ADB Myanmar Country Diagnostics Study. The authors
wish to thank Ron Ico, Lyndree Malang, and Lotis Quiao
for their excellent research support.
What Are The Plans of Indonesia to Reduce The Carbon Footprint in The Energy ...Dimas Naufal Al Ghifari
An analysis of Indonesia's readiness in embracing the development of its renewable energy sources in a form of consulting slides. An overview analysis of the present energy situation is established followed by the highlights of the current key renewables-related policies and regulations. Numerous remarks and recommendations are presented at the end.
A Civil Society Organization and Networks Position Paper with Suggested Issue...ENVIRONMENTALALERTEA1
This position paper is an output from several CSOs engagements coordinated by Environmental
Alert with financial support from Norad within the framework of ‘Increasing access to
sustainable and renewable energy alternatives in the AlbertineGraben’ that is implemented
by WWF-Uganda Country Office
The demand of energy is dramatically increased nowadays and the demand either can renewable or non renewable depends on the drawbacks. Hence, non renewable energies show the better performance where the limitations are comprisable very few and environmental friendly. Already developed countries are being used renewable energies as the main sources of energy to produce electricity where it proved the less easy and more benefits. However, non renewable energies such as natural gas, gas generator and so on still have been producing more and more electricity and this amount is around 10 times more than renewable energies especially developing countries like Bangladesh. This paper is being discussed the importance of renewable energies and non renewable energies to produce electricity, comparing the different countries electricity production and the using sources. Here analysis the data of different power plants in Bangladesh and the types of fuel, CO2 emission and electricity production. In additionally, Gazipur district has been selected to show the power consumption factories with the cost analysis in selected fuel types.
ADB Economics Working Paper Series
Power Sector Development in Myanmar
Kee-Yung Nam, Maria Rowena Cham,
and Paulo Rodelio Halili
No. 460 | October 2015
Kee-Yung Nam (kynam@adb.org) is Principal
Economist, Maria Rowena Cham (rmcham@adb.org) is
Senior Economics Officer, and Paulo Rodelio Halili
(phalili@adb.org) is Senior Economics Officer at the
Economic Research and Regional Cooperation
Department, Asian Development Bank (ADB).
This paper was written as a background paper for the
ADB Myanmar Country Diagnostics Study. The authors
wish to thank Ron Ico, Lyndree Malang, and Lotis Quiao
for their excellent research support.
What Are The Plans of Indonesia to Reduce The Carbon Footprint in The Energy ...Dimas Naufal Al Ghifari
An analysis of Indonesia's readiness in embracing the development of its renewable energy sources in a form of consulting slides. An overview analysis of the present energy situation is established followed by the highlights of the current key renewables-related policies and regulations. Numerous remarks and recommendations are presented at the end.
A Civil Society Organization and Networks Position Paper with Suggested Issue...ENVIRONMENTALALERTEA1
This position paper is an output from several CSOs engagements coordinated by Environmental
Alert with financial support from Norad within the framework of ‘Increasing access to
sustainable and renewable energy alternatives in the AlbertineGraben’ that is implemented
by WWF-Uganda Country Office
The demand of energy is dramatically increased nowadays and the demand either can renewable or non renewable depends on the drawbacks. Hence, non renewable energies show the better performance where the limitations are comprisable very few and environmental friendly. Already developed countries are being used renewable energies as the main sources of energy to produce electricity where it proved the less easy and more benefits. However, non renewable energies such as natural gas, gas generator and so on still have been producing more and more electricity and this amount is around 10 times more than renewable energies especially developing countries like Bangladesh. This paper is being discussed the importance of renewable energies and non renewable energies to produce electricity, comparing the different countries electricity production and the using sources. Here analysis the data of different power plants in Bangladesh and the types of fuel, CO2 emission and electricity production. In additionally, Gazipur district has been selected to show the power consumption factories with the cost analysis in selected fuel types.
An in depth analysis of the evolution of the policy mix for the sustainable e...Araz Taeihagh
Global warming and the acute domestic air pollution in China have necessitated transition to a sustainable energy system away from coal-dominated energy production. Through a systematic review of the national policy documents, this study investigates the policy mix adopted by the Chinese government to facilitate its energy transition and how that policy mix has evolved between 1981 and 2020. The chronological analysis emphasizes two dimensions of temporal changes in the policy mix: (1) changes in the policy intensity and density, and (2) the shift in policy instrument combinations. The policy mix has evolved from a few authority-based instruments to the current response that has a large density of instruments with a good diversity of instrument types. The Chinese government imposes an increasing policy intensity on air pollution abatement and a decreasing policy intensity on renewable energy support, and experiments with innovative policy instruments to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. The evolutionary trajectory features layering new policy instruments, calibrating existing ones and some degree of policy replacement and sequencing. Overall, the study shows that the Chinese government has adopted a complex mix of policy instruments to abate emissions (e.g. carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide) in the coal-based energy system and to support renewable energy technologies. The study provides an in-depth understanding of Chinese policy design in the environment and energy fields and contributes to the public policy literature by filling a research gap – the comparative lack of empirical analyses on the temporal changes in the policy mixes.
Annual report issued by the International Energy Agency. This newest report examines the critical role of price for crude oil in "rebalancing" supply and demand. The authors note the process of rebalancing (getting to higher prices) is rarely a smooth adjustment. Indeed! In the central scenario of this year's report, a tightening oil balance leads to a price around $80 per barrel by 2020--just five short years away.
South East Asia is widely recognised as a leading location for direct investment, with an existing strong and diverse industry base. One of the most exciting areas of opportunity in the region is Renewable Energy (RE). South East Asia is a huge potential market for RE. In this Paper, we examine the potential for Renewable Energy in Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. In addition to the 6 countries which we have examined in this Paper, further huge opportunities will likely exist in other ASEAN territories, such as Myanmar, Cambodia and Laos.
Energy Low Emission Development Strategies in Asia: A Regional Overview and E...Worldwatch Institute
1. Welcome & Introduction: Alexander Ochs, Worldwatch Institute, LEDS-EWG Chair
2. Introduction to the LEDS Asia Regional Platform and the Importance of Energy in Asia: S.S. Krishnan, Center for Study of Science, Technology and Policy, LEDS-EWG Co-Chair for Asia
3. Key Low-Emission Energy Developments in Asia: Beni Suryadi, ASEAN Centre for Energy
4. Learning from Thailand’s Clean Energy Strategy: Bundit Limmeechokchai, Thammasat University
5. Q&A
6. Survey
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Energy Services Market: Conceptual Framework and Mechanism of FormingIJCMESJOURNAL
The energy services market is the youngest, compared to other types of energy markets, but also the most actively expanding worldwide in two priority areas: energy efficiency and renewable energy sources. At the same time, the incompleteness of the theoretical foundations substantially slows down its development. This paper provides an overview of the legal and regulatory frameworks associated with energy services market formation, brings together conceptual ideas and innovation studies from developed countries, and offers a theoretical foundations (model) of the energy services market formation based on the synergetic combination of energy systems requirements analysis and set theory. A new organizational structure of the energy services market clients’ interaction with energy-and-fuel markets, markets of energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies and markets of consumers, as well as a new organizational mechanism for supporting the effective functioning of the energy services market based on a system of corresponding equations are proposed. In general, the proposed framework allows the researchers and engineers to define in more depth and more clearly the system-coordinated pathways to improve the energy services market functioning.
A Comparative Analysis of Renewable Energy Policies and its Impact on Economi...ssuser793b4e
Renewable energy has been identified as a critical component of
global efforts to address climate change, enhance energy security, and foster
sustainable economic growth. As a result, many countries have implemented
renewable energy policies to promote the development and deployment of
renewable energy technologies. However, the impact of these policies on
economic growth remains a subject of debate. This article provides a
comparative analysis of renewable energy policies and their impact on
economic growth. The study employs a systematic review of the literature and
utilizes qualitative and quantitative methods to compare renewable energy
policies and their economic impacts across different countries. The findings
suggest that the impact of renewable energy policies on economic growth
varies across countries and is influenced by factors such as policy design,
institutional context, and economic structure. This research article finally,
examined the challenges associated with implementing renewable energy
policies, analyzed the implications of the findings for policymakers and
further gave some potential solutions that will help the policymakers and
future researchers
Similar to ENERGY STATUS AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY PLANS OF MAJOR ENERGY CONSUMERS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA : INDONESIA AND THAILAND (20)
Call for Papers - 8th International Conference on Electrical & Computer Engin...AEIJjournal2
8th International Conference on Electrical & Computer Engineering (E& C 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications impacts and challenges of Electrical & Computer Engineering. The conference documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development of Electrical & Computer Engineering. The aim of the conference is to provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to meet and share cutting-edge development in the field.
Authors are solicited to contribute to the conference by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in the following areas, but are not limited to:
DYNAMICS IN THE HISTORY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF MAN: REFOCUSING ON ECOLOG...AEIJjournal2
Man’s history and development endeavours have beenadvancing alongside a trail of ecological
ramifications and climate change. Since prehistoric times, scientists have not recorded an accelerated shift
in the ecologyof the planet during any other epoch beside that of modern man. The paper seeks to explore
how man’s history and developmentaffects ecologyand climate. It uses desk analysis to recollect data from
global assessment reportsand runs a One paired Sample Means t-Test, 1 tailed, 8 df, at Pearson
Correlation value 0.458 and 0.5 alpha level. Findings show that, there is globalclimate change, seen in
global warming trends; andimbalance in ecological footprint, seen in depletion of air, water and land
sinks. The t-Test reveals significant net loss of global forest cover.The study also,apparently found that,
processes ofdevelopment generally tend to damage ecology. Therefore,the study recommends a refocus to
sustainable means of development.
Direct Alcohol Alkaline Fuel Cell as Future ProspectusAEIJjournal2
Fuel cells are called the fourth electricity power generation after water, nuclear power generation devices.
Fuel cells are widely recognized as very attractive devices to obtain directly electric energy from the
electrochemical combustion of chemical products. When fuel cells are continuously supplied fuel and
oxidant, electricity can be made constantly. According to the different electrolytes, fuel cells can be divided
into different types among them, alkaline fuel cell is best as compared to others ones. Due to the activation
overvoltage at the cathode is generally less than that with an acid electrolyte and there are very few
standard chemicals that are cheaper than potassium hydroxide. These fuel cells have longer lifetimes, and
do not require expensive noble metal catalysts to be used. Noble metal catalysts may be used, but less is
needed to achieve a similar reaction rate. The main objective of the study is to use different kind of
alcohols in alkaline fuel cell and determined the characteristics at different parameter.
COMPARING ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF DOMESTIC SOLAR WATER HEATER INSTALLATION IN...AEIJjournal2
Adequate and consistent energy supply is often regarded as a major factor in the development of any
country. To add to this, the depletion of fossil fuels has also emphasised the need for alternate renewable
energy solutions to meet global energy needs without inflicting any serious environmental impacts. Solar
energy is globally acknowledged for its vast potential, as a source of providing most of the heating, cooling
and electricity needs of the world. One of the most effective uses of solar energy is water heating. The use
of solar energy to heat water has been proven to be a very economical, efficient and environmental friendly
option for domestic as well as commercial applications. This study compares the feasibility of domestic
solar water heater installation in three major cities of Pakistan i.e. Lahore, Karachi and Peshawar. The
results show the solar water heater installation is most feasible in Peshawar, among the three selected
cities.
FREE CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER OF NANOFLUIDS FROM A HORIZONTAL PLATE EMBEDDED ...AEIJjournal2
In this paper the natural convection heat transfer from a horizontal plate embedded in a porous medium
saturated with a nanofluid is numerically analyzed. By a similarity approach the partial differential
equations are reduced to a set of two ordinary differential equations. In order to evaluate the influence of
nanoparticles on the heat transfer, Ag and Cuo as the nanoparticles were selected. Results show that heat
transfer rate (Nur) is a decreasing function of volume fraction of nanoparticles.
GDQ SIMULATION FOR FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER OF A NANOFLUID OVER A NONLINEARLY S...AEIJjournal2
This paper presents the generalized differential quadrature (GDQ) simulation for analysis of a nanofluid
over a nonlinearly stretching sheet. The obtained governing equations of flow and heat transfer are
discretized by GDQ method and then are solved by Newton-Raphson method. The effects of stretching
parameter, Brownian motion number (Nb), Thermophoresis number (Nt) and Lewis number (Le), on the
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ASSESSING PERCEPTUAL VIDEO QUALITY IN WIMAX NETWORKS AEIJjournal2
This paper presents an approach for assessing the perceptual quality of wireless video networking
applications transmitted via WiMAX, the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access air interface
standard. The Video Quality Model developed by Information Administration’s Video Quality Expert
Group is used to benchmark perceptual video quality.
Layer-Type Power Transformer Thermal Analysis Considering Effective Parameter...AEIJjournal2
Since large power transformers belong to the most valuable assets in electrical power networks it is
suitable to pay higher attention to these operating resources. Thermal impact leads not only to long-term
oil/paper-insulation degradation; it is also a limiting factor for the transformer operation. Therefore, the
knowledge of the temperature, especially the hottest spot (HST) temperature, is of high interest. This paper
presents steady state temperature distribution of a power transformer layer-type winding using conjugated
heat transfer analysis, therefore energy and Navier-Stokes equations are solved using finite difference
method. Meanwhile, the effects of load conditions and type of oil on HST are investigated using the model.
Oil in the transformer is assumed nearly incompressible and oil parameters such as thermal conductivity,
special heat, viscosity, and density vary with temperature. Comparing the results with those obtained from
finite integral transform checks the validity and accuracy of the proposed method
STUDY OF THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A DYESENSITIZED SOLAR CELLSAEIJjournal2
The dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) have gained the last decades an important place among photovoltaic
technologies due to their low-cost of implementation and their performance, which becomes more efficient.
The experimental data for this type of cells are enriched and accumulated quickly, given the enthusiasm for
this new technology. The present work treats the equivalent circuit of a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) for
a model in an exponential, and by using the results of some works, we shall make a simulation by the
software Scilab to obtain the characteristics (I-V), then we will study the influence of every parameter on
the curve.
TRANSIENT STABILITY IMPROVEMENT OF POWER SYSTEMS BY OPTIMAL SIZING AND ALLOCA...AEIJjournal2
Employing Resistive Superconducting Fault Current Limiters (RSFCL) is one of the practical and effective
methods to improve the transient stability of a power system by limiting the fault current. Regarding
technical and economical constraints, optimal sizing and allocation of RSFCLs in a power system is of
significant importance. It is the purpose of this paper to propose an algorithm based on the Particle Swarm
Optimization (PSO) in order to improve the transient stability of a power system by optimal sizing and
allocation of RSFCLs. The proposed algorithm is next applied to the New England 39-bus test system as a
case study and the results are simulated in Matlab. Simulation results reveal that in the case of employing
RSFCLs with sizes and locations resulted from the optimization algorithm, the transient stability of the
power system under study is improved. Furthermore, it seems that the optimal locations of RSFCLs are to
some extent near the fault location.
A Review on RDB to RDF Mapping for Semantic WebAEIJjournal2
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of data is done in the semantic web. The data stored in RDB is to be efficiently mapped to the semantic web
or RDF for data availability to the users. There is a definite need for improvement in technologies for
efficient mapping languages from RDB to RDF in semantic web. This paper presents an up-to-date survey
of different RDB to RDF mapping languages proposed in recent times. It outlines the main features or
characteristics to be considered for efficient mapping in different scenarios. The main objective of this
content, pictures identification of limitations existing in the mapping languages. It also enhances the
comparisons between each language and helps researchers to propose further better proposals in their
future scope of work to improve better mapping techniques.
Dynamics in the History and Economic Development of Man: Refocusing on Ecolog...AEIJjournal2
Man’s history and development endeavours have beenadvancing alongside a trail of ecological
ramifications and climate change. Since prehistoric times, scientists have not recorded an accelerated shift
in the ecologyof the planet during any other epoch beside that of modern man. The paper seeks to explore
how man’s history and developmentaffects ecologyand climate. It uses desk analysis to recollect data from
global assessment reportsand runs a One paired Sample Means t-Test, 1 tailed, 8 df, at Pearson
Correlation value 0.458 and 0.5 alpha level. Findings show that, there is globalclimate change, seen in
global warming trends; andimbalance in ecological footprint, seen in depletion of air, water and land
sinks. The t-Test reveals significant net loss of global forest cover.The study also,apparently found that,
processes ofdevelopment generally tend to damage ecology. Therefore,the study recommends a refocus to
sustainable means of development.
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A way of exploiting the solar energy is to use cells photovoltaic which convert the energy conveyed by the
incidental radiation in a continuous electric current. This conversation is based on the photovoltaic effect
engendered by the absorption of photons. A part of the absorbed photons generates pairs electron-hole in
which an electric field created in the zone of load of space of a junction p–n.
Thus, the junction p-n, its characteristics, its components and its dimensions are the parameters
responsible of the efficiency and the performances of a solar cell. To study this, we are going to use a very
known software in the mode of the simulation of solar cells, the PC1D, and we are going, at the end, to
draw a conclusion around the ideal parameters that a good solar cell has to have.
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This paper contributes to design a Wind Emulator coupled to 1.5 kW Induction generator for Wind Energy
Conversion System. A wind turbine emulator (WTE) is important equipment for developing wind energy
conversion systems. It offers a controllable test environment that allows the evaluation and improvement of
control schemes for electric generators that is hard to achieve with an actual wind turbine since the wind
speed varies randomly. In this paper a wind emulator is modelled and simulated using MATLAB.
Verification of the simulation results is done by experimental setup using DC motor-Induction generator
set, LABVIEW and data acquisition card.
EVALUATING MATHEMATICAL HEAT TRANSFER EFFECTIVENESS EQUATIONS USING CFD TECHN...AEIJjournal2
Mathematical heat transfer equations for finned double pipe heat exchangers based on experimental work
carried out in the 1970s can be programmed in a spreadsheet for repetitive use. Thus avoiding CFD
analysis which can be time consuming and costly. However, it is important that such mathematical
equations be evaluated for their accuracy. This paper uses CFD methods in evaluating the accuracy of
mathematical equations. Several models were created with varying; geometry, flue gas entry temperature,
and flow rates. The analysis should provide designers and manufacturers a judgment on the expected level
of accuracy when using mathematical modelling methodology. This paper simultaneously identifies best
practices in carrying out such CFD analysis.
Co integration Relationship Between Economic Growth, Export and Electricity C...AEIJjournal2
Energy dependent small developing island states are besieged to sustain potential rate of growth. This is
due to increase in energy prices and lack of evidence based policy on long term sustainable energy use.
This paper examines the long run relationship between economic growth, export and electricity
consumption in Fiji over the period 1981-2011. Employing Granger causality test it is found that there is
cointegrating relationship between economic growth, export and electricity consumption. The casual
relationship between the variables was investigated within the error correction model framework. We
found that in the long run causality runs from electricity consumption and export to economic growth.
Based on this empirical analysis some important policy implications are suggested.
Effect of Zn Concentration On Structural and Optical Proprieties Of ZNO Thin ...AEIJjournal2
ZnO thin film were deposited by spray pyrolysis on glass substrates, using zinc nitrate as precursor with
different molar concentrations varying from 0.05M to 0.2 M. To study the structural proprieties of the film ,
the different technique was used as the X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy (AFM), Raman
scattering , and FTIR . The optical properties were explored by transmission, reflectivity and
Photoluminescence techniques. The ZnO thin films obtained in this paper are polycrystallines, the grain
size increases when the molar concentration of Zn precursor was increasing. The films are transparent in
visible region, this transmission values decreases when the molar concentration increase caused by the
increasing of surface roughness
Split Second Analysis Covering High Pressure Gas Flow Dynamics At Pipe Outlet...AEIJjournal2
A detailed investigation covering piped gas flow characteristics in high pressure flow conditions. Such flow
analysis can be resolved using established mathematical equations known as the Fanno condition, which
usually cover steady state, or final flow conditions. However, in real life, such flow conditions are
transient, varying with time. This paper uses CFD analysis providing a split second “snapshot” at what
happens at the pipe outlet, and therefore, a closer understanding at what happens at the pipe’s outlet in
high pressure gas flow condition.
In this example air was selected for simulation purposes. In HVAC applications, such gas flow conditions
can occur in typical applications such as; air compressors releasing high pressure air through a pipe, or
compressor over pressure refrigerant gas being released into the atmosphere via a discharge pipe.
Investigation has shown that rather than a steady mass flow rate condition occurring at the pipe outlet,
calculated by the Fanno flow condition, a spiked increase in flow rate occurs at the beginning,and then
stabilizing after a few seconds, with relatively minor ripples in flow rate. Other observations were also
made and commented.
CFD results in mass flow rate were compared with the mathematically derived results, differences were
recorded. The CFD analysis showed how the k-omega turbulence model performed well, with the processor
stabilizing at an early stage.
The Force Convection Heat Transfer of A Nanofluid Over A Flat Plate: Using Th...AEIJjournal2
Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Energy Engineering and allied fields. This multi disciplinary journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Energy Engineering.
A MODIFIED ANT COLONY ALGORITHM FOR SOLVING THE UNIT COMMITMENT PROBLEMAEIJjournal2
Solving the unit commitment (UC) problem is one of the most complicated issues in power systems that its
exact solving can be calculated by perfect counting of entire possible compounds of generative units. UC is
equated as a nonlinear optimization with huge size. Purpose of solving this problem is to programming the
optimization of the generative units to minimize the full action cost regarding problem constraints. In this
article, a modified version of ant colony optimization (MACO) is introduced for solving the UC problem in
a power system. ACO algorithm is a powerful optimization method which has the capability of fleeing from
local minimums by performing flexible memory system. The efficiency of proposed method in two power
system containing 4 and 10 generative units is indicated. Comparison of obtained results from the proposed
method with results of the past well-known methods is a proof for suitability of performing the introduced
algorithm in economic input and output of generative units.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
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ENERGY STATUS AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY PLANS OF MAJOR ENERGY CONSUMERS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA : INDONESIA AND THAILAND
1. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 5, No. 1, January 2018
DOI : 10.5121/aeij.2018.5101 1
ENERGY STATUS AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY
PLANS OF MAJOR ENERGY CONSUMERS IN
SOUTHEAST ASIA : INDONESIA AND
THAILAND
Prattana Kaewpet1
and Sandy A. Kerr2
1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s Institute
of Technology Ladkrabang, Chalongkrung 1 Rd., Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand.
10520. Tel.: +66 (0)97 939-5269
2
International Center for Island Technology, School of Energy, Geoscience,
Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt Univeristy, Old Academy, Back Road,
Stromness, Orkney, KW16 3AW, Scotland. Tel.: +44(0) 1856 850 605.
ABSTRACT
Southeast Asia comprises an extraordinarily diverse set of countries with vast differences in the scale and
patterns of energy use and energy resources endowments. Indonesia and Thailand have been selected to be
compared because they are the two largest consumers in energy sector in the region and both countries
still similarly rely on energy imports such as oil. They have been facing challenges in energy policy
reformation distorting energy markets. The combined energy status of Indonesia and Thailand not only
aims at providing policy makers with an understanding of the energy trends and challenges being faced by
the countries up to the next two decades, but also at confidently convincing them the future energy
pathways to unlocking energy efficiency potential and investment. This work contains data and information
on pattern of energy use in the past, present, and future, some economic and political factors that may be
affecting energy demand and supply of Indonesia and Thailand. Key energy issues that need to be
considered are introduced. The potential future energy pathways are included and compared between the
countries. Investment opportunities in each country are also identified.
This paper highlights:
• Trends in domestic energy use prospects
• Economic and political factors influencing energy demand and supply
• The future potential energy pathways
• Key Energy Issues and energy-related CO2 emission
KEYWORDS
alternative energy, energy issues, energy policy, Indonesia, Thailand
1. TRENDS IN DOMESTIC ENERGY USE PROSPECTS
The association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is a political and economic organization of
ten Southeast Asian countries formed in 1967 (Clean Technica, 2016). Primary energy mix in
2. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 5, No. 1, January 2018
2
ASEAN region dominated by fossil fuels, which includes oil, natural gas and coal making up
more than three-quarters of demand. Coal used in ASEAN has been taking part in the share of
energy mix by 16% since 1990. Modern forms of renewable energy are given increasing interest
in deployment, which currently account for 12% of the primary energy mix (IEA, 2015). As the
economies of the region continuously grows, the energy security and sustainable development
need to be maintained via strong measures and strengthen policies (Summary, 2015). By 2025, a
target of the share of renewable energy in the regional fuel mix decided by the Energy ministers
of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is 23% (Clean Technica, 2016 and IEEJ,
2015).
ASEAN has high interest in expanding renewable-based electricity because of the multiple
energy security and environmental benefits on offer, such as better diversity in the power mix,
slower growth in energy imports and decreased local air pollution.Thailand is one of a member
states among 9 other countries comprising Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia,
Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, and Vietnam. It has financial support measures such as feed-in
tariffs (FiT) and tax exemptions to accelerate renewable deployment (Clean Technica, 2015).
Fig. 1: Total energy production in ASEAN by source (International Energy Agency, 2013; Matsuo,
Yanagisawa, & Yamashita, 2013)
*Bioenergy refers to the energy content in solid, liquid and gaseous products derived from biomass
feedstock and biogas. This includes biofuels for transport and products (e.g. wood chips, pellets, black
liquor) to produce electricity and heat. Municipal solid waste and industrial waste are also included.
2. THAILAND'S ENERGY USE : PAST, PRESENT, POTENTIAL FUTURE
In the past, Thailand national energy plan was established in accordance with the increasing of
imported oil. The past goals differed from the current energy plan’s as they were focusing mainly
on the development of the country’s conventional energy reserves such as natural gas, lignite, oil
shale, and some radioactive ores. However, the similarities of the previous to the current and the
future plans are that the development of alternative energy resources was supported, and the
energy efficiency and conservation were much needed to improve (Issue, 2016). Thailand still
depends on gas (44%) and coal (35%) for 55GW added over the period to 2035, while expected
to start generating electricity from nuclear power plants before 2030 (INTERNATIONAL
ENERGY AGENCY, 2013; “RENEWABLE ENERGY IN ASEAN _ HEINRICH-BÖLL-
STIFTUNG SOUTH EAST ASIA,” N.D.)
3. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 5, No. 1, January 2018
3
Recently, Ministry of Energy (MoE), Thailand, has established the integrated national energy
plan (Ministry of Energy, 2016) under 5 categories including: Power Development Plan of
Thailand : PDP2015 (EPPO, 2558)); Energy Efficiency Plan: (EEP2015) (EPPO, 2015a);
Alternative Energy Development Plan: (AEDP2015) (DEDE (Department of Alternative Energy
Development and Efficiency), 2015); Natural Gas Supplying Plan: (Gas Plan 2015) (EPPO,
2015b); Oil Management Plan: (Oil Plan 2015) (Department of Energy Business, 2015).
According to Energy Efficiency Plan 2015 (EEP2015) of Thailand governmental Policy (Issue,
2016), the predicted final energy demand in 2036 will be approximately 131,0000 ktoe if the
country succeeds in achieving energy intensity reduction by 30%. All the plans set for improving
Thai Energy situation in the future are defined for goals in ramping up the ratio of renewable
energy usage and renewable resource’s potential consideration in terms of electrical, thermal, and
bio-energy, which account for 30% of the final energy consumption in 2036. Accordingly, in
order to strengthen the energy security of Thailand, another plan, namely Alternative Energy
Development Plan 2015 (AEDP 2015), has been developed to support renewable energy
production industry, to support research in renewable energy development, and to promote Thai
national renewable technology to be able to compete with international market.
Renewable energy and alternative energy are aimed to be a part of power generation for 30%
from 2015-2036. The main technologies include solar energy, biomass, wind energy, municipal
solid waste (MSW), energy crop, bio-gas, and hydro energy (Issue, 2016). Renewable energy
development in Thailand has been strategically planned using six approaches, as follows:
1) In a large scale, corporative community in production and utilization of renewable energy
will be promoted.
2) Private sector’s investment will be motivated and incentivized.
3) Laws and legislations that do not support the development of renewable energy will be
amended.
4) Necessary infrastructures such as transmission-line systems, distribution line and smart-
grid system will be improved or expanded.
5) Public relation and education for correct understanding of energy efficiency will be
supported.
6) Research for driving the development of renewable energy will be encouraged.
3. ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL FACTORS INFLUENCING ENERGY
DEMAND AND SUPPLY
Policies are primarily focusing on voluntary measures, support for model projects and enhancing
awareness. Mandatory measures and incentives for widespread deployment and implementation
have played a lessen role. Considering the range of adopted policies and measures, such as
regulations, market-based and financial instruments, and information and awareness measures, all
countries in Southeast Asia have performed actions in order to improve energy efficiency
(International Energy Agency, 2013).
4. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 5, No. 1, January 2018
4
In transport sector, Thailand is developing mandatory standards that will reduce the purchase of
cars with low fuel economy and with average fuel consumption of no lower than 20 km/litre, and
also meeting at least euro 4 emissions standards.
Thailand’s energy policy is formulated based on three crucial aspects including security,
economy and ecology. The policy focuses firstly on securely supply of energy which is growing
according to the growths of economy and population as well as urbanization. Fuel mix in power
generation becomes important. Secondly, reformation of energy prices that support the
development of economy and society in a long term is supported. Thirdly, energy production
from renewable energy sources and the use of high-efficiency technologies are one of the major
goals to reduce pollution and conserve ecology.
Since the risk of using specific types of fuels in power generation is concerned, the policy on fuel
diversification is implemented. This leads to the promotion of using renewable energy
technologies in power sector, the use of clean-coal technology, and the reduction of the
dependence on natural gas to be lower than 40% by 2036. The peak demand forecast and the
energy demand forecast are needed for planning in investment of power plants, transmission
lines, and distribution systems, and for preparation of the fuel supply to be used in power
generation in Thailand, respectively (Issue, 2016).
The PDP2015 aims at enhancing stability of the system, reducing dependency on natural gas,
increasing the proportion of electricity from clean-coal technology and increasing the amount of
power purchase from neighboring countries as well as increasing the proportion of electricity
from renewable energy. Thailand has set plans to develop power transmission and distribution
system to support the development of renewable energy and to be ready for the expansion of
ASEAN community.
In fig. 2, it can be seen that coal consumption is currently at 10-15% and will be increasing to
17% in 2036. The expected growth of renewable energy consumption will increase to 15-20%.
However, in PDP2015, primary energy production is somehow the main source for Thailand
power sector. Purchasing electricity from neighboring countries such as Myanmar and Cambodia
still remains but the use of natural gas will be expected to gradually decline.
Fig. 2: The proportion of fuels used for power generation in PDP2015 (Issue, 2016).
5. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 5, No. 1, January 2018
5
In EEP2015 (Issue, 2016), Thailand uses enforcement and regulations and measures, as well as
promotion and support for selected governmental organization, public and private sectors that
have availability in resources and expertise in order to raise awareness of the public and improve
energy efficiency. Several measures are applied in order to change the behavior of energy
consumers, entrepreneurs, and the direction of the energy market. Moreover, innovative
campaign such as the promotion of linking energy conservation with environmental protection
and global warming reduction are supported. Using professional energy Management Company
such as ESCO in Thailand to obtain sound advices and proper energy conservation measures has
been convinced. The major goal is to reduce energy intensity by 30% in 2036 in comparison with
2010 mainly aiming at transportation sector (30,213 ktoe in 2036) and industry sector (14,516
ktoe in 2036). This will result in the CO2 reduction of 177 million tons in 2036. Additionally, the
use of high-efficiency building, appliances and vehicles are also promoted.
One of the government policies set to drive energy conservation in Thailand uses three strategies,
ten measures in different four economic sectors. The policy relating to energy conservation will
affect the people in every sector and social-level in terms of motivation and awareness in
consuming energy more efficiently. Three strategies in energy efficiency plan comprise: 1.
Compulsory program, 2. Voluntary program, and 3. Complementary program (Federal Ministry
for Economic Affairs and Energy, 2017). The government provides support for domestic and
industrial sectors through the Provincial Energy in their areas. Some of their duties are to:
• Provoke energy efficiency in local areas
• Give advice and suggestions to make people comply with the laws
• Promote information, news of each measure to public
• Cooperate with the demand of target groups
• Investigate/collect data of equipment in governmental buildings
4. THE FUTURE POTENTIAL ENERGY PATHWAYS
Many countries in ASEAN members seek to diversify their energy supply due to energy security
and economic concerns as well as their rising in dependency on imported oil and in some cases
natural gas (Kanchana & Unesaki, 2014). Most countries adopted both medium- and long-term
targets for renewable (ASEAN BRIEFING, 2015). Thailand falls into the ambitious one,
targeting an increasing in the share of new and renewable energy in primary supply for 20% and
23% by 2036 and 2025, respectively.
5. KEY ENERGY ISSUES AND ENERGY RELATED CO2 EMISSION
One of the most pressing issues for Thailand is installing sufficient additional power generation
capacity. Due to a number of economic and energy-related challenges such as providing sufficient
energy services, improving industrial productivity and minimising poverty, as well as adapting to
global warming, Thailand is increasingly turning to renewable energy.Increasing use of fossil
fuels continuously raises energy-related carbon-dioxide (CO2) emissions almost double, from 1.2
gigatonnes (Gt) in 2011 to 2.3 Gt in 2035 (see fig. 1.3) (INTERNATIONAL ENERGY
6. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 5, No. 1, January 2018
6
AGENCY, 2013). Power sector and transport sector produce biggest emissions. But their carbon
intensity of GDP improves considerably due to the rapid growth in the size of the region’s
economy coupled with efficiency improvements in power generation and appliances, and the
recurrence of improved technologies (Supply, Consumption, Electricity, & Efficiency, 2013).
Fig. 3: CO2 emissions and energy intensity, 2011 and 2035 (International Energy Agency, 2013).
Even though Thailand is currently one of the most CO2 producers in the ASEAN region, looking
forward to 2035, carbon intensity will improve considerably due to rapid growth in the size of its
economy coupled with efficiency improvements in power generation and appliances, and
supporting policies. Somehow, Thailand does not have specific legal frameworks for energy
efficiency, and, in many cases, responsibility for enforcement of related policies is divided among
various authorities, resulting in modest level of implementation.
6. CONCLUSIONS, AND SUGGESTION ON POTENTIAL RENEWABLE
ENERGY MARKETS
It can be recognized that it is considerably diverse with vast differences in the scale and patterns
of energy use and energy resource endowment. Indonesia consumes 66% more energy than
Thailand, the second-largest user. To summarize Indonesia’s and Thailand’s energy situation and
opportunity related to potential future cooperation among countries, there are several points of
views being offered as follows:
Indonesia exports steam coal, which is the world’s largest, and LPG. It is also an
increasing importer of oil.
Thailand depends strongly on energy import owning to limited energy resources. It is
aiming at diversifying electricity generation.
There are several engaging factors affecting Indonesia’s and Thailand’s energy future
including demographics, economics, pricing, technology, environmental concerns and
policy.
7. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 5, No. 1, January 2018
7
Energy policy in both Indonesia and Thailand varies substantially reflecting differences
in economic development, political direction and natural resource endowments. They
have common grounds in terms of enhancing energy security, ensuring energy
affordability and improving energy efficiency and CO2 reduction.
As the Indonesian government has high hopes for geothermal energy, for additional
generating capacity, an improvement for infrastructure for geothermal energy, and
investments in geothermal power exploration will rapidly grow.
The development of smart grid network will cause direct impact to the economic and
industrial sectors in terms of increasing investment, higher employment rate which will
lead to the growth of economic and industrial sectors of Thailand.
As Thailand’s natural-gas reserves are observed to expire within a decade, it has been
motivated to become solar energy leader in the region. By the end of 2050, Thailand was
expected to have more than solar power capacity than the rest of Southeast Asia
combined. Solar capacity in Thailand is projected to increase to up to 2800 MW which is
equivalent to six times higher than that in 2014. Therefore, incentives for supporting the
investment in Thailand for Solar energy will be significantly crucial.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I sincerely thank to Dr. Sandy Kerr, a lecturer at Heriot-watt University Orkney campus, UK, the
Ministry of Energy, Thailand, and the Chevening, UK for their supports.
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