This document discusses an experimental study on the effect of door opening frequency on energy consumption of residential refrigerators in India. It finds that frequent opening of the refrigerator door leads to a substantial increase in energy use. Replacing the compressor of a non-star rated refrigerator with a compressor from a 5-star rated model reduced annual energy consumption from 1,141 kWh to 773 kWh, a savings of 368 kWh. Frequent door openings, such as every 3 minutes, can increase energy use by over 100% compared to longer intervals between openings. Maintaining an open door for 90 minutes also greatly increases energy consumption.
Intelligent Management on the Home Consumers with Zero Energy Consumptionijeei-iaes
The energy and environment crisis has forced modern humans to think about new and clean energy sources and in particular, renewable energy sources. With the development of home network, the residents have the opportunity to plan the home electricity usage with the goal of reducing the cost of electricity. In this regard, to improve the energy consumption efficiency in residential buildings, smart buildings with zero energy consumption were considered as a proper option. Zero-energy building is a building that has smart equipment whose integral of generated and consumed power within a year is zero. In this article, smart devices submit their power consumption with regard to the requested activity associated with the user’s time setting for run times and end times of the work to the energy management unit and ultimately the time to start work will be determined. The problem’s target function is reducing the energy cost for the consumer with taking into account the applicable limitations.
A multi classifier prediction model for phishing detectioneSAT Journals
Abstract Phishing is the technique of stealing personal and sensitive information from an email client by sending emails that impersonates like the ones from some trustworthy organizations. Phishing mails are a specific type of spam mails; however the effects of them are much more terrible than alternate sorts. Mostly the phishing attackers aim the clients of the financial organizations, so its detection needs high priority. Lots of research activities are done to detect the phished emails, in the proposed methodology a multi-classifier prediction model is introduced for detecting phished emails. Our contention is that solitary classifier prediction might not be satisfactory to urge the clearest picture of the phishing email; multi-classifier prediction has accuracy 99.8% with an FP rate of 0.8%. Keywords: Phishing email detection, Machine learning techniques, Multi-classifier prediction model, Majority voting
Study of vibration and its effects on health of a two wheeler ridereSAT Journals
Abstract Majority of Indian population depends on a two wheeler for their transportation due to economic reasons. Because of improper design of vehicle and bad road conditions, people in the age group of 30 to 45 years have pains developed in their body. The percentages of people having musculoskeletal pain problems are found to be 13.33%. Hence an attempt has been made to analyze and obtain the idealized operating conditions of the human body. The analysis has shown that for the given vehicle and human body, the idealized operating speed for HERO HONDA SPLENDOR vehicle on the terrain of specified amplitude at given input is found to be 49.66 km/hr. Index Terms: two wheeler, HERO HONDA SPLENDOR, musculoskeletal, amplitude
Comparative study of chemically and mechanically singed knit fabriceSAT Journals
Abstract Single jersey cotton knit fabric of 162 GSM was singed both chemically (enzyme treatment) and mechanically. Mechanically singed fabric exhibited more brightness and whiteness than chemically singed fabric and in the same manner chemically singed fabric resulted more yellowness than mechanically singed fabric. The color fastness to washing of the treated fabric experienced almost same results in both of the cases. On the other hand chemically singed fabric focused on prevailing more strength than mechanically singed one which was evaluated by bursting strength test. Eventually the CMC value of the chemically and mechanically singed, and then dyed, fabric remained within acceptable range. Microscopic view of the treated samples was also taken to capture the surface hairiness characteristics. Keywords: Cotton knit fabric, mechanical singeing, chemical singeing, brightness, whiteness, yellowness, strength, CMC pass fail, surface hairiness.
A review on implementation of algorithms for detection of diabetic retinopathyeSAT Journals
Abstract Diabetes is a group of metabolic disease in which a person has high blood sugar. Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is caused by the abnormalities in the retina due to insufficient insulin in the body. It can lead to sudden vision loss due to delayed detection of retinopathy. So that Diabetic patients require regular medical checkup for effective timing of sight –saving treatment. This is continuous and stimulating research area for automated analysis of Diabetic Retinopathy in Diabetic patients. A completely automated screening system for the detection of Diabetic Retinopathy can effectively reduces the burden of the specialist and saves cost as well as time. Due to noise and other disturbances that occur during image acquisition Diabetic Retinopathy may lead to false detection and this is overcome by various image processing techniques. Further the different features are extracted which serves as the guideline to identify and grade the severity of the disease. Based on the extracted features classification of the retinal image as normal or abnormal is carried out. In this paper, we have presented detail study of various screening methods for Diabetic Retinopathy. Many researchers have made number of attempts to improve accuracy, predictivity, sensitivity and specificity. Keywords: Color Fundus Images, Diabetic Retinopathy, Exudates, Lesions.
Buckling analysis of line continuum with new matrices of stiffness and geometryeSAT Journals
Abstract This research work present buckling analysis of line continuum with new matrices of elastic stiffness and geometric stiffness. The stiffness matrices were developed using energy variational principle. Two deformable nodes were considered at the centre and at the two ends of the continuum which brings the number of deformable node to six. The six term Taylor McLaurin’s shape function was substituted into strain energy equation and the result functional was minimized, resulting in a 6 x 6 stiffness matrix used herein. The six term shape function is also substituted into the geometric work equation and minimized to obtain 6 x 6 geometric stiffness matrix for buckling analysis. The two matrices were employed, as well as traditional 4 x 4 matrices in classical buckling analysis of four line continua. The results from the new 6 x 6 matrices of stiffness and geometry were very close to exact results, with average percentage difference of 2.33% from exact result. Whereas those from the traditional 4 x 4 matrices and 5 x 5 matrices differed from exact results, with average percentage difference of 23.73% and 2.55% respectively. Thus the newly developed 6 x 6 matrices of stiffness and geometry are suitable for classical buckling analysis of line continuum. Keywords: 6x6 stiffness system; buckling; geometry; line continuum; variational principle; deformable node; shape function; classical; numerical; analysis; beam
Abstract Every company or organization has to use a database for storing information. But what if this database fails? So it behooves the company to use another database for backup purpose. This is called as failover clustering. For making this clustering manageable and lucid the corporat people spend more money on buying a licensed copy for both, the core database and the redundant database. This overhead can be avoided using a database with non-similar platform in which one database is licensed and other may be freeware. If platforms are similar then the transactions between those databases become simpler. But it won’t be the case with non-similar platforms. Hence to overcome this problem in both cases cost effective failover clustering is proposed. For designing such system a common interfacing technique between two non-similar database platforms has to be developed. This will make provision for using any two database platforms for failover clustering. Keywords: CEFC (Cost Effective Failover Clustering), DAL (Data Access Layer), DB (Database), HA (High Availability)
Intelligent Management on the Home Consumers with Zero Energy Consumptionijeei-iaes
The energy and environment crisis has forced modern humans to think about new and clean energy sources and in particular, renewable energy sources. With the development of home network, the residents have the opportunity to plan the home electricity usage with the goal of reducing the cost of electricity. In this regard, to improve the energy consumption efficiency in residential buildings, smart buildings with zero energy consumption were considered as a proper option. Zero-energy building is a building that has smart equipment whose integral of generated and consumed power within a year is zero. In this article, smart devices submit their power consumption with regard to the requested activity associated with the user’s time setting for run times and end times of the work to the energy management unit and ultimately the time to start work will be determined. The problem’s target function is reducing the energy cost for the consumer with taking into account the applicable limitations.
A multi classifier prediction model for phishing detectioneSAT Journals
Abstract Phishing is the technique of stealing personal and sensitive information from an email client by sending emails that impersonates like the ones from some trustworthy organizations. Phishing mails are a specific type of spam mails; however the effects of them are much more terrible than alternate sorts. Mostly the phishing attackers aim the clients of the financial organizations, so its detection needs high priority. Lots of research activities are done to detect the phished emails, in the proposed methodology a multi-classifier prediction model is introduced for detecting phished emails. Our contention is that solitary classifier prediction might not be satisfactory to urge the clearest picture of the phishing email; multi-classifier prediction has accuracy 99.8% with an FP rate of 0.8%. Keywords: Phishing email detection, Machine learning techniques, Multi-classifier prediction model, Majority voting
Study of vibration and its effects on health of a two wheeler ridereSAT Journals
Abstract Majority of Indian population depends on a two wheeler for their transportation due to economic reasons. Because of improper design of vehicle and bad road conditions, people in the age group of 30 to 45 years have pains developed in their body. The percentages of people having musculoskeletal pain problems are found to be 13.33%. Hence an attempt has been made to analyze and obtain the idealized operating conditions of the human body. The analysis has shown that for the given vehicle and human body, the idealized operating speed for HERO HONDA SPLENDOR vehicle on the terrain of specified amplitude at given input is found to be 49.66 km/hr. Index Terms: two wheeler, HERO HONDA SPLENDOR, musculoskeletal, amplitude
Comparative study of chemically and mechanically singed knit fabriceSAT Journals
Abstract Single jersey cotton knit fabric of 162 GSM was singed both chemically (enzyme treatment) and mechanically. Mechanically singed fabric exhibited more brightness and whiteness than chemically singed fabric and in the same manner chemically singed fabric resulted more yellowness than mechanically singed fabric. The color fastness to washing of the treated fabric experienced almost same results in both of the cases. On the other hand chemically singed fabric focused on prevailing more strength than mechanically singed one which was evaluated by bursting strength test. Eventually the CMC value of the chemically and mechanically singed, and then dyed, fabric remained within acceptable range. Microscopic view of the treated samples was also taken to capture the surface hairiness characteristics. Keywords: Cotton knit fabric, mechanical singeing, chemical singeing, brightness, whiteness, yellowness, strength, CMC pass fail, surface hairiness.
A review on implementation of algorithms for detection of diabetic retinopathyeSAT Journals
Abstract Diabetes is a group of metabolic disease in which a person has high blood sugar. Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is caused by the abnormalities in the retina due to insufficient insulin in the body. It can lead to sudden vision loss due to delayed detection of retinopathy. So that Diabetic patients require regular medical checkup for effective timing of sight –saving treatment. This is continuous and stimulating research area for automated analysis of Diabetic Retinopathy in Diabetic patients. A completely automated screening system for the detection of Diabetic Retinopathy can effectively reduces the burden of the specialist and saves cost as well as time. Due to noise and other disturbances that occur during image acquisition Diabetic Retinopathy may lead to false detection and this is overcome by various image processing techniques. Further the different features are extracted which serves as the guideline to identify and grade the severity of the disease. Based on the extracted features classification of the retinal image as normal or abnormal is carried out. In this paper, we have presented detail study of various screening methods for Diabetic Retinopathy. Many researchers have made number of attempts to improve accuracy, predictivity, sensitivity and specificity. Keywords: Color Fundus Images, Diabetic Retinopathy, Exudates, Lesions.
Buckling analysis of line continuum with new matrices of stiffness and geometryeSAT Journals
Abstract This research work present buckling analysis of line continuum with new matrices of elastic stiffness and geometric stiffness. The stiffness matrices were developed using energy variational principle. Two deformable nodes were considered at the centre and at the two ends of the continuum which brings the number of deformable node to six. The six term Taylor McLaurin’s shape function was substituted into strain energy equation and the result functional was minimized, resulting in a 6 x 6 stiffness matrix used herein. The six term shape function is also substituted into the geometric work equation and minimized to obtain 6 x 6 geometric stiffness matrix for buckling analysis. The two matrices were employed, as well as traditional 4 x 4 matrices in classical buckling analysis of four line continua. The results from the new 6 x 6 matrices of stiffness and geometry were very close to exact results, with average percentage difference of 2.33% from exact result. Whereas those from the traditional 4 x 4 matrices and 5 x 5 matrices differed from exact results, with average percentage difference of 23.73% and 2.55% respectively. Thus the newly developed 6 x 6 matrices of stiffness and geometry are suitable for classical buckling analysis of line continuum. Keywords: 6x6 stiffness system; buckling; geometry; line continuum; variational principle; deformable node; shape function; classical; numerical; analysis; beam
Abstract Every company or organization has to use a database for storing information. But what if this database fails? So it behooves the company to use another database for backup purpose. This is called as failover clustering. For making this clustering manageable and lucid the corporat people spend more money on buying a licensed copy for both, the core database and the redundant database. This overhead can be avoided using a database with non-similar platform in which one database is licensed and other may be freeware. If platforms are similar then the transactions between those databases become simpler. But it won’t be the case with non-similar platforms. Hence to overcome this problem in both cases cost effective failover clustering is proposed. For designing such system a common interfacing technique between two non-similar database platforms has to be developed. This will make provision for using any two database platforms for failover clustering. Keywords: CEFC (Cost Effective Failover Clustering), DAL (Data Access Layer), DB (Database), HA (High Availability)
An approach for discrimination prevention in data miningeSAT Journals
Abstract In the age of Database technologies a large amount of data is collected and analyzed by using data mining techniques. However, the main issue in data mining is potential privacy invasion and potential discrimination. One of the techniques used in data mining for making decision is classification. On the other hand, if the dataset is biased then the discriminatory decision may occur. Therefore, in this paper we review the recent state of the art approaches for antidiscrimination techniques and also focuses on discrimination discovery and prevention in data mining. On the other hand, we also study a theoretical proposal for enhancing the results of the data quality. Keywords- Antidiscrimination, data mining, direct and indirect discrimination prevention, rule protection, rule generalization, privacy.
Abstract Recent advancements in MEMS technologies and development in the area of low power microcontrollers have resulted as implementation of wireless sensor networks in real life problem solving in areas like traffic monitoring, patient monitoring , battlefield surveillance. These wireless sensors are very small in size and are operated at low power for low data rate applications. WSN nodes include features like scalability, self-organizing, self-healing. WSN nodes face many challenges starting from deployment till their life span which is dependent on very low battery strength. Since these nodes are operated in unattended environments, many security threats are for them to survive. These nodes face variety of attacks at different layers of their architecture, ranging from physical stealing, tempering to reprogramming. Applying any traditional security mechanism over wireless sensor nodes is also not possible as those traditional algorithms or protocols consume very much processing and power due to their complexity. In this paper, we have mentioned. This paper aims at reporting an initial introduction of WSN, WSN architecture, challenges and security threats subsequently. Keywords: Wireless, Sensor, Threat, Security, Power, Node
An investigation and rectification on failure of bearings of casting shakeout...eSAT Journals
Abstract This project deals with investigation and rectification on failure of bearing of casting shakeout, required in foundry industries to separate solidified casting and sand from mould box. The failure of bearings is mainly due to brinelling tends to create cavities on the bearing raceway. This result in roller and inner races surface of spherical bearing get damage. The rectification of existing system uses four bearings as modified setup of existing system to distribute the load acting on shakeout aims at reducing this frequent breakdown, increases life of bearings and increases the productivity of plant. The software Pro-E wildfire 4 is used for modeling. Keywords: Brinelling, Casting shakeout, Spherical Roller bearing, and Bearing life
Water quality analysis of bhishma lake at gadag cityeSAT Journals
Abstract The water bodies are facing a severe threat of pollution all over the world. Eutrophication in lakes is widespread world and the severity is increasing especially in the developing countries like India. The main objective is to study t haell eoffveecrt st hoef pwoelrleu ticoonll eocf tweda tefrro qmu aJlaitnyu ianr yB htios hAmpar illa kaen dd ubei -tmo ornatphildy utrebsatsn iwzaetrieo nc aanrrdi etdo ioduetn. tiTfyh eth pe hsyosuicrcoe-cs hoefm pioclalul tciohna rianc ltaekries.t iTchs eo sfa mwaptleers sdaismsopllvees dl iokxey gpeHn,, tBuOrbDid iwtye,r ea lakanlailnyiztye,d tiont aol rdhearr dtnoe sdse,t etromtailn ed itshseo llveevde ls oolfi dcso,n ntaitmraintea,n tpsh porsepsheantte ,i nc hlalokrei dwe,a tpeor taasnsdiu imts, psoosdsiiubmle, smoidtiiguamti,o nni tmraetaes, uprheso.s pWhaatteer, pqoutaalsitsiieusm s,u Dchi ssaos lvpeHd, OTxoytagle nD i(sDsoOlv) eadn sdo lBidios c(hTeDmSic),a lt uOrbxiydgietyn, Dalekmalainnidty ,( BtoOtDal) ,h aCrhdenmesicsa, lc hOloxyrigdeen, sDheomwaendd t h(CatO tDhe) wtoetrael dheatredrnmeisnse, dt ufrobri dwitayt,e rto staaml dpilsesso clvoellde cstoeldid fsr oamnd f iavelk astlaintiiotyn sv ainlu leask ee.x cTeheed iannga ltyhsei sd oesf irlaakbele w laimteirt paanrda mdueete rtos pCrheesmeniccael oOf xoyrggeann icD aenmda nindo r(gCaOnDic) phoallsu tiannctrse aDsiesdso lwvehdic hO xsyhgoewns (DthOe ) phoaosr reqduuaclietdy , oBfi owchaetemr icaanl dO ixsy gneont Dsueimtaabnlde (fBoOr Dh)u manadn consumption these values have been graphically plotted. Keywords: Lake Water Quality analysis, BOD, COD.
An innovative idea to discover the trend on multi dimensional spatio-temporal...eSAT Journals
Abstract Spatio-temporal data is any information regarding space and time. It is frequently updated data with 1TB/hr, are greatly challenging our ability to digest the data. Thereupon, it is unable to gain exact information from that data. So this research offers an innovative idea to discover the trend on multi-dimensional spatio-temporal datasets. Here it briefly describes the scope and relevancy of spatio-temporal data. From that, gain the depth knowledge of spatio-temporal recent research process to discover the trend. Keywords: Spatio-temporal Data, Applications of Spatio-temporal data, Problem Definition, Contributions
Effect of water bath temperature on evaporator and condenser temperature of c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of this paper is to study the effect of water bath temperature on evaporator and condenser temperature of closed loop pulsating heat pipe with acetone as working fluid. Heat pipe is a heat exchanger with high heat dissipation capacity and used for cooling the electronic equipments. Here in this paper copper has been selected as material for heat pipe due to compatibility of copper with acetone as working fluid. Filling ratio of the working fluid significantly influence on the performance closed loop pulsating heat pipe. Here in this paper 60 % filling ratio has been selected for this filing ratio the effect of increasing water bath temperature on acetone closed loop pulsating heat pipe is investigated.
Keywords: closed loop pulsating heat pipe, condenser, evaporator, working fluid, filling ratio.
Analysis of green’s function and surface current density for rectangular micr...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper, Green’s function and surface current density for planar structure has been calculated. The approach makes use of the popular and rigorously used spectral domain full wave analysis method in conjunction with method of moment as numerical analysis tool. In present approach, boundary conditions are applied at patch metallization, which leads to integral equation with the involvement of green’s function in spectral domain, which includes the effect of dielectric, conductor loss, surface wave modes and space wave radiation. By applying Galerkin’s moment method integral equation are transformed to linear set of equations. Entire domain basis function is used to improve the efficiency of the solution. Keywords: Spectral domain full wave analysis, Green function, Galerkin’s moment method, Entire domain basis function, Surface current density.
An experimental study on durability and water absorption properties of pervio...eSAT Journals
Abstract Pervious concrete is a special high porosity concrete used for flatwork applications that allows water from precipitation and other source to pass through there by Reducing the Runoff from a site and Recharging Ground Water Levels. Durability and Water Absorption are important properties of Pervious Concrete. This paper represents the experimental methodology and experimental results related to durability and water absorption. Cylinders of size 100 mm Ø and 200 mm height are prepared to investigate both these properties. This investigation should be carried out at the end of 28 days for water absorption and 56 days for durability in which cylinders are immersed in Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Solution after 28 days of casting. Different concrete mix proportion such as 1:6, 1:8 and 1:10 with different size of gravel such as 18.75 mm and 9.375 mm should be used to check both these properties of pervious concrete. Test results indicates that pervious concrete made by 1:6 concrete mix proportion has more durability and less water absorption and pervious concrete made by 1:10 mix proportion has more water absorption and less durability that’s why durability and water absorption are inversely proportional to each other. Keywords: Pervious concrete, porosity, durability, water absorption, sodium chloride solution
Freertos based environmental data acquisition using arm cortex m4 f coreeSAT Journals
Abstract In today’s decade of Big Data and complex computing, the Data acquisition systems hold a prime position. In this project, we present a Data acquisition system, which runs on ARM Cortex M4F core microcontroller and this whole system is managed by a real time operating system names FreeRTOS. Tiva C Series Launchpad is used as the board. The system is currently designed to monitor only temperature. A temperature sensor will be used for monitoring temperature. The data received will be stored in SD card. The main objective of this project is to design a data acquisition system, which is portable, cheaper and deterministic. Currently available systems in market are expensive and bulky whereas this FreeRTOS based Data acquisition system is cheaper and portable as well. Keywords: FreeRTOS, ARM Cortex M4F core, Temperature sensor, Tiva C series Launchpad, SD card.
Flue gas low temperature heat recovery system for air conditioningeSAT Journals
Abstract Huge amount of energy wasted through the flue gas in thermal power station causes great concern in recent years. Discharging hot flue gas in the environment is not only a wastage of energy but also increases the rate of global warming. Efforts are given world -wide to harness the energy for useful purposes. In this work, the waste heat of flue gas in a 350 MW thermal power plant is utilized in vapor absorption air conditioning plant. Gas to liquid multi-pass cross flow heat exchanger that have been placed in the existing space between boiler and chimney. The dimensions of the finally selected heat exchanger are 0.106m × 2.4m × 3.4m. The number of pipes required for the heat exchanger is found to be 12 using iteration method and temperature of water at the outlet of last pipe is 101.1℃. The extracted energy from the flue gas is used to heat water to be utilized in the generator of a vapor absorption refrigeration system that has produced a refrigerating capacity of 70 TR. approximately. Due to the corrosive nature of flue gas, heat recovery is confined up to the acid dew point temperature of the flue gas. Suitable software is used to find out the detailed design parameters of Gas to liquid multi-pass cross flow heat exchangers. Out of many feasible designs of heat exchangers, the most economic design is selected as the final design. Keywords—Air Conditioning; Flue Gas; Heat Exchanger; Heat Recovery; Vapour Absorption Machine
Impressive smart card based electronic voting systemeSAT Journals
Abstract
The impressive smart card based electronic voting system is introduced to ensure apposite voting procedures and voting counts. This idea prevents the illegal acts against the voting system and provides the voter authentication in an effective manner. This proposal plans to provide a fortification for each and every votes. It entirely changes the status of the election process and ensures the integrity of electoral system. The primary idea of this paper is to make the voters as to have a trust in election through the methods of taking fingerprint and providing a smart card to each user to promise their uniqueness in the voting system and reduces the work of election committee. At the same time the result of the election process will be automatically declared to the public. With the help of this method, the person can vote from any election booth easily.
Keywords- Electronic voting system, authentication, biometric fingerprinting method, smart card
Speech compression analysis using matlabeSAT Journals
Abstract The growth of the cellular technology and wireless networks all over the world has increased the demand for digital information by manifold. This massive demand poses difficulties for handling huge amounts of data that need to be stored and transferred. To overcome this problem we can compress the information by removing the redundancies present in it. Redundancies are the major source of generating errors and noisy signals. Coding in MATLAB helps in analyzing compression of speech signals with varying bit rate and remove errors and noisy signals from the speech signals. Speech signal’s bit rate can also be reduced to remove error and noisy signals which is suitable for remote broadcast lines, studio links, satellite transmission of high quality audio and voice over internet This paper focuses on speech compression process and its analysis through MATLAB by which processed speech signal can be heard with clarity and in noiseless mode at the receiver end . Keywords: Speech compression, bit rate, filter, MPEG, DCT.
Behavior of r.c.c. beam with rectangular opening strengthened by cfrp and gfr...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In the construction of multistory buildings the opening in beams are provided for utility ducts and pipes. Providing an opening in
beam develops cracks around the opening due to stress concentration. In this paper the behavior of R.C.C. beam with rectangular
opening strengthened by CFRP and GFRP sheets were studied. This paper presents the behavior of R.C.C. beam with rectangular
opening strengthened by CFRP and GFRP sheets with different techniques. In this experimental study total ten beams were casted,
one beam without opening (i.e. solid beam) and one beam with rectangular post opening and these two considered as a control beams
for comparison. The remaining eight beams were externally strengthened by Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) and Glass fiber
reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets with different strengthening techniques i.e. around the opening, inside the opening, inside and
around the opening and double layer around the opening. These beams were tested under two point loading in the loading frame. The
effect of CFRP and GFRP sheets with different strengthening schemes on such beams were studied interns of initial crack load,
ultimate failure load, cracking pattern and deflection, From the experimental results it is concluded that the ultimate load carrying
capacity of the R.C.C. beam with opening strengthened with GFRP sheets of different schemes were increased in the range of 3.74 to
37.41% and beams strengthened with CFRP sheets increased in the range of 9.35% to 50.50%. Among all these techniques, the
strengthening with CFRP around and inside the opening was found more effective in improving the ultimate load carrying capacity of
beam. This investigation helps the practicing engineers to provide an opening in the beams without reducing its load carrying
capacity.
Keywords: Reinforced concrete beams, Beams with rectangular opening, CFRP, GFRP, Strengthening schemes, Ultimate
load carrying capacity.
Time series data measurement on electricity consumption for selected domestic...journalBEEI
This paper describes the pattern of electricity consumption from total and selected domestic appliances at a typical terrace house in Malaysia. The measured appliances can be classified into four groups on the basis of pattern of use which are ‘standby’ (TV), ‘active’ (massage chair, charger of hand phone, laptop and power bank, washing machine, air-conditioners, iron, standing fan, shower heaters, rice cooker, toaster, microwave), ‘cold’ (refrigerator) and ‘cold and hot’ (water dispenser). The major contribution of monthly electricity consumption comes from ‘cold’ appliances that consume 118.8 kWh/month followed by ‘active’ appliances that consume 87.8 kWh/month and ‘cold and hot’ appliance with 52.5 kWh/month. ‘Standby’ appliances shown a small contribution to the total electricity with 0.9 kWh/month. The amount of energy consumed depends on time-of-use, power characteristics of particular appliances as well as occupancy period.
Prediction of Power Consumption and Leakage Detectionijtsrd
Energy consumption and predictions for residential buildings play an important role within the energy management and system, as the availability and demand of energy resources is the dynamic and seasonal changes. Human beings are unaware of the cost of energy consumed by various appliances and the energy resources available for the next generation. Each appliances in homes will consume different power consumption in different seasons. Accordingly the bill rate changes. Vyshnavi B | Selma P. T | Renin Joy | Sheethal M. S "Prediction of Power Consumption and Leakage Detection" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30589.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/30589/prediction-of-power-consumption-and-leakage-detection/vyshnavi-b
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY
SYSTEMS
1 | P a g e
Table of Contents:
List of Tables: ................................................................................................................................ 1
Introduction: .................................................................................................................................. 2
Energy Audit of New Castle House: .............................................................................................. 2
House Description: .................................................................................................................... 2
Electronic Appliances & Energy Consumption: ......................................................................... 3
Cost of Energy Consumption: ................................................................................................... 5
Potential Saving in Electricity: ....................................................................................................... 5
Energy Saving in Refrigerators: ................................................................................................ 6
Energy Saving in Washing Machine & Dryers: ......................................................................... 6
Energy Saving in Electric Oven: ............................................................................................... 7
Energy Saving in Lighting Load: ............................................................................................... 7
Energy Saving in Water Heating & Space Heating: .................................................................. 7
Summary of Energy and Cost Saving: .......................................................................................... 7
Conclusion: ................................................................................................................................... 8
References: ................................................................................................................................... 9
List of Tables:
Table 1. Household appliances with their wattage and average daily usage ............................... 4
Table 2. Average annual consumption of energy (kWh/year) by the household appliances ........ 4
Table 3. Cost of energy consumption by the appliances annually ................................................ 5
Table 4. Potential saving in energy consumption and saving in energy cost ............................... 8
2 | P a g e
Sustainable Energy System
Introduction:
In any modern societies in the world there are continuously increasing concerns over availability
of energy, energy consumption efficiency and reduction in losses over network. In developed
countries it is a challenging task to achieve sustainability in energy efficiency and growth. On the
other hand for developing countries challenge is to achieve self-reliance and ene.
Prediction of Power Consumption and Leakage Detectionijtsrd
Energy consumption and predictions in the residential buildings play an important role within the energy management and system, as the availability in the demand of energy resources is dynamic. Human beings are unaware of the value of energy consumed by various appliances and therefore the energy resources available for subsequent generation. Each appliances in homes will consume different power consumption in several seasons. Accordingly the bill rate changes. Vyshnavi B | Selma P. T | Renin Joy | Sheethal M. S "Prediction of Power Consumption and Leakage Detection" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31491.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/31491/prediction-of-power-consumption-and-leakage-detection/vyshnavi-b
An approach for discrimination prevention in data miningeSAT Journals
Abstract In the age of Database technologies a large amount of data is collected and analyzed by using data mining techniques. However, the main issue in data mining is potential privacy invasion and potential discrimination. One of the techniques used in data mining for making decision is classification. On the other hand, if the dataset is biased then the discriminatory decision may occur. Therefore, in this paper we review the recent state of the art approaches for antidiscrimination techniques and also focuses on discrimination discovery and prevention in data mining. On the other hand, we also study a theoretical proposal for enhancing the results of the data quality. Keywords- Antidiscrimination, data mining, direct and indirect discrimination prevention, rule protection, rule generalization, privacy.
Abstract Recent advancements in MEMS technologies and development in the area of low power microcontrollers have resulted as implementation of wireless sensor networks in real life problem solving in areas like traffic monitoring, patient monitoring , battlefield surveillance. These wireless sensors are very small in size and are operated at low power for low data rate applications. WSN nodes include features like scalability, self-organizing, self-healing. WSN nodes face many challenges starting from deployment till their life span which is dependent on very low battery strength. Since these nodes are operated in unattended environments, many security threats are for them to survive. These nodes face variety of attacks at different layers of their architecture, ranging from physical stealing, tempering to reprogramming. Applying any traditional security mechanism over wireless sensor nodes is also not possible as those traditional algorithms or protocols consume very much processing and power due to their complexity. In this paper, we have mentioned. This paper aims at reporting an initial introduction of WSN, WSN architecture, challenges and security threats subsequently. Keywords: Wireless, Sensor, Threat, Security, Power, Node
An investigation and rectification on failure of bearings of casting shakeout...eSAT Journals
Abstract This project deals with investigation and rectification on failure of bearing of casting shakeout, required in foundry industries to separate solidified casting and sand from mould box. The failure of bearings is mainly due to brinelling tends to create cavities on the bearing raceway. This result in roller and inner races surface of spherical bearing get damage. The rectification of existing system uses four bearings as modified setup of existing system to distribute the load acting on shakeout aims at reducing this frequent breakdown, increases life of bearings and increases the productivity of plant. The software Pro-E wildfire 4 is used for modeling. Keywords: Brinelling, Casting shakeout, Spherical Roller bearing, and Bearing life
Water quality analysis of bhishma lake at gadag cityeSAT Journals
Abstract The water bodies are facing a severe threat of pollution all over the world. Eutrophication in lakes is widespread world and the severity is increasing especially in the developing countries like India. The main objective is to study t haell eoffveecrt st hoef pwoelrleu ticoonll eocf tweda tefrro qmu aJlaitnyu ianr yB htios hAmpar illa kaen dd ubei -tmo ornatphildy utrebsatsn iwzaetrieo nc aanrrdi etdo ioduetn. tiTfyh eth pe hsyosuicrcoe-cs hoefm pioclalul tciohna rianc ltaekries.t iTchs eo sfa mwaptleers sdaismsopllvees dl iokxey gpeHn,, tBuOrbDid iwtye,r ea lakanlailnyiztye,d tiont aol rdhearr dtnoe sdse,t etromtailn ed itshseo llveevde ls oolfi dcso,n ntaitmraintea,n tpsh porsepsheantte ,i nc hlalokrei dwe,a tpeor taasnsdiu imts, psoosdsiiubmle, smoidtiiguamti,o nni tmraetaes, uprheso.s pWhaatteer, pqoutaalsitsiieusm s,u Dchi ssaos lvpeHd, OTxoytagle nD i(sDsoOlv) eadn sdo lBidios c(hTeDmSic),a lt uOrbxiydgietyn, Dalekmalainnidty ,( BtoOtDal) ,h aCrhdenmesicsa, lc hOloxyrigdeen, sDheomwaendd t h(CatO tDhe) wtoetrael dheatredrnmeisnse, dt ufrobri dwitayt,e rto staaml dpilsesso clvoellde cstoeldid fsr oamnd f iavelk astlaintiiotyn sv ainlu leask ee.x cTeheed iannga ltyhsei sd oesf irlaakbele w laimteirt paanrda mdueete rtos pCrheesmeniccael oOf xoyrggeann icD aenmda nindo r(gCaOnDic) phoallsu tiannctrse aDsiesdso lwvehdic hO xsyhgoewns (DthOe ) phoaosr reqduuaclietdy , oBfi owchaetemr icaanl dO ixsy gneont Dsueimtaabnlde (fBoOr Dh)u manadn consumption these values have been graphically plotted. Keywords: Lake Water Quality analysis, BOD, COD.
An innovative idea to discover the trend on multi dimensional spatio-temporal...eSAT Journals
Abstract Spatio-temporal data is any information regarding space and time. It is frequently updated data with 1TB/hr, are greatly challenging our ability to digest the data. Thereupon, it is unable to gain exact information from that data. So this research offers an innovative idea to discover the trend on multi-dimensional spatio-temporal datasets. Here it briefly describes the scope and relevancy of spatio-temporal data. From that, gain the depth knowledge of spatio-temporal recent research process to discover the trend. Keywords: Spatio-temporal Data, Applications of Spatio-temporal data, Problem Definition, Contributions
Effect of water bath temperature on evaporator and condenser temperature of c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of this paper is to study the effect of water bath temperature on evaporator and condenser temperature of closed loop pulsating heat pipe with acetone as working fluid. Heat pipe is a heat exchanger with high heat dissipation capacity and used for cooling the electronic equipments. Here in this paper copper has been selected as material for heat pipe due to compatibility of copper with acetone as working fluid. Filling ratio of the working fluid significantly influence on the performance closed loop pulsating heat pipe. Here in this paper 60 % filling ratio has been selected for this filing ratio the effect of increasing water bath temperature on acetone closed loop pulsating heat pipe is investigated.
Keywords: closed loop pulsating heat pipe, condenser, evaporator, working fluid, filling ratio.
Analysis of green’s function and surface current density for rectangular micr...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper, Green’s function and surface current density for planar structure has been calculated. The approach makes use of the popular and rigorously used spectral domain full wave analysis method in conjunction with method of moment as numerical analysis tool. In present approach, boundary conditions are applied at patch metallization, which leads to integral equation with the involvement of green’s function in spectral domain, which includes the effect of dielectric, conductor loss, surface wave modes and space wave radiation. By applying Galerkin’s moment method integral equation are transformed to linear set of equations. Entire domain basis function is used to improve the efficiency of the solution. Keywords: Spectral domain full wave analysis, Green function, Galerkin’s moment method, Entire domain basis function, Surface current density.
An experimental study on durability and water absorption properties of pervio...eSAT Journals
Abstract Pervious concrete is a special high porosity concrete used for flatwork applications that allows water from precipitation and other source to pass through there by Reducing the Runoff from a site and Recharging Ground Water Levels. Durability and Water Absorption are important properties of Pervious Concrete. This paper represents the experimental methodology and experimental results related to durability and water absorption. Cylinders of size 100 mm Ø and 200 mm height are prepared to investigate both these properties. This investigation should be carried out at the end of 28 days for water absorption and 56 days for durability in which cylinders are immersed in Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Solution after 28 days of casting. Different concrete mix proportion such as 1:6, 1:8 and 1:10 with different size of gravel such as 18.75 mm and 9.375 mm should be used to check both these properties of pervious concrete. Test results indicates that pervious concrete made by 1:6 concrete mix proportion has more durability and less water absorption and pervious concrete made by 1:10 mix proportion has more water absorption and less durability that’s why durability and water absorption are inversely proportional to each other. Keywords: Pervious concrete, porosity, durability, water absorption, sodium chloride solution
Freertos based environmental data acquisition using arm cortex m4 f coreeSAT Journals
Abstract In today’s decade of Big Data and complex computing, the Data acquisition systems hold a prime position. In this project, we present a Data acquisition system, which runs on ARM Cortex M4F core microcontroller and this whole system is managed by a real time operating system names FreeRTOS. Tiva C Series Launchpad is used as the board. The system is currently designed to monitor only temperature. A temperature sensor will be used for monitoring temperature. The data received will be stored in SD card. The main objective of this project is to design a data acquisition system, which is portable, cheaper and deterministic. Currently available systems in market are expensive and bulky whereas this FreeRTOS based Data acquisition system is cheaper and portable as well. Keywords: FreeRTOS, ARM Cortex M4F core, Temperature sensor, Tiva C series Launchpad, SD card.
Flue gas low temperature heat recovery system for air conditioningeSAT Journals
Abstract Huge amount of energy wasted through the flue gas in thermal power station causes great concern in recent years. Discharging hot flue gas in the environment is not only a wastage of energy but also increases the rate of global warming. Efforts are given world -wide to harness the energy for useful purposes. In this work, the waste heat of flue gas in a 350 MW thermal power plant is utilized in vapor absorption air conditioning plant. Gas to liquid multi-pass cross flow heat exchanger that have been placed in the existing space between boiler and chimney. The dimensions of the finally selected heat exchanger are 0.106m × 2.4m × 3.4m. The number of pipes required for the heat exchanger is found to be 12 using iteration method and temperature of water at the outlet of last pipe is 101.1℃. The extracted energy from the flue gas is used to heat water to be utilized in the generator of a vapor absorption refrigeration system that has produced a refrigerating capacity of 70 TR. approximately. Due to the corrosive nature of flue gas, heat recovery is confined up to the acid dew point temperature of the flue gas. Suitable software is used to find out the detailed design parameters of Gas to liquid multi-pass cross flow heat exchangers. Out of many feasible designs of heat exchangers, the most economic design is selected as the final design. Keywords—Air Conditioning; Flue Gas; Heat Exchanger; Heat Recovery; Vapour Absorption Machine
Impressive smart card based electronic voting systemeSAT Journals
Abstract
The impressive smart card based electronic voting system is introduced to ensure apposite voting procedures and voting counts. This idea prevents the illegal acts against the voting system and provides the voter authentication in an effective manner. This proposal plans to provide a fortification for each and every votes. It entirely changes the status of the election process and ensures the integrity of electoral system. The primary idea of this paper is to make the voters as to have a trust in election through the methods of taking fingerprint and providing a smart card to each user to promise their uniqueness in the voting system and reduces the work of election committee. At the same time the result of the election process will be automatically declared to the public. With the help of this method, the person can vote from any election booth easily.
Keywords- Electronic voting system, authentication, biometric fingerprinting method, smart card
Speech compression analysis using matlabeSAT Journals
Abstract The growth of the cellular technology and wireless networks all over the world has increased the demand for digital information by manifold. This massive demand poses difficulties for handling huge amounts of data that need to be stored and transferred. To overcome this problem we can compress the information by removing the redundancies present in it. Redundancies are the major source of generating errors and noisy signals. Coding in MATLAB helps in analyzing compression of speech signals with varying bit rate and remove errors and noisy signals from the speech signals. Speech signal’s bit rate can also be reduced to remove error and noisy signals which is suitable for remote broadcast lines, studio links, satellite transmission of high quality audio and voice over internet This paper focuses on speech compression process and its analysis through MATLAB by which processed speech signal can be heard with clarity and in noiseless mode at the receiver end . Keywords: Speech compression, bit rate, filter, MPEG, DCT.
Behavior of r.c.c. beam with rectangular opening strengthened by cfrp and gfr...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In the construction of multistory buildings the opening in beams are provided for utility ducts and pipes. Providing an opening in
beam develops cracks around the opening due to stress concentration. In this paper the behavior of R.C.C. beam with rectangular
opening strengthened by CFRP and GFRP sheets were studied. This paper presents the behavior of R.C.C. beam with rectangular
opening strengthened by CFRP and GFRP sheets with different techniques. In this experimental study total ten beams were casted,
one beam without opening (i.e. solid beam) and one beam with rectangular post opening and these two considered as a control beams
for comparison. The remaining eight beams were externally strengthened by Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) and Glass fiber
reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets with different strengthening techniques i.e. around the opening, inside the opening, inside and
around the opening and double layer around the opening. These beams were tested under two point loading in the loading frame. The
effect of CFRP and GFRP sheets with different strengthening schemes on such beams were studied interns of initial crack load,
ultimate failure load, cracking pattern and deflection, From the experimental results it is concluded that the ultimate load carrying
capacity of the R.C.C. beam with opening strengthened with GFRP sheets of different schemes were increased in the range of 3.74 to
37.41% and beams strengthened with CFRP sheets increased in the range of 9.35% to 50.50%. Among all these techniques, the
strengthening with CFRP around and inside the opening was found more effective in improving the ultimate load carrying capacity of
beam. This investigation helps the practicing engineers to provide an opening in the beams without reducing its load carrying
capacity.
Keywords: Reinforced concrete beams, Beams with rectangular opening, CFRP, GFRP, Strengthening schemes, Ultimate
load carrying capacity.
Time series data measurement on electricity consumption for selected domestic...journalBEEI
This paper describes the pattern of electricity consumption from total and selected domestic appliances at a typical terrace house in Malaysia. The measured appliances can be classified into four groups on the basis of pattern of use which are ‘standby’ (TV), ‘active’ (massage chair, charger of hand phone, laptop and power bank, washing machine, air-conditioners, iron, standing fan, shower heaters, rice cooker, toaster, microwave), ‘cold’ (refrigerator) and ‘cold and hot’ (water dispenser). The major contribution of monthly electricity consumption comes from ‘cold’ appliances that consume 118.8 kWh/month followed by ‘active’ appliances that consume 87.8 kWh/month and ‘cold and hot’ appliance with 52.5 kWh/month. ‘Standby’ appliances shown a small contribution to the total electricity with 0.9 kWh/month. The amount of energy consumed depends on time-of-use, power characteristics of particular appliances as well as occupancy period.
Prediction of Power Consumption and Leakage Detectionijtsrd
Energy consumption and predictions for residential buildings play an important role within the energy management and system, as the availability and demand of energy resources is the dynamic and seasonal changes. Human beings are unaware of the cost of energy consumed by various appliances and the energy resources available for the next generation. Each appliances in homes will consume different power consumption in different seasons. Accordingly the bill rate changes. Vyshnavi B | Selma P. T | Renin Joy | Sheethal M. S "Prediction of Power Consumption and Leakage Detection" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30589.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/30589/prediction-of-power-consumption-and-leakage-detection/vyshnavi-b
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY
SYSTEMS
1 | P a g e
Table of Contents:
List of Tables: ................................................................................................................................ 1
Introduction: .................................................................................................................................. 2
Energy Audit of New Castle House: .............................................................................................. 2
House Description: .................................................................................................................... 2
Electronic Appliances & Energy Consumption: ......................................................................... 3
Cost of Energy Consumption: ................................................................................................... 5
Potential Saving in Electricity: ....................................................................................................... 5
Energy Saving in Refrigerators: ................................................................................................ 6
Energy Saving in Washing Machine & Dryers: ......................................................................... 6
Energy Saving in Electric Oven: ............................................................................................... 7
Energy Saving in Lighting Load: ............................................................................................... 7
Energy Saving in Water Heating & Space Heating: .................................................................. 7
Summary of Energy and Cost Saving: .......................................................................................... 7
Conclusion: ................................................................................................................................... 8
References: ................................................................................................................................... 9
List of Tables:
Table 1. Household appliances with their wattage and average daily usage ............................... 4
Table 2. Average annual consumption of energy (kWh/year) by the household appliances ........ 4
Table 3. Cost of energy consumption by the appliances annually ................................................ 5
Table 4. Potential saving in energy consumption and saving in energy cost ............................... 8
2 | P a g e
Sustainable Energy System
Introduction:
In any modern societies in the world there are continuously increasing concerns over availability
of energy, energy consumption efficiency and reduction in losses over network. In developed
countries it is a challenging task to achieve sustainability in energy efficiency and growth. On the
other hand for developing countries challenge is to achieve self-reliance and ene.
Prediction of Power Consumption and Leakage Detectionijtsrd
Energy consumption and predictions in the residential buildings play an important role within the energy management and system, as the availability in the demand of energy resources is dynamic. Human beings are unaware of the value of energy consumed by various appliances and therefore the energy resources available for subsequent generation. Each appliances in homes will consume different power consumption in several seasons. Accordingly the bill rate changes. Vyshnavi B | Selma P. T | Renin Joy | Sheethal M. S "Prediction of Power Consumption and Leakage Detection" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31491.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/31491/prediction-of-power-consumption-and-leakage-detection/vyshnavi-b
Reviewing the factors of the Renewable Energy systems for Improving the Energ...IJERA Editor
Electricity demand around the globe has increased alarmingly and is increasing at high rates. Therefore,
electricity supply by the conventional resources is not sufficient right now and the generation of electricity by
these resources is causing pollution worldwide. As the recent world is moving towards the alternative and
renewable resources of energy that include sun, wind, water, and air. This paper focuses on reviewing the
renewable energy sources used to improve the energy efficiency. This paper presents how the maximum power
generation capacity can be achieved using these sources. Main focus of this paper is on solar and wind power
that is freely available all around the globe. This paper concludes that there are certain factors that should be
considered while generating power from these sources. The factors include the calculation of radiation data,
storage size and capacity calculation, and geographic dispersion of the plants.
Investigation of Boiler Performance in a Power PlantAM Publications
In any modern power plant, the efficiency calculation and loss analysis of a boiler are the first steps to maintain and improve the overall power plant efficiency. The efficiency of the boiler was calculated by the losses or indirect method which is more complicated and more accurate than the direct method. The specific objective of this paper is to calculate the efficiency of a boiler and to identify and analyse the losses involved in the boiler. Boiler’s performance deviations were analysed and the causes for these deviations are found. To minimise these deviations the possible remedial measures were found and also aims to suggest methods which would aid in the reduction of the specific fuel consumption and the carbon footprint, apart from calculating the efficiency and analysing the losses involved in a boiler.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Energy Survey and Audit of Buildings for Energy Conservationijtsrd
Today the energy utilization of each nation is expanded pointedly. In all area energy is especially significant for country economy. The energy request is expanding exceptionally quickly with the improvement of society. The costs and request of energy is expanding with time so to control the cost and request a more compelling and feasible energy framework becomes important. The point of this paper is to make an energy overview of the structure, assessing various wellsprings of energy supply and misfortunes in the structure. An energy review is a cycle for energy examination, building study and investigation of energy stream for energy protection in a structure or industry, or to decrease the measure of energy into the structure without influencing the yield of the structure. Energy review is a course of testing and examination energy utilizes the ventures and different associations. Public energy preservation laws details that the guidelines for energy utilization, examination and energy review the board. In energy review the overview of all electrical gadgets which use energy in a structure after a timeframe. Energy review incorporates the stock of energy, utilization of energy and energy misfortunes for every typical structure. Dr. Mukesh Kumar Lalji | Nilesh Kumar Jain | Rajat Rusia "Energy Survey and Audit of Buildings for Energy Conservation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47693.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/47693/energy-survey-and-audit-of-buildings-for-energy-conservation/dr-mukesh-kumar-lalji
BANDI DAYASAGAR RESEARCH PAPER / Improving Thermal Power Plant Efficiency @Th...dayasagarmech003
BANDI DAYASAGAR (Author), Received the B.Tech Degree in Mechanical Engineering From Sarojini Institute of Technology Telaprolu, JNTUK University Kakinada,India in 2018 And M. Tech Degree in Thermal Engineering From DJR College of Engineering and Technology Gudavalli Vijayawada, JNTUK University Kakinada,India in 2020. He Has done Internship/Projects in CITD,ISRO,BHEL, RINL STEEL PLANT, IGCAR BARC UNIT. His Area of Interest includes Thermal & Renewable Energy Sources, Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics, FEM & CFD.
Intelligent home energy management system including renewable energy based on...eSAT Journals
Abstract As the numbers of large-sized electric home appliances are increasing, the home energy consumption is also increasing proportionally. To reduce the home energy cost, it is necessary to consider both energy consumption and generation. In this application intelligent home uses renewable energies. The problems of home energy management systems are solved by implementing energy saving method and renewable energy sources. Energy sources are connected to the grid via battery and inverter, the output of battery is connected to microcontroller. For displaying the battery voltage and availability of energy source microcontroller is connected to LCD. Some units will be consumed whenever load is connected, consumed units will be calculated with the help of microcontroller and it is displayed on the LCD. Keywords: Home Energy Management System, ZigBee, Renewable Energy, Power Line Communication, Microcontroller, Inverter.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Similar to Energy saving in star marked refrigerators and effect of door opening frequency on energy consumption of residential refrigerators (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
-
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
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Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Energy saving in star marked refrigerators and effect of door opening frequency on energy consumption of residential refrigerators
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 02 | Feb-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 684
ENERGY SAVING IN STAR MARKED REFRIGERATORS AND
EFFECT OF DOOR OPENING FREQUENCY ON ENERGY
CONSUMPTION OF RESIDENTIAL REFRIGERATORS
Bhabaranjan Sarmah1
1
Assam Engineering Institute, Guwahati, Assam, India
Abstract
The resurgent economy of India is in need of energy as it is one of the vital requirements for a sustainable development. So, it is
obvious that India will need a huge hike in energy to fulfill its requirements in the next decades. But, there is a large gap between
the demand and supply. All India average energy shortfall is 9% and peak demand shortfall is 14% [O’Neill 2009]. .Loss of
electricity in India, due to transmission, is around 24% during 2011-12 [Energy statistics 2013]. Energy saved at the point of use
is equivalent to 2.5 times the energy produced [Deshpande V.M.,2011]. As such sincere effort is essential in every aspect
wherever there is a possibility of saving energy. Refrigerators are huge consumer of electrical energy. In India, 13 % of
residential electricity is used by refrigeration systems [BEE, Energy and Building, 2014 ]. There is very little study on the effect of
use of energy star marked refrigerators on actual reduction of energy consumption, especially in developing countries. Another
important factor which contributes to the increase in consumption of electrical energy is door opening pattern in refrigerators.
But there is very little study on the effect of door opening frequency in refrigerators on energy consumption especially in field
condition. In the present work experimental study was conducted by keeping the door of a 5 star marked refrigerator open at
different frequency but same total opening time. The result showed that frequent opening of door leads to substantial increase in
energy consumption and increase in frequency is directly related to increase in energy consumption. The increase may be more
than 100% if a door is opened for even 1 minute after every 3 minutes or the door is kept open (by mistake or so) for a very long
period (90minutes).
Keywords: energy, efficiency, refrigerator, star marking, compressor, door opening, frequency
-------------------------------------------------------------------***-------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
The whole world has realized the catastrophic impact of
severe energy crisis of the earlier days. As a result almost all
the nations have taken measures to avoid such crisis. One
such measure is to reduce consumption of electrical energy
in the appliances. This measure not only results in saving
energy but also saves the environment by saving fossil fuel
and a huge amount of money, which otherwise would have
to be spent for establishing new power producing facilities.
As an important step of saving energy in appliances most of
the countries have introduced a feature called standard and
labeling of the appliances.
India had a total of 247 million households in 2011, with an
average of about 4.9 people per household, according to
Census of India. The World Bank estimated in their 2011
reports that if India's economy continues to grow as per
projections, India's middle income group is likely to cross
583 million people by 2025. [Mckinsey Global Institute]
Increase in the middle income group will definitely increase
the purchase of household appliances by many times.
So, it is obvious that India will need a huge hike in energy to
fulfill its requirements in the next decades. But, there is a
large gap between the demand and supply. All India average
energy shortfall is 9% and peak demand shortfall is 14%
[O’Neill 2009]. Loss of electricity in India, due to
transmission, is around 24% during 2011-12. [Energy
statistics 2013]
An affordable, reliable supply of energy is indispensible for
sustainable economic development, but the staggering cost
is a great burden in establishing new supply facilities. The
simplest way out of this challenge is to use energy more
efficiently. One of the most effective way of efficient use of
energy is its proper use in household appliances.
1.1 Energy Consumption in Residential
Refrigerators
The refrigerators used for temporary storage of food in
houses are called domestic refrigerators. Refrigerators are
one of the largest energy consumers at home. Refrigerators
have become more energy-efficient over time by making
various processes that consume less energy and by
preventing heat from entering the refrigerator.
The first record of energy efficient and eco-friendly
refrigerator was the patented design by Albert Einstein with
his colleague Leo Szillard in 1930s .
Various experiments have been already conducted by
different persons using different techniques to improve the
energy efficiency of refrigerators and airconditioners. Use of
phase change material in condenser (Bansal et al,2003;
Azzouz K, et al, 2009; C. Marques et al, 2013), use of
variable frequency drive (VFD) and variable speed air-
conditioners (Annette Michele, 2009), microchip controlled
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 02 | Feb-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 685
defrost cycle and vacuum panel in wall (Zuckerman, 2007),
innovative introduction of ‘ecube’ (Craig Berman, 2010)
etc.. are examples of such techniques.
1.2 Energy Use Behaviour
Use of energy or rather energy-consuming appliances has
direct bearing on the energy consumption. One such
behaviour which leads to increase in energy consumption is
the door opening pattern of residential refrigerators.
Seth Zuckerman,2007 has mentioned that opening of
refrigerator door accounts for only 2% of appliance’s energy
use.
Gage 1995, Saidur et al 2002 and 2008, Hasanuzzaman et al
2008 have conducted certain experiments to ascertain the
increase in consumption of energy with door opening time.
Hossen and Hasan also experimented with the effect on
performance of the refrigerator due to door opening, and
remarked that there is substantial effect. They mentioned
that a very few experimental and theoretical studies have
been carried out on the analysis of effect of door opening on
energy consumption.
A survey was conducted in Guwahati city in 2014 to find the
number of houses having energy star marked refrigerator
and the awareness of people about the energy star marking.
On the basis of literature review and survey conducted in
Guwahati city, India an experimental study was conducted
to find the increase in consumption of energy in a 5star
marked refrigerator due to frequent opening of door.
2. CASE STUDY
A survey was conducted in three localities in Guwahati city
by means of a questionnaire to more than three hundred
households to have first hand information about the use of
refrigerators by middle-income group people and their
awareness of energy star marking.
The findings of results of this survey are as follows [Table 1
and Table 2]
Table 1 Number of households having refrigerators of
different capacities
Capacity of
refrigerator in
ltr
Number of
households
<185 104
185<210 112
210<250 38
250<280 27
280<350 34
350<550 11
Total 326
Table 2 Number of households having refrigerators of
different star marking
Star mark in
refrigerators
Number of
households
0 53
1 0
2 0
3 55
4 112
5 106
Total 326
The result of survey showed that even now many
refrigerators are without any star marking in many
households in Guwahati city. It is obvious that many more
such refrigerators will be available in the rural area and
other small towns in Assam. Further it is observed that only
32.5% (106/326) of the surveyed refrigerators are having 5
star marking, which is considered to be the most energy
efficient. It shows the lack of awareness to the cause of
energy saving among the people of this part of the country.
As such, the practice of opening the door very frequently is
quite common.
3. FIELD TESTS OF DIFFERENT
REFRIGERATORS
Two sets of tests were conducted under the present work.
First, the actual energy consumption by a non-star marked
old refrigerator was tested and then the compressor of the
same refrigerator was replaced by a compressor of a 5-star
marked refrigerator and tested to measure the energy
consumptions. Thereafter one 4-star and another 5-star
refrigerators were tested to measure the energy
consumption. Results are shown in Fig.1.1 to Fig. 1. 6.
Another important factor is opening of the door of the
refrigerator, which affects the energy consumption by the
refrigerator. So, a set of tests were conducted to check this
aspect.
A number of refrigerators with 5 Star marking have been
tested under field (house / workshop) condition by keeping
their doors open for different duration/frequency like 1
minute open after every 3minutes closed condition, 5
minutes open after every 15 minutes closed, 10 minutes
open after every 30 minutes closed, 15 minutes open after
every 45 minutes closed and 1.5 hours continuous closed (if
someone does not close the door properly and it remained
open for 1.5 hrs) condition. The experiments are explained
from 3.2.1 to 3.2.6.
3.1 Experiments on Energy Consumption in
Domestic Refrigerators
A series of experiments have been conducted under the
present work to assess the energy consumption by a 165 liter
domestic refrigerator without any star marking and
subsequently compare the same with the other measured
results.
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 02 | Feb-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 686
(i) at first measurements of power consumed by one no-star
marked refrigerator (old model)
(ii) then energy consumption by the same refrigerator after
replacing its compressor by a compressor from a 5-star
marked refrigerator, because there may be various options
available to save energy consumption in a domestic
refrigerator. However, without going into design aspects of
different components, the effect of the compressor may be
observed.
(iii) the energy consumption by a 4-star marked refrigerator
and to see the actual save in electrical energy due to use of
energy-star marked refrigerator of same capacity.
(iv) the energy consumption by a 5-star marked refrigerator
and to see the actual save in electrical energy due to use of
energy-star marked refrigerator of same capacity.
The power consumption in the No-Star Refrigerator, the
same refrigerator (No-Star) with a 5-star compressor, one 4-
star marked refrigerator and one 5 –Star marked refrigerator
of same capacity (165 litre) are measured and plotted in the
graphs 1.1, 1.2 , 1.4 and 1.5 respectively. The comparative
graph is shown in Fig. 1.3 and Line diagram in Fig. 1.6.
3.1.1 Experiment No.1.1
First of all, an old domestic 165 liter refrigerator, without
any Star marking, has been taken as the baseline for
testing. The Energy consumption of the refrigerator and
temperature changing pattern in the freezer compartment
were noted down for 6 hrs continuously on three different
days. This average energy consumption baseline is shown in
Fig.1.1
Power_No Star Mark_No opening of Door
No Star No opening_Power_150 W
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
Time in minute
Power in Watt
Fig 1.1 Power consumption in Watt vs Time in minutes in a domestic (165ltr) refrigerator having No-Star Marking
From the above graph (Fig 1.1), without opening the door of the refrigerator, it is found that power consumed by the refrigerator
in 6 hours = 49462.6 Watt minutes = 1204 kWHr per annum (rounded to nearest whole number without considering the initial
90minutes separately)
3.1.2 Experiment No.1.2
Before exploring other factors the effect of the compressor in Energy Star Marked refrigerator is tested by changing the
compressor of the same Non-Star marked Refrigerator by a compressor of a working 5-Star Marked Refrigerator and the result is
shown below (Fig. 1.2):
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No Star Refri with 5 Star Compressor
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
Time in minutes
Power in Watts
Fig 1.2 Power consumption by a No-Star Marked Refrigerator with a compressor of a 5-Star Marked Refrigerator (6 Hrs)
Total Power consumption in 6 hrs = 35510.15 Watt Minute (without considering the effect of 1st
75 minutes required for initial
cooling) i.e 864 kWHr per Annum
The two graphs shown in Fig. 1.1 and 1.2 are superimposed in a third graph and the power consumption in refrigerator with no-
star and another with 5-star compressor placed in a no-star refrigerator (comparative) is shown in Fig. 1.3
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No Star_No opening
no star with 5 star compressor
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
Time in minute
Power in Watt
Fig. 1.3: Time vs. Power consumption in (i) a No-Star marked refrigerator and (ii) a No star marked refrigerator with
compressor of a 5 star marked refrigerator.
If detailed analysis is done then the saving is as follows:
(i) Refer to Fig. 1.3 In the No-Star Refrigerator,
Power: 14281.5 + 35181.1 = 49462.6 watt.minute (in 6hrs)
Excluding 1st
hr, 35181.1 watt.minute in 4.5 hrs, so in 24 hrs
Power consumption = (35181.1 /4.5)X24 =187632.53 watt.minute ,
If we consider the additional (14281.5 – 11727* )= 2554.5 watt.minute (the excess amount required in the initial cooling) [ *
35181.1 watt min. in 4.5 hrs , so 35181.1 /3=11727 watt min. in 1.5 hrs]
Then annual power consumption:
i.e. In 365 days = {2554.5 + (187632.53 x365)}/60 =1141473.79 watt.hr = 1141 kWhr (rounded to nearest integer)
(ii) Similarly, in the same refrigerator with compressor of a 5 star fridge,
Consumption in initial 60 minutes = 9026.25 watt.minutes
Power : 9026.25+26483.9= 35510.15 watt.minute in 6 hrs
Excluding 1st
hr, 26483.9watt.minute in 5hrs,
So in 24 hrs, power consumption = (26483.9 /5)X24 =127122.72 Watt.minute
If we consider the additional (9026.25-26483.9/5) = 3729.47 watt.minute,
Then, annual power consumption i.e. In 365 days
= (3729.47 + 127122.72 x365)/60 =773392 watt.hr = 773 kWhr (rounded to nearest integer)
It shows that by changing only the compressor of the No-Star Marked refrigerator by that of a 5-Star Marked refrigerator, we can
save electrical energy by an amount of 1141- 773 = 368 kWHr , i.e (368/1141) X 100% = 32.2 % saving or if it is considered the
other way i.e. replacing a no-star refrigerator with 5-star compressor by a simple no-star refrigerator then the additional energy
requirement in percentage = 368/773 X100% = 47.6% increase.
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3.1.3 Experiment No.1.3
The next experiment is done with a HAIER 4-star refrigerator. Refrigerant R-134a and capacity 165litre. Power consumption of
this refrigerator over 6 hours is shown in Fig. 1.4
4 star refrigerator_HAIER
-20 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Time in minutes
Power in watts
Fig. 1.4 Time vs power in watt of a 4-star marked refrigerator
From the graph, the consumption of power is calculated as follows
For initial 60 minutes power consumption = 5440.9watt.minutes
The consumption during 60 minutes to 360 minutes = 15978.15 watt minutes
Since the initial 60 minutes cooling time is required only once, it is calculated separately.
On the basis of power consumption during next 5 hours, the total consumption in one year = (15978.15/5 )X 24 X 365 =
27993718.8 watt .minutes
So, considering the additional power required for initial cooling = (5440.9 – 15978.15/5) = 2245.27 watt.minutes
Thus the actual power consumption of 4star refrigerator per year = 2245.27 + 27993718 = 27995964 watt.minutes = 467 kWHr
3.1.4 Experiment No. 1.4
Power consumption of a 5 star fridge (HAIER) of capacity 165 liter.
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Haier 5 Star Refrigerator
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
Time in minutes
power in watts
Fig. 1.5 Time in minutes vs Power in watt of a 5-star refrigerator
In the experiment No.4 Fig.5.2.5, where the energy consumption by a 5 star refrigerator
For initial 60 minutes =4825.2 watt.minutes
For next 300 minutes = 14762.28 watt.minutes
On the basis of power consumption during next 5 hours, the consumption per year
= (14762.28 / 5) X24 X365 = 25863514 watt.minutes
The additional power required in the initial hour = (4825.2 -14762.28/5) = 1872.75 watt.minutes
Actual consumption = 1872.75 + 25863514 = 25865386.75watt minutes =431 kWHr.
The increase in power consumption when a 4-star refrigerator is used in place of a 5 star refrigerator = (467-431)/431 = 0.083= 8.3
%
The energy consumption by these refrigerators are shown in a line diagram in Fig1.6
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Fig. 1.6 Line chart showing decrease in power
3.2 Experiments with Different Door Opening Frequency
In order to test the impact of keeping the door open for 1/4th
of total time, the door of the refrigerator was kept open for the same
total time i.e. 90 minutes in total 360 minutes. However the duration of door opening is changed so that the frequency of opening
is also changed to keep the total opening time same. It is done as follows
(i) 1 minute in every 4 minutes i.e. 1 minute open and then 3 minutes closed,
(ii) 5 minutes open every 15 minutes or 5 minutes open and then 15 minutes closed ,
(iii) 10 minutes open in every 30 minutes i.e. 10 minutes open and then 30 minutes closed,
(iv) 15 minutes after every 45 minutes i.e. 15 minutes open and then 45 minutes closed and
(v) 1.5 hours (90 minutes) continuous open. All these experiments were conducted for continuous six hours under no-load
condition as per BEE norms and in all these experiments total time of keeping the door open was 90 minutes in total 360 minutes
(6 hrs).
3.2.1 Experiment No.2.1
Experiment to calculate power consumption by a 5 Star Refrigerator without opening the door for 6 hours: Model :
HAIER Capacity : 165 litre
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
No-Star fridge Fridge with 5
star compr
HAIER 4 star
fridge
HAIER 5 star
fridge
Power consumption in KWHr per annum
Power consumption in
KWHr per annum
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Haier 5 Star Refrigerator
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
Time in minutes
power in watts
Fig2.1 Power consumption of a 5-Star Energy Marked Refrigerator without opening the door for 6 hours.
Total power consumption (from graph) watt. minute = 431 kWHr (kiloWatt Hour)per annum
It is considered as reference or baseline value for comparison with the power consumed at different door opening frequency and
duration.
3.2.2 Experiment No. 2.2
Same refrigerator is tested by keeping the door open for 15 minutes after every 45 minutes i.e total 15 minutes in one hour or
15X6=90 minutes in 6hours.
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15 mins open after every 45 mins
-20 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
Time in minutes
Power in watt
Fig 2.2: Power consumption of Refrigerator with door open for 15 minutes
From the above graph [Fig.2.2], energy consumption during initial 60 mins = 5455.2 watt.mins
Next 300 mins = 22234.3 watt. Mins
Annual consumption on the basis of later 5 hours = (22234.3/5) X 24 X365= 38954493.6 watt.mins
Now adding the additional power in initial 60 mins = (5455.2 – 22234.3/5) + 38954493.6 = 38955501.6 watt.mins = 649
kWHr(rounded to nearest integer)
Increase in percentage of Energy Consumption = (649-431)/431 *100% =50.58%
3.2.3 Experiment No. 2.3
Same Refrigerator is tested by keeping the door open for 10 minutes after every 30 minutes i.e 10 minutes in every 40 minutes or
90 minutes in total 6 hours.
.
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10 mins open after every 30 mins
-20 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
Time in minutes
Power in watt
Fig. 2.3 Power consumption of Refrigerator with door open for 10 minutes in every 40 minutes
When the door is kept open for 10 minutes after every 30 minutes:
Power during initial 60 minutes = 5328.3 watt.minutes
Power during next 5 hours = 26406.4 watt.minutes
Power consumption in 365days = (26406.4/5) X 24 X 365 = 46264012.8 Watt minute
Total power consumption including initial additional power = (5328.3-26406.4/5) + 46264012.8 = 46264059.82 watt minutes =
771 kWHr/yr
Increase in percentage of Energy consumption = (771-431)/431 *100% =78.8%
3.2.4 Experiment No. 2.4
Same Refrigerator is tested by keeping the door open for 5 minutes after every 15 minutes or 90 minutes in total 6 hours.
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5 min open after every 15 mins
-20 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
Time in minutes
Power in watt
Fig 2.4: Power consumption of Refrigerator with door open for 5minutes
Power consumed during initial 60 minutes = 4965.2 watt.mins
Power consumption during next 300 mins = 27319.7watt.mins
On the basis of next 300 mins, energy consumption per annum =(27319.7/5)X24X365 = 47864114.4 watt.mins
Considering additional power consumed during initial 60 mins, total power consumption = (4965.2-27319.7/5) + 47864114.4 =
47863615.7 watt.mis = 798 kWHr
Total Consumption When door is kept open for 5 minutes after every 15 minutes = 36112.4 Wwatt minute = 798 kWHr per
annum
Increase in percentage of Energy Consumption = (798-431 )/431 *100% = 85.1%
3.2.5 Experiment No 2.5
Same refrigerator is tested by keeping the door open for 1.5 hours continuously
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1.5 hrs continuous open after 135 mins
-20 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
Time in minutes
Power in watt
Fig 2.5 Power consumption of Refrigerator with door open for 90 minutes continuously 135 minutes of starting
Initial 60 mins=4825.2 watt.mins
Next five hours = 30419.55 watt.mins
On the basis of next five hours , consumption = (30419.55/5) X 24 X365 =53295051.6 watt.mins
Considering initial 60 mins , consumption = (4825.2 – 30419.55/5) + 53295051.6 = 53293792.89 watt.mins = 888 kWHr/annum
Increase in percentage of Energy Consumption = (888-431)/431 *100% = 106%
3.2.6 Experiment No. 2.6
Same Refrigerator is tested by keeping the door open for 1 minute after every 3 minutes.:
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1 min open after every 3 mins from starting
-20 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
Time in minutes
Power in watt
Fig 2.6: Power consumption in Watt vs. Time (when door is kept open for 1 min after every 3 mins)
Since the opening started from very beginning , so there is no need to consider initial cooling time.
Hence, total power consumption in 6 hours = 37772.4 Watt minute (as calculated from the above graph) = 919 kWHr.
Percentage increase in power consumption = (919 – 431)/ 431 * 100% = 113%
4. CONCLUSION
Though there are many skeptical views regarding effectiveness of the Energy Star Marking on appliances, but the extensive tests
conducted during this research work clearly showed marked improvement in reduction of energy consumption by the appliances
having energy star markings.
However, it is also true that actual energy consumption by the appliances are much above the rated consumption, because the
rated consumption are on the basis of tests conducted under laboratory condition while the tests conducted during this research
work are under actual field condition.
From the graphs shown in Fig. 1.1 to 1.6, the power consumption of the refrigerators are as follows:
Table 3 : Comparison of different Refrigerators’ power consumption
Star rating of Refrigerator Power consumption in KWHr per annum
No-Star Refrigerator 1141
No-star Refri with 5 Star compressor 773
HAIER 4 star refrigerator 467
HAIER 5Star Refrigerator 431
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Fig. 3.1 Bar diagram showing the energy consumption (kWHr) in refrigerators
It is observed that there are substantial effects on energy consumption of a domestic refrigerator when the door is opened for
different interval of time. When it is compared with the baseline energy consumption of a 5-star marked refrigerator without
opening the door, the observed increase in consumption of energy are as follows
In case of baseline consumption = 431 kWHrper annum (5 Star Refrigerator without opening the door is tested as shown in
Experiment No.2.1 Fig.2.1)
Power consumption at different frequency of door opening are as follows
(a) 15 minutes open after every 45 minutes per 6 hrs , the consumption is 23042.9 Watt minute = 649 kWHr(rounded to nearest
integer)
Increase in percentage of Energy Consumption = (649-431)/431 *100% =50.58%
(b) In case of keeping the door open for 10 minutes after every 30 minutes, power consumption in 6 hours = 32003.2 Watt minute
(as calculated from the above graph)
= 771 kWHr/yr.
Increase in percentage of Energy consumption = (771-431)/431 *100% =78.8%
(c) In case of 5 minutes after every 15 minutes = 36112.4 Watt minute = 798 kWHr per annum
Increase in percentage of Energy Consumption = (798-431 )/431 *100% = 85.1%
(d) In case of 1.5 hour open continuously after every 120 minutes from start, for 6 hrs , the consumption is 37727 Watt minute =
888 kWHr/annum
Increase in percentage of Energy Consumption = (888-431)/431 *100% = 106%
(e) In case of 1min open after every 3 minutes, the consumption is 919 kWHr.
Percentage increase in power consumption = (919 – 431)/ 431 * 100% = 113%
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
No-Star
fridge
HAIER 4
star fridge
HAIER 5
star fridge
Power consumption in KWHr per
annum
Power consumption in
KWHr per annum
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The results are shown in Table 2 and Fig 3.2 and Fig. 3.3 below
Table 2 Effect of Door opening time of refrigerator on Energy consumption
Door open time Energy consumption
per Annum (KWHour)
Percentage increase over
baseline ( 5star
Refrigerator without
opening the door)
Remark (total
opening time in 6
hours)
Without opening door 431 ----- Baseline
15 minutes open after
every 45 minutes
649 50.58% Total 90 min
10 min after 30 min 771 78.8% Total 90 min
5 min after 15 min 798 85.1% Total 90 min
1.5 hour open
continuously
888 106% Total 90 min
1 min after 3 min 919 113% Total 90 min
Fig. 3.2 Energy consumption per annum vs door opening time
Fig. 3.3: Percentage increase in energy consumption compared to consumption when the refrigerator runs without opening the
door.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
431
649
771 798
888 919
kWHrperannum
0
50.58%
78.80%
85.10%
106% 113%
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
%ageincreasefrombaseline
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From the Table 2, it is observed that keeping the door open
for a longer duration (total 90 minutes per 6 hours)
substantially increases the consumption of electrical energy.
In the above experiments, the refrigerator used was HAIER
5 star marked refrigerator with R-134a as refrigerant.
Thermostat setting was ‘freezer maximum’. Ambient
temperature is 320
C.
It is observed that the consumption of energy increases
when the frequency of opening increases. The increase is
maximum when the door is opened for only 1 minute after
every 3 minutes for total 6 hours, so that total opening time
in 6 hours remains 90 minutes. It is mainly because the door
gets opened before the thermostat reaches its minimum
temperature at which the compressor gets ‘OFF’.
It is evident from the graph that the compressor remained in
running position i.e. kept on running without any break
(OFF) after about 90 minutes from starting. Before that the
effect of 1 minute opening was not evident. So, it is clear
that opening the door for only 1 or 2 minutes will not have
much effect on energy consumption if it is not repeated at
frequent interval. In other words, it is important to keep the
door closed for sufficient time so that the temperature drops
and reaches the set temperature of the thermostat within
reasonable time and the compressor stops. If the door is
opened before the temperature drops to thermostat set value,
then the temperature will increase again, thereby increasing
the running time of the compressor, which will lead to more
consumption of electrical energy.
In Assam, the off-peak load demand is 850MW and peak
load demand is 1200 MW. (The peak load demand of
Guwahati city is 330 MW peak load and 250 MW off peak
load as on 19th
February,2015).
The corresponding shortfalls in Assam are 87 MW and 236
MW respectively as on 19th
February’2015 [source: NER
Load Dispatch Centre & State Load Dispatch Centre].
As Assam is not highly industrialized area, if residential
load is taken as 50% of the total load, then the load for
residential use will be 425 MW (off-peak load) and 600
MW (peak load) respectively.
According to BEE [Energy and Buildings, 2014] 13 % of
residential electricity is used by refrigeration systems. So,
the daily energy consumption by refrigeration system in
Assam at this rate will be 13% of 425 = 55.25 MW (off-
peak load) and 78 MW (peak load).
If increase in frequency of door opening leads to increase in
energy consumption by 50 to 113%, then by maintaining the
door opening frequency to minimum, this amount of
electricity could be saved.
Considering 30% of people using frequent door opening, the
wastage of electricity will be 30% of 55.25 = 16.575MW
and 30% of 78 =23.4 MW respectively. Even at 50%
increase in energy rate will be equivalent to 11 MW and
15.6 MW respectively. In a state like Assam, where there is
daily shortfall of electricity of 87MW and 236 MW, this
could be a substantial saving.
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[1]. O’Neill J. Global Economics Paper No: 192 The Long-
Term Outlook Dec4, 2009
[2]. Energy Statistics,2013, Central Statistics Office ,
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[3]. Vijay M Deshpande Labeling Design Effort in India:
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[4]. CSE india Energy and Building,2014 Graph: End use of
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(source BEE & Mckinsey Global Institute)
[5]. Azzouz K, D. Leducq , D.Gobin Enhancing the
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Brunner, Hu Bo Energy efficient room air conditioners –
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[7]. Zuckerman Seth: The New Wave Of Energy Efficient
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[8]. Creig Breman : Enhancing energy efficiency in
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2010
[9]. Hasanuzzaman M, Saidur R and Masjuki H.H. in the
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[10]. Khan Md. Imran Hossen and Hasan M.M. Afroz: An
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