This document discusses an experimental study that analyzed the energy requirements for making khoa (a traditional Indian milk product) in aluminum and stainless steel pots under closed conditions. Various experiments were conducted with milk samples heated at heat inputs ranging from 240 to 360 watts. The average energy used to evaporate 1 gram of water was found to be 6.858 kJ for aluminum pots and 8.287 kJ for stainless steel pots. The total energy consumption and processing time decreased with increasing heat input for both pot types. The findings can help reduce energy usage for khoa production in rural India.
THERMODYNAMIC SIMULATION OF YEAR ROUND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM FOR VARIABLE R...IAEME Publication
This paper presents a study on different kinds of air conditioning systems in comparison to existing one to use through of the year. Mainly the system imparts all three regular weather conditions. Like hot and dry, hot and wet and cool and dry. For this the out let condition will be fix ed 25 °C dry bulb temperature (DBT) and 50% relative humidity. In the present paper, for maintaining room condition thermodynamic simulation is being done. For simulation we used excels solver software. If atmospheric condition like relative humidity of air is changed, the year round air conditioning equipments change own parameters such as volume of cellulose cooling pad of evaporating cooler, temperature of cooling coil in hot and dry as well as hot and wet weather conditions, temperature of preheat and reheat coil in cold and dry weather to maintain the room condition.
Study and Analysis of Energy Utilization in Casting and Forging IndustryIJERDJOURNAL
Abstract:- Energy audit is a methodology which is used to reduce the energy consumption by the system. The foundry industries are the most energy consuming systems in India. The objective of this research is to minimize the energy utilization in the company by using energy audit technique. It was found that induction furnace is the major problem, which made the system to consume more energy. The experimental study was conducted to optimize the wall thickness of the furnace in order to increase the efficiency of the furnace using ANSYS. As the thickness increased from 0.200m to 0.300m the efficiency of the furnace also increased from 49.40% to 54.70% with energy utilization cost reduction of Rupees 1592, considering 8 hour per day operation.
Solar Energy Utilization for Bagasse drying through Hollow Shape Slat Chain C...IJAEMSJORNAL
The utilization of bagasse as a fuel in sugar cane industry is well known. The moisture content of fresh bagassse is relatively high which lowers the total heat available from bagasse and effects its combustion efficiency. Therefore bagassse drying has become a necessity in order to improve its combustion efficiency. In the present work, the use of parabolic trough solar collector to generate the heat steam from working fluid is studied. A working fluid is heated up to 398oC as it circulate through the receiver pipes and return to the heat exchanger. Hence, the working fluid circulate through the pipes so it transfers heat to low temperature, low pressure steam, received from Multi Effect Evaporator outlet to generate high temperature steam. The high temperature steam from heat exchanger move towards hollow shape slat chain conveyor to drying bagasse. Heat requirement, Number of transfer unit and heat capacity ratio were calculated as 238662 KWh, 72372W and 0.5 respectively. Thickness of upper surface of hollow shaped slat chain conveyor made from steel was found as 1cm, through which the moisture reduction ratio as 0.20 was found in the 8min drying of bagasse.
THERMODYNAMIC SIMULATION OF YEAR ROUND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM FOR VARIABLE R...IAEME Publication
This paper presents a study on different kinds of air conditioning systems in comparison to existing one to use through of the year. Mainly the system imparts all three regular weather conditions. Like hot and dry, hot and wet and cool and dry. For this the out let condition will be fix ed 25 °C dry bulb temperature (DBT) and 50% relative humidity. In the present paper, for maintaining room condition thermodynamic simulation is being done. For simulation we used excels solver software. If atmospheric condition like relative humidity of air is changed, the year round air conditioning equipments change own parameters such as volume of cellulose cooling pad of evaporating cooler, temperature of cooling coil in hot and dry as well as hot and wet weather conditions, temperature of preheat and reheat coil in cold and dry weather to maintain the room condition.
Study and Analysis of Energy Utilization in Casting and Forging IndustryIJERDJOURNAL
Abstract:- Energy audit is a methodology which is used to reduce the energy consumption by the system. The foundry industries are the most energy consuming systems in India. The objective of this research is to minimize the energy utilization in the company by using energy audit technique. It was found that induction furnace is the major problem, which made the system to consume more energy. The experimental study was conducted to optimize the wall thickness of the furnace in order to increase the efficiency of the furnace using ANSYS. As the thickness increased from 0.200m to 0.300m the efficiency of the furnace also increased from 49.40% to 54.70% with energy utilization cost reduction of Rupees 1592, considering 8 hour per day operation.
Solar Energy Utilization for Bagasse drying through Hollow Shape Slat Chain C...IJAEMSJORNAL
The utilization of bagasse as a fuel in sugar cane industry is well known. The moisture content of fresh bagassse is relatively high which lowers the total heat available from bagasse and effects its combustion efficiency. Therefore bagassse drying has become a necessity in order to improve its combustion efficiency. In the present work, the use of parabolic trough solar collector to generate the heat steam from working fluid is studied. A working fluid is heated up to 398oC as it circulate through the receiver pipes and return to the heat exchanger. Hence, the working fluid circulate through the pipes so it transfers heat to low temperature, low pressure steam, received from Multi Effect Evaporator outlet to generate high temperature steam. The high temperature steam from heat exchanger move towards hollow shape slat chain conveyor to drying bagasse. Heat requirement, Number of transfer unit and heat capacity ratio were calculated as 238662 KWh, 72372W and 0.5 respectively. Thickness of upper surface of hollow shaped slat chain conveyor made from steel was found as 1cm, through which the moisture reduction ratio as 0.20 was found in the 8min drying of bagasse.
EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION FOR MEAT...IAEME Publication
The prediction of freezing meat inside the cold storage is studied experimentally and numerically using CFX14.5. In the present work a prototype cold storage for meat has been designed and constructed with dimensions 1 m in length x 1 m in width x 1 m in height. Temperature distributions of regular shape of meats were determined for storage temperature -21°C inside the cold storage, where each part of meat is located in one of the three levels (bottom, medium and top) inside the cold store. The air velocity distribution has been measured by using metal vane anemometer in the directions of (x, -x, y, -y, z and -z) around the meat and the results have been used in the numerical simulations.
Experimental Analysis of a Producer Gas Generated by a Chir Pine Needle (Leaf...IJERA Editor
Today’s Indian scenario is facing an unprecedented energy crisis as the conventional energy resources of India are consistently deteriorating with the limited stock of these natural minerals posing a staggering threat to the Indian economy. Among all the available resources biomass proves to be a satisfactory substitute for compensating the energy void due to these natural resources. Biomass is a renewable resource with almost zero net CO2 emission which is processed with the help of biomass gasifier which is concurrently used with a chir pine needle. The performance of the biomass gasifier system is evaluated in terms of equivalence ratio, producer gas composition, calorific value of the producer gas, gas production rate and cold gas efficiency. The experimental results are compared with those reported in the literature.
Fabrication and Performance Analysis of Downdraft Biomass Gasifier Using Suga...IJSRD
The process by which biomass can be converted to a producer gas by supplying less oxygen than actually required for complete combustion of the fuel is known as gasification. It is a thermo-chemical process and it is performed by a device known as gasifier. For executing the gasification experiments nowadays single throated gasifier uses sugarcane industry waste. In the present study we get to know that sugarcane briquettes are manufactured from residue of sugarcane which is used as a biomass material for the gasification process. Briquettes are formed by extruding the sugar which is extracted from the residue of sugarcane (bagasse) dried in the sun. Equivalence ratio, producer gas composition, calorific value of the producer gas, gas production rate and cold gas efficiency are certain grounds for estimating the performance of the biomass gasifier. The experiential results are compared with those reported in the literature.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Investigation of Boiler Performance in a Power PlantAM Publications
In any modern power plant, the efficiency calculation and loss analysis of a boiler are the first steps to maintain and improve the overall power plant efficiency. The efficiency of the boiler was calculated by the losses or indirect method which is more complicated and more accurate than the direct method. The specific objective of this paper is to calculate the efficiency of a boiler and to identify and analyse the losses involved in the boiler. Boiler’s performance deviations were analysed and the causes for these deviations are found. To minimise these deviations the possible remedial measures were found and also aims to suggest methods which would aid in the reduction of the specific fuel consumption and the carbon footprint, apart from calculating the efficiency and analysing the losses involved in a boiler.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The effect of Al2O3 nanoparticles on the performance of heat pump to improve its
operational efficiency was presented in this theoretical and experimental study. In the
experimental work the heat pump charged with R600a inclusive with 0.06 % vol. of
Al2O3 and used as a nanorefrigerant. Three different nanoparticles size 20nm, 40 nm
and 50 nm of Al2O3 have been used for the preparation of nanolubricant in the present
study. The theoretical approach includes simulations modeling the heat pump
components such as compressor, evaporator, condenser and an expansion valve by
computer of the heat pump system by using commercial MATLAB. The results showed
that the addition of nanoparticles to the refrigerant will improve its characteristics of
refrigeration system heat transfer and thermal properties. Also, it showed that the
using nanorefrigerant in refrigeration system will work normally at all conditions
employed in this work. The experimental results found that the heat pump coefficient
of performance increased by 19.1%, but the power consumption reduced by 21.8 %
when using a mineral oil with 20 nm nanoparticles size of Al2O3 instead of the
conventional mineral oil only. Finally, the refrigeration effect increased and work of
compressor decreased by using a small nanoparticles size of Al2O3
Measurement and model validation of specific heat of xanthan gum using joules...eSAT Journals
Abstract The purpose of this paper is to examine the concentration and temperature influence on the specific heat of xanthan gum and to propose a model equation for estimating the specific heat of xanthan gum at different concentration and temperature usingthe Joules calorimeter method. Joules calorimeter method was tested with distilled water for accuracy and reliability before applying to xanthan gum samples which varied in concentration. The specific heat of xanthan gum needs to be known for evaluating the design and modeling aspects of heat transfer processes of refrigeration, freezing, heating, pasteurization and drying. The specific heat of xanthan gum increases with an increase in temperature (293.15 - 333.15K) and concentration (0.1 - 0.6 %w/w). The minimum value of specific heat of xanthan gum was 4.133 KJ/kg K at 300.25K with a concentration of 0.2 %w/w, whereas the maximum value of specific heat of xanthan gum was 7.459 KJ/kg K at 333.95K with a concentration of 0.5 %w/w. The specific heat capacity of xanthan gum is compared with that of pure water at 308.15, 318.15 and 328.15 K and literature available model at 293.15 - 333.15 K for 0.1 - 0.6 %w/w concentration of xanthan gum. The influence of operating parameters on the specific heat of xanthan gum was determined by employing a central composite rotatable design in response surface methodology (CCRD-RSM). The new model equation obtained for estimating the specific heat using RSM possesses good agreement with experimental data with a regression coefficient of 0.9774. Index Terms: Specific heat, Xanthan gum, Pseudo plastic fluid and Response surface methodology etc.…
A compromise between the temperature difference and performance in a standing...محمود الأمير
Thermoacoustic refrigeration is an evolving cooling technology in which the acoustic power is used to pump heat. The operating conditions and geometric parameters are important for the thermoacoustic refrigerator performance, as they affect both its performance and the temperature difference across the stack. This paper investigates the effect of the stack geometric parameters and operating conditions on the performance of a standing wave thermoacoustic refrigerator and the temperature difference across the stack. DeltaEC software is used to make the thermoacoustic refrigerator model. From the obtained results,
normalised values for the operating conditions and geometric parameters are collected to compromise both the performance and the temperature difference across the stack.
Comparative studies on heat transfer and fluid flow in cored brick and pebble...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The article reports on comparison of transient heat transfer and fluid flow in two different sensible heat storage devices using Computational Fluid Dynamics. The candidate heat storage devices considered were cored brick and pebble bed and air was taken to be the working fluid. Same geometrical, material, porosity and boundary conditions, have been used for both the cored brick and pebble bed heaters, to compare the axial temperature history and pressure drop. The heat storage system comprises alumina, either in form of pebbles of diameter 6.5 mm, packed to a length of 0.455m in a 43mm diameter pipe, or cored brick of 43mm diameter and same length with through holes to have the same porosity (0.48) as that of the former. The conditions at inlet, outlet and lateral surface too have been taken to be same for both the systems. The fluid flow was considered to be incompressible with k-epsilon model to predict turbulence, and the thermo-physical properties of fluid and solid were assumed to remain constant. Simulations carried out for an inlet temperature of 465 K for velocities ranging from 2m/s to 5 m/s revealed that pressure drop in pebble bed to be considerably higher than those in cored brick, while the temperature history exhibited mixed trends.
Keywords: Cored Brick, Pebble Bed and Porosity
human recourse information system; public sector; performance; satisfaction o...IJERA Editor
Electric Water Heaters are widely used all over the world that can be categorized in two types i.e. Instant Water Heaters & Storage type Water Heaters. The energy consumption for 6 liter water heaters is much higher in the storage type of water heater. As energy is an important factor for economic development of country, therefore there is need to save the energy which implies the focus to use Storage type Water Heaters. In 6 Liter water heater, Existing model converting from 4 star rating to 5 star rating by thermal analysis & insulation. After the theoretical calculation of thickness of glass wool is the practical testing of product with BEE norms & got results for 5 Star Calculation. Finally we are doing the thermal analysis for theoretical & practical verification of the product
Investigation on effective thermal conductivity of foams using transient plan...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Somos una empresa que se dedica a ofrecer servicios profesionales de mercadotecnia, diseño y programación para satisfacer las necesidades del mercado actual a un buen precio y de excelente calidad con la finalidad de que los clientes queden satisfechos.
EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION FOR MEAT...IAEME Publication
The prediction of freezing meat inside the cold storage is studied experimentally and numerically using CFX14.5. In the present work a prototype cold storage for meat has been designed and constructed with dimensions 1 m in length x 1 m in width x 1 m in height. Temperature distributions of regular shape of meats were determined for storage temperature -21°C inside the cold storage, where each part of meat is located in one of the three levels (bottom, medium and top) inside the cold store. The air velocity distribution has been measured by using metal vane anemometer in the directions of (x, -x, y, -y, z and -z) around the meat and the results have been used in the numerical simulations.
Experimental Analysis of a Producer Gas Generated by a Chir Pine Needle (Leaf...IJERA Editor
Today’s Indian scenario is facing an unprecedented energy crisis as the conventional energy resources of India are consistently deteriorating with the limited stock of these natural minerals posing a staggering threat to the Indian economy. Among all the available resources biomass proves to be a satisfactory substitute for compensating the energy void due to these natural resources. Biomass is a renewable resource with almost zero net CO2 emission which is processed with the help of biomass gasifier which is concurrently used with a chir pine needle. The performance of the biomass gasifier system is evaluated in terms of equivalence ratio, producer gas composition, calorific value of the producer gas, gas production rate and cold gas efficiency. The experimental results are compared with those reported in the literature.
Fabrication and Performance Analysis of Downdraft Biomass Gasifier Using Suga...IJSRD
The process by which biomass can be converted to a producer gas by supplying less oxygen than actually required for complete combustion of the fuel is known as gasification. It is a thermo-chemical process and it is performed by a device known as gasifier. For executing the gasification experiments nowadays single throated gasifier uses sugarcane industry waste. In the present study we get to know that sugarcane briquettes are manufactured from residue of sugarcane which is used as a biomass material for the gasification process. Briquettes are formed by extruding the sugar which is extracted from the residue of sugarcane (bagasse) dried in the sun. Equivalence ratio, producer gas composition, calorific value of the producer gas, gas production rate and cold gas efficiency are certain grounds for estimating the performance of the biomass gasifier. The experiential results are compared with those reported in the literature.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Investigation of Boiler Performance in a Power PlantAM Publications
In any modern power plant, the efficiency calculation and loss analysis of a boiler are the first steps to maintain and improve the overall power plant efficiency. The efficiency of the boiler was calculated by the losses or indirect method which is more complicated and more accurate than the direct method. The specific objective of this paper is to calculate the efficiency of a boiler and to identify and analyse the losses involved in the boiler. Boiler’s performance deviations were analysed and the causes for these deviations are found. To minimise these deviations the possible remedial measures were found and also aims to suggest methods which would aid in the reduction of the specific fuel consumption and the carbon footprint, apart from calculating the efficiency and analysing the losses involved in a boiler.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The effect of Al2O3 nanoparticles on the performance of heat pump to improve its
operational efficiency was presented in this theoretical and experimental study. In the
experimental work the heat pump charged with R600a inclusive with 0.06 % vol. of
Al2O3 and used as a nanorefrigerant. Three different nanoparticles size 20nm, 40 nm
and 50 nm of Al2O3 have been used for the preparation of nanolubricant in the present
study. The theoretical approach includes simulations modeling the heat pump
components such as compressor, evaporator, condenser and an expansion valve by
computer of the heat pump system by using commercial MATLAB. The results showed
that the addition of nanoparticles to the refrigerant will improve its characteristics of
refrigeration system heat transfer and thermal properties. Also, it showed that the
using nanorefrigerant in refrigeration system will work normally at all conditions
employed in this work. The experimental results found that the heat pump coefficient
of performance increased by 19.1%, but the power consumption reduced by 21.8 %
when using a mineral oil with 20 nm nanoparticles size of Al2O3 instead of the
conventional mineral oil only. Finally, the refrigeration effect increased and work of
compressor decreased by using a small nanoparticles size of Al2O3
Measurement and model validation of specific heat of xanthan gum using joules...eSAT Journals
Abstract The purpose of this paper is to examine the concentration and temperature influence on the specific heat of xanthan gum and to propose a model equation for estimating the specific heat of xanthan gum at different concentration and temperature usingthe Joules calorimeter method. Joules calorimeter method was tested with distilled water for accuracy and reliability before applying to xanthan gum samples which varied in concentration. The specific heat of xanthan gum needs to be known for evaluating the design and modeling aspects of heat transfer processes of refrigeration, freezing, heating, pasteurization and drying. The specific heat of xanthan gum increases with an increase in temperature (293.15 - 333.15K) and concentration (0.1 - 0.6 %w/w). The minimum value of specific heat of xanthan gum was 4.133 KJ/kg K at 300.25K with a concentration of 0.2 %w/w, whereas the maximum value of specific heat of xanthan gum was 7.459 KJ/kg K at 333.95K with a concentration of 0.5 %w/w. The specific heat capacity of xanthan gum is compared with that of pure water at 308.15, 318.15 and 328.15 K and literature available model at 293.15 - 333.15 K for 0.1 - 0.6 %w/w concentration of xanthan gum. The influence of operating parameters on the specific heat of xanthan gum was determined by employing a central composite rotatable design in response surface methodology (CCRD-RSM). The new model equation obtained for estimating the specific heat using RSM possesses good agreement with experimental data with a regression coefficient of 0.9774. Index Terms: Specific heat, Xanthan gum, Pseudo plastic fluid and Response surface methodology etc.…
A compromise between the temperature difference and performance in a standing...محمود الأمير
Thermoacoustic refrigeration is an evolving cooling technology in which the acoustic power is used to pump heat. The operating conditions and geometric parameters are important for the thermoacoustic refrigerator performance, as they affect both its performance and the temperature difference across the stack. This paper investigates the effect of the stack geometric parameters and operating conditions on the performance of a standing wave thermoacoustic refrigerator and the temperature difference across the stack. DeltaEC software is used to make the thermoacoustic refrigerator model. From the obtained results,
normalised values for the operating conditions and geometric parameters are collected to compromise both the performance and the temperature difference across the stack.
Comparative studies on heat transfer and fluid flow in cored brick and pebble...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The article reports on comparison of transient heat transfer and fluid flow in two different sensible heat storage devices using Computational Fluid Dynamics. The candidate heat storage devices considered were cored brick and pebble bed and air was taken to be the working fluid. Same geometrical, material, porosity and boundary conditions, have been used for both the cored brick and pebble bed heaters, to compare the axial temperature history and pressure drop. The heat storage system comprises alumina, either in form of pebbles of diameter 6.5 mm, packed to a length of 0.455m in a 43mm diameter pipe, or cored brick of 43mm diameter and same length with through holes to have the same porosity (0.48) as that of the former. The conditions at inlet, outlet and lateral surface too have been taken to be same for both the systems. The fluid flow was considered to be incompressible with k-epsilon model to predict turbulence, and the thermo-physical properties of fluid and solid were assumed to remain constant. Simulations carried out for an inlet temperature of 465 K for velocities ranging from 2m/s to 5 m/s revealed that pressure drop in pebble bed to be considerably higher than those in cored brick, while the temperature history exhibited mixed trends.
Keywords: Cored Brick, Pebble Bed and Porosity
human recourse information system; public sector; performance; satisfaction o...IJERA Editor
Electric Water Heaters are widely used all over the world that can be categorized in two types i.e. Instant Water Heaters & Storage type Water Heaters. The energy consumption for 6 liter water heaters is much higher in the storage type of water heater. As energy is an important factor for economic development of country, therefore there is need to save the energy which implies the focus to use Storage type Water Heaters. In 6 Liter water heater, Existing model converting from 4 star rating to 5 star rating by thermal analysis & insulation. After the theoretical calculation of thickness of glass wool is the practical testing of product with BEE norms & got results for 5 Star Calculation. Finally we are doing the thermal analysis for theoretical & practical verification of the product
Investigation on effective thermal conductivity of foams using transient plan...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Somos una empresa que se dedica a ofrecer servicios profesionales de mercadotecnia, diseño y programación para satisfacer las necesidades del mercado actual a un buen precio y de excelente calidad con la finalidad de que los clientes queden satisfechos.
Médico Especialista Álvaro Miguel Carranza Montalvo, soy Médico General Alto, Rubio, de Piel Blanca, ojos claros , soy Atlético Simpático, me esmero a seguir Adelante solucionando los Problemas de las demás Personas para salvar su Vida en Salud y en Enfermedades. Internet, Networds….
Médico Especialista Álvaro Miguel Carranza Montalvo, la VIDA es una VIRTUD que cada Humano, Persona tiene es Valeroso y Digno lograr SALVAR la VIDA de una Persona que está en Peligro, cada Persona es una sóla Unidad único no hay nadie como esa persona somos distintos. Internet, Networds….
Médico Especialista Álvaro Miguel Carranza Montalvo, la NATURALEZA es Bella y Linda Vivirla al Aire Libre, con Agua, la Vegetación, los Bellos Animales en el Ecosistema la Biodiversidad hay que Valorar y Gozar lo que hay en el Mundo Vivirla y Disfrutarla. Internet, Networds….
Médico Especialista Álvaro Miguel Carranza Montalvo, ME GUSTA LO QUE SOY MI FORMA DE SER ME ENCANTA LO QUE SOY YÓ MI FÍSICO, MENTE, PENSAMIENTOS, ALMA Y CUERPO, FÍSICO. Y VIVIR LA VIDA, NATURALEZA LA BELLEZA. Web, Redes Sociales….
Médico Especialista Álvaro Miguel Carranza Montalvo, Me gusta la Naturaleza y la Vida. VIVIR LA VIDA RESPETANDO A LOS DEMÁS CHICAS Y CHICOS A TODAS LAS PERSONAS LES RESPETO Y ADMIRO PORQUE TIENEN SUS VALORES Y DONES. HACER EL BIEN NUNCA EL MAL A LA PERSONA TRATAR COMO A UNO LE GUSTARÍA QUE LE TRATEN. Web, Redes Sociales….
Médico Especialista Álvaro Miguel Carranza Montalvo, "creo que las artes marciales mixtas sirven principalmente para desarrollar la energía. A veces es necesario darse cuenta de un peligro y conocer el medio para salvar la vida. Web, Redes Sociales….
Médico Especialista Álvaro Miguel Carranza Montalvo, La Energía es Vital para lograr una Meta con Fuerza y Salud es lo más Importante en la Vida. ", Web, Internet….
Médico Especialista Álvaro Miguel Carranza Montalvo, "es necesario realizar ejercicios determinados en la columna, para proporcionar oxígeno al cerebro y ayudarle a descansar totalmente", Web, Internet….
Médico Especialista Álvaro Miguel Carranza Montalvo, "hay tres palabras que aprendemos a gritar que llevan consigo descanso y energía; fuerza, valor y convicción", Web, Internet….
LEVERAGING CLOUD BASED BIG DATA ANALYTICS IN KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT FOR ENHANCE...ijdpsjournal
In recent past, big data opportunities have gained much momentum to enhance knowledge management in
organizations. However, big data due to its various properties like high volume, variety, and velocity can
no longer be effectively stored and analyzed with traditional data management techniques to generate
values for knowledge development. Hence, new technologies and architectures are required to store and
analyze this big data through advanced data analytics and in turn generate vital real-time knowledge for
effective decision making by organizations. More specifically, it is necessary to have a single infrastructure
which provides common functionality of knowledge management, and flexible enough to handle different
types of big data and big data analysis tasks. Cloud computing infrastructures capable of storing and
processing large volume of data can be used for efficient big data processing because it minimizes the
initial cost for the large-scale computing infrastructure demanded by big data analytics. This paper aims to
explore the impact of big data analytics on knowledge management and proposes a cloud-based conceptual
framework that can analyze big data in real time to facilitate enhanced decision making intended for
competitive advantage. Thus, this framework will pave the way for organizations to explore the relationship
between big data analytics and knowledge management which are mostly deemed as two distinct entities.
Israelis on the margins seek the chance to participate fully in the nation they love. We make it possible, increasing independence, opportunities, and support.
FACTORS ON SOFTWARE EFFORT ESTIMATION ijseajournal
Software effort estimation is an important process of system development life cycle, as it may affect the
success of software projects if project designers estimate the projects inaccurately. In the past of few
decades, various effort prediction models have been proposed by academicians and practitioners.
Traditional estimation techniques include Lines of Codes (LOC), Function Point Analysis (FPA) method
and Mark II Function Points (Mark II FP) which have proven unsatisfactory for predicting effort of all
types of software. In this study, the author proposed a regression model to predict the effort required to
design small and medium scale application software. To develop such a model, the author used 60
completed software projects developed by a software company in Macau. From the projects, the author
extracted factors and applied them to a regression model. A prediction of software effort with accuracy of
MMRE = 8% was constructed.
Ash Cooler Heat Recovery Under Energy Conservation SchemeIJAPEJOURNAL
A healthy fluidization state in circulating fluidized-bed combustion (CFBC) combustor is attributed to proper quantity of hot bed material (ash), which acts as a thermal fly-wheel. It receives & stores thermal energy from the burning of fuel (lignite) & distributes uniformly throughout the combustor & helps in maintaining a sustained combustion. The quantity of bed ash inside the combustor or size of the bed, depends upon boiler load & subsequently upon combustor temperature, lignite feed rate and ash % in lignite. As these parameters varies during process continuously, sometimes it becomes necessary to drain out the ash from the combustor. As & when differential pressure across the bed is increased from a justified level, draining of hot bed ash starts into Ash Coolers. Bed ash is drained at very high temperature of 850 oC & it also contains burning particles of lignite. This paper describes the heat recovery from bed ash, unloaded from the combustor into ash cooler, by pre-heating the condensate water of turbine cycle in a 125 MW CFB boiler of Surat Lignite Power Plant in India. The thermal performance of ash cooler was derived by doing a heat balance calculation based on the measured temperature of ash and cooling water with different load. From the heat balance calculation influence of ash temperature and ash amount on heat transfer coefficient is determined. Simulation is carried out around main turbine cycle indicates improved thermal economy of the unit, higher plant thermal efficiency, lower plant heat rate and reduce fuel consumption rate. Also simulation result shows that the heat transfer coefficient increase with ash amount and decreases with increase in ash temperature.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Performance Analysis of a Shell Tube Condenser for a Model Organic Rankine Cy...IJERA Editor
The global energy demand increases with the economic growth and population rise. Most electrical power is currently generated by conventional methods from fossil fuels. Despite the high energy demand, the conventional energy resources such as fossil fuels have been declining. In addition to this harmful combustion byproducts are resulting global warming. However, the increase of environmental concerns and energy crisis can be minimized by sustainable utilization of the low to medium temperature heat resources. The Organic Rankine Cycle power plant is a very effective option for utilization of low grade heat sources for power generation. Heat exchangers are the main components of the Organic Rankine Cycle power plant which receives heat energy from the heat source to evaporate and condense the low boiling temperature organic working fluid which in turn drives the turbine to generate power. This paper presents a simplified approach to the design, fabrication and performance assessment of a shell tube heat exchanger designed for condenser in a model Organic Rankine Cycle geothermal power plant. The design involved sizing of heat exchanger (condenser) using the LMTD method based on an expected heat transfer rate. The heat exchanger of the model power plant was tested in which hot water simulated geothermal brine. The results of the experiment indicated that the heat exchanger is thermally suitable for the condenser of the model power plant.
Design &Analysis of Waste Heat Recovery System for Domestic RefrigeratorIJMER
Heat is energy, so energy saving is one of the key matters from view point of fuel consumption
and for the protection of global environment. So it is necessary that a significant and concrete effort should
be made for conserving energy through waste heat recovery too. The main objective of this paper is to study
“Waste Heat recovery system for domestic refrigerator”. An attempt has been made to utilize waste heat
from condenser of refrigerator. This heat can be used for number of domestic and industrial purposes. In
minimum constructional, maintenance and running cost, this system is much useful for domestic purpose. It
is valuable alternative approach to improve overall efficiency and reuse the waste heat. The study has
shown that such a system is technically feasible and economically viable.
Performance Analysis of an economical portable housing solar cooker (EPHSC)IJCMESJOURNAL
This paper presents design development and extensive study of thermal and cooking performances and economic analysis of a highly economic solar cooker, that can be a boon to lower and middle-income group people. Costs of this cooker are less than one third that of commercially available models (CSC) whereas it’s thermal and cooking performance are slightly better than CSC. The average values of F1 & F2 are as per recommended values of Bureau of Indian Standards. This can be easily prepared and repaired by users.
Studying & Evaluating the Performance of Solar Box Cookers (Untracked)ijceronline
The primary aim of this study was to conduct the performance evaluation on solar cooker design. The secondary aim was to build and developing of a new and efficient solar cooker design. A direct solar box cooker (Untracked type) was tested in this study with low cost feature and low technology. The testing for the solar box cooker was conducted at the top roof of Material Engineering Department building. In this test, three water quantities (1.5, 1 and 0.5 kg) were used in order to find the effect of the mass quantity of cooking food on the temperature rise inside the solar cooker. The results showed that the attainable temperature reached a maximum cooking temperature of (81.6 oC) for water mass quantity of (1000 grams) with temperature difference between the cooking temperature and the ambient temperature of (61.5 oC). But a lower maximum temperature (81.7 oC) for (500 grams) the reason for that is due the lower solar intensity during the test of partially cloudy day. As a conclusion, it was found that as the solar intensity increases the cooking temperature increases too. The other factor which influences the cooking temperature is the cooking mass as the cooking mass increases the cooking temperature decreases. Although the cooking temperature increases but the standardized Power decreases, this is because the increasing in cooking temperature is not equalizing or go in parallel with the decreasing in cooking mass, thus it is preferable to use solar cooker for adequate cooking mass quantity to get a high merit or advantage solar cookers.
WASTE HEAT RECOVERY IN DOMESTIC REFRIGERATION SYSTEM IN THE APPLICATION OF WA...Journal For Research
Heat is the energy, so energy saving is one of the key matters for the protection of global environment. Heat also radiated from our domestic refrigerator. This waste heat from refrigerator will affect the environmental because as heat in the environment will increases it will cause global warming. So it is necessary that a significant effort should be made for conserving energy through waste heat recovery too. So An attempt has been made to utilize waste heat from condenser of refrigerator. This heat can be used for various of domestic and industrial purposes. In minimum constructional, maintenance and running cost, this system is very useful for domestic purpose. It is valuable alternative approach to increase overall efficiency and reuse the waste heat. The study has shown that such a system is technically feasible and economical. This system is a cabin that we are going to install over the head of the simple refrigerator, this cabin will be an arrangement of coils that will work as a heat exchanger for reuse of waste heat. These coils are hot coils of condenser of the refrigerator that will be modified and will put in the cabin. It can serve the purpose of cooking, geysers etc. Besides, the refrigerator may be used as conventional refrigerator. Further COP will also increase. Heat rejection may occur directly to the air in the case of a conventional household domestic refrigerator having air-cooled condenser. This system rejected less heat to the environment so it is safer in environmental aspects also.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
WASTE HEAT RECOVERY TO INCREASE BOILER EFFICIENCY USING BAGASSE AS FUEL IAEME Publication
Many industrial heating processes generate waste energy in textile industry; especially exhaust gas from the boiler at the same time reducing global warming. Waste heat found in the
exhaust gas can be used to preheat the incoming gas. This is one of the basic methods for recovery of waste heat. Therefore, this article will present a study the way to recovery heat waste from boiler exhaust gas by mean of shell and tube heat exchanger.
Energy Audit and Heat Recovery on the Rotary Kiln of the Cement Plant in Ethi...IJAEMSJORNAL
This study deals with the energy audit and heat recovery on the rotary kiln taking a cement factory in Ethiopia as a case study.The system is a dry type rotary kiln equipped with a five stage cyclone type preheater, pre-calciner and grate cooler. The kiln has a capacity of 2,000 tons/day.Mass and energy balance has been performed for energy auditing. The energy lost from the kiln shell is about 4.3 MW. By using secondary shell on the rotary kiln about 3.5MW could be recovered safely.This energy saving reduces fuel consumption (almost 9%) of the kiln system, and increases the overall system efficiency by approximately 2–3%.
Investigation of performance of si engine with fuels gasoline, natural gas ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Performance of the Boiler and To Improving the Boiler Efficiency Using Cfd Mo...IOSR Journals
The power sector is one of the sectors of the India's economy. The development of the country to a
large extent is dependent on the growth of this sector. Through the progress of the power sector during the past
four decades has been sustainable, the power industry has been unable to fulfill primary obligation of
production quality power supply in required quantity. We did our project in Stage- 4, Unit -7 of Dr. Narla Tata
Rao Thermal Power Station, Vijayawada and analyzed the performance of the boiler of the above-mentioned
unit of capacity 500MW. Our project was mainly concerned with the Boiler Operations & Maintenance
Department (O&M). Initially, we calculated the performance and efficiency of the boiler. The Computational
Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach is utilised for the creation of a two-dimensional model of the economizer coil.
Using mild steel material in the economizer part it gives better performance compared with the carbon steel
material. The fluid flow temperature, pressure is increase and velocity is decrease field of fluid flow within an
economizer tube using the actual boundary conditions have been analyzed using CFD tool. So the boiler
performance will be increased. And the experimental setup is from Dr. NTTPS, Vijayawada having the unit no
IV of 500 MW energy generations.
STUDY ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF CUO NANO PARTICLES IN RADIATOR HEAT EXCHANGER FOR A...P singh
In this present study, the forced convective heat transfer performance of automobile radiator has been studied experimentally by using Nano fluid (CuO-Water) as a coolant for an automobile radiator.. Experimental works were conducted to investigate the effect of Copper-Oxide (CuO) nanoparticles volume concentration and the operating temperatures on the rate of Nano fluids heat transfer in a radiator heat Exchanger. CuO nanoparticles were mixed with the base fluid water and also Sodium Lauryl Sulphate (SLS) powder was added to enhance the mixing process and stabilize the dispersion of the Nano fluids. Experimental runs were conducted at varying operating temperatures which include that, CuO-water at different temperature such as 40℃, 50℃, 60℃, 70℃, 75℃, 78℃, 80℃, 83℃. Among the operating temperatures selected for study 80℃, gives the best performance in heat transfer and the convection heat transfer coefficient. The results of the current work generally indicate that Nano fluids have the potential to enhance the heat transfer of a compact heat exchanger. Results indicate that, best overall heat transfer coefficient for the radiator is obtained at a hot fluid inlet temperature of 80℃, and at a flow rate of 0.075kg/sec.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
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2. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research and Development (IJMERD), ISSN 2248 –
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34
making khoa due to its large scale consumption [3]. Khoa is an important indigenous heat
coagulated, partially dehydrated milk product which is very popular in large section of
Indian population throughout the country. Khoa has considerable economic and dietary
importance to Indian population. It forms an important base for preparation of milk
sweets which are an integral part of Indian food heritage. It is obtained by heat
desiccation of whole milk to 65 to 70 percent milk solids without the addition of any
foreign ingredients. For khoa making, generally traditional method is followed in which
milk is heated in an open pan over non smoky fire and continuously it is stirred and
scraped with the help of a scraper to avoid the scorching of milk solids sticking to the
pan. It is estimated that six lakh tonnes of khoa is being prepared annually, mostly in
private and unorganized sectors of India [4-6].
Khoa making involves intensive heating during the desiccation process with an aim of
evaporating the large quantity of water present in the milk. Thus, khoa making process
consumes a large amount of heat because of continuous removal of water for long periods
of time. The energy used for khoa making is generally derived from non-renewable
sources. The price of fossil fuel is increasing which in turn increases the processing
expenses and hence the product cost. Agrawala et al. [7] reported that 6.802 kg of steam
energy is required per kg of khoa production. Verma and Girdhari Lal [8] have estimated
that 1.2 to 1.35 kg of steam energy is required per kg of milk to convert it into khoa.
In the case of conventional method of khoa making the evaporated water is lost in the
atmosphere. If the evaporated mass of water is allowed to condense, then the condensate
can be reutilized for other uses. Thus, the objective of the present study is to evaluate
energy requirement during khoa making in aluminum and stainless steel pots under
closed conditions. Efforts have been made to collect the condensate. This study will be
very useful in making the energy users conscious about the energy consumption and
losses during khoa making under closed conditions. This will also help in selecting
suitable metallic pot and thus to reduce the energy utilization for khoa making.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Experimental set-up details and observations
The schematic diagram and a photograph of the experimental set-up under closed
condition are shown in Figures 1 and 2 respectively. It consists of a hot plate (178 mm in
diameter ) of 1000W capacity connected through a variac to control the rate of heating of
the milk in a pot of capacity 3.2 liters. The pot was closed by a vertical cylinder (192 mm
high) covered by a hemi-spherical shaped condensing cover (60 mm high) brazed at its
top. Both the vertical cylinder and the condensing cover were made of 24 gauge thick
galvanized sheet. An arrangement for collection of the condensate was made by welding
a copper channel inside the condensing cover around it. The heat input was measured by
a calibrated wattmeter (accuracy within ±0.5% of full scale value 1500 watts), having a
least count of 1 watt. The mass of water evaporated during heating of milk has been
measured by using an electronic weighing balance of 6 kg capacity (Scaletech, model TJ-
6000) with a least count of 0.1g with an accuracy ± 2% on the full scale.
In the present study, the following temperature ranges were considered: natural
convection boiling (sensible heating) is up to <90o
C (i.e. 20-90 o
C) and pool boiling starts
at 90-95 o
C (i.e. >90o
C) [9, 10, 11, and 12]. It is important to mention here that the
3. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research and Development (IJMERD), ISSN 2248 –
9347(Print) ISSN 2228 – 9355(Online), Volume 1, Number 2, May-October (2011)
35
distillate output during heating of milk under closed condition was observed at
temperature >90 o
C. This range is termed as pool or nucleate boiling condition which is
preferred for khoa making. In order to compare the heating performance of aluminum and
stainless steel pots during khoa making under closed conditions the size of the pots is
kept same i.e. 200 mm in diameter, 102 mm deep and 1.6 mm thick.
Fig. 1: Schematic diagram of experimental set up.
Fig. 2: A photographic view of experimental set up.
4. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research and Development (IJMERD), ISSN 2248 –
9347(Print) ISSN 2228 – 9355(Online), Volume 1, Number 2, May-October (2011)
36
2.2 Experimental procedure
In order to determine the energy requirements for khoa making in aluminum and stainless
steel pots under closed conditions, the following procedure is employed:
1. Locally available fresh milk (obtained from a herd of 15 cows) was heated for
different values of heat inputs varying from 240 watts to 360 watts. The
experiments follow a path of increasing heat inputs. For each run of the test, a
fresh milk sample of constant mass (i.e. 935 g) was taken from the same herd of
cows. But, at higher heat input (i.e. 360 watts) the quantity of milk sample was
reduced to 735g because of the spillover due to high rate of bubble formation.
2. The data of mass evaporated and other parameters were recorded after every 10
minutes time interval. The mass evaporated during heating of milk was obtained
by subtracting two consecutive readings in the given time interval.
3. By varying the input power supply from 240 watts to 360 watts to the electric hot
plate with the help of the variac different sets of heating of milk were obtained for
aluminum and stainless steel pots. The total processing time and the mass of water
evaporated for the given range of heat inputs for heating of milk in aluminum and
stainless steel pots are reported in Table 1.
4. The experimental data were recorded for natural convection and pool boiling
phases before the solidification of concentrated milk.
2.3 Measurement of processing time and computation of energy requirement
The processing time was recorded by a stopwatch from the moment, the power input was
supplied to the milk, and it was considered before the solidification of the concentrated
milk.
Energy consumption during khoa making was computed separately for sensible
heating and pool boiling phases and then summed up to obtain the total energy
consumption.
The actual amount of energy consumed during manufacture of khoa was calculated
on the basis of the values of overall heat transfer coefficients. The overall heat transfer
coefficients were determined by taking the values of the convective heat transfer
coefficients (hc). The evaluations of the convective heat transfer coefficients during
heating of milk for khoa making in aluminum and stainless steel pots are reported
elsewhere [9, 11].
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The total energy requirements during heating of milk for khoa making in aluminum and
stainless steel pots under closed conditions have been estimated which are given in
Tables 1 & 2 respectively.
5. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research and Development (IJMERD), ISSN 2248 –
9347(Print) ISSN 2228 – 9355(Online), Volume 1, Number 2, May-October (2011)
37
Table 1: Energy requirements for khoa making in an aluminum pot under closed
condition at different heat inputs
Heat input
(W)
Total
time
(min)
Total energy
input
(kJ)
Total mass
evaporated
(g)
Energy requirement per
gram of mass evaporated
(kJ/g)
240 250 3600 438.7 8.20606
280 200 3360 476.5 7.05142
320 160 3072 485.2 6.33141
360 140 3024 517.4 5.84461
Table 2: Energy requirements for khoa making in a stainless steel pot under closed
condition at different heat inputs
Heat input
(W)
Total
time
(min)
Total energy
input
(kJ)
Total mass
evaporated
(g)
Energy requirement per
gram of mass evaporated
(kJ/g)
240 260 3744 387.3 9.66692
280 200 3360 393.4 8.54092
320 170 3264 413.9 7.88596
360 150 3240 459.3 7.05421
It is observed from Tables 1 & 2 that the energy required for per gram of mass
evaporated during heating of milk in both the pots decrease with an increase in heat
inputs from 240 watts to 360 watts. It is found to decrease about 40.40% and 37.04% in
the case of aluminum and stainless steel pots respectively for the given range of heat
inputs.
In order to compare the heating performance of aluminum and stainless steel pots the
average values of the energy required per gram mass of water evaporated from milk have
also been calculated which are reported in Table 3.
6. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research and Development (IJMERD), ISSN 2248 –
9347(Print) ISSN 2228 – 9355(Online), Volume 1, Number 2, May-October (2011)
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Table 3: Average energy required for khoa making in aluminum and stainless steel pots
under closed conditions
S.NO. Cases Average Energy
(kJ/g)
1 Aluminum pot under closed condition 6.85837
2 Stainless steel pot under closed condition 8.28701
From Table 3, it can be seen that the energy required for the removal of water from the
milk is less in the case of milk heating in an aluminum pan. It is found that the energy
requirements for the evaporation of per gram mass of water during khoa making in an
aluminum pot is 1.42864 kJ less than in a stainless steel pot. This means that using an
aluminum pot instead of a stainless steel pot for khoa making under closed condition will
save 17.24% amount of energy for each gram of water evaporated.
The actual thermal energy used for khoa making under closed conditions during
heating of milk in aluminum and stainless steel pots at different rate of heat inputs are
also calculated which are presented in Table 4 & 5 respectively.
Table 4: Actual amount of energy required for khoa making in an aluminum pot under
closed condition
Heat
input
(W)
Total energy input (kJ) Pool boiling Actual energy
required, aQ
(kJ)
(sensible heating) +
(pool boiling)
ch
(W/m2 o
C)
U
(W/m2 o
C)
240 (576)+(3024)=3600 186.32 161.00 41.59
280 (504)+(2856)=3360 249.85 206.34 37.35
320 (576)+(2496)=3072 343.04 266.03 34.11
360 (432)+(2592)=3024 567.56 383.76 36.05
7. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research and Development (IJMERD), ISSN 2248 –
9347(Print) ISSN 2228 – 9355(Online), Volume 1, Number 2, May-October (2011)
39
Table 5: Actual amount of energy required for khoa making in a stainless steel pot under
closed condition
Heat
input
(W)
Total energy input (kJ) Pool boiling Actual energy
required, aQ
(kJ)
(sensible heating) +
(pool boiling)
ch
(W/m2 o
C)
U
(W/m2 o
C)
240 (720)+(3024)=3744 160.51 51.11 21.88
280 (504)+(2856)=3360 205.25 54.93 12.43
320 (768)+(2496)=3264 285.06 59.38 25.75
360 (648)+(2592)=3240 374.52 62.49 12.72
From Tables 4 & 5, it can be seen that the actual amount of energy consumption
during khoa making in an aluminum pot is relatively more than in the case of a stainless
steel pot for the given range of heat inputs. It can also be seen that the actual amount of
energy consumed during khoa making in both the pots decreases with an increase in heat
inputs. It means the actual amount of energy consumption decreases at high rate of heat
inputs, thus energy losses increase.
CONCLUSIONS
The following important results can be drawn from the present research work in which
the energy requirements during heating of milk for khoa making in aluminum and
stainless steel pots under closed condition have been estimated.
1. The amount of energy required per gram mass evaporated during heating of milk
in aluminum and stainless steel pots were found 6.85837 kJ and 8.28701 kJ
respectively.
2. An aluminum pot would save 17.24% amount of energy for each gram of water
evaporated in comparison to a stainless steel pot.
3. The actual amount of energy consumed during heating of milk for khoa making in
aluminum and stainless steel pots decreases with an increase in given heat inputs.
It is concluded that the actual energy consumption during heating of milk under
closed condition decreases with an increase in heat inputs, thus energy losses
increase. So, it will be advisable to make khoa at low heat inputs.
Thus, on the basis of energy consumption, it is stated that using an aluminum pot for
khoa making at low heat input is advantageous and can help in saving the energy in rural
India.
8. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research and Development (IJMERD), ISSN 2248 –
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40
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1. Kurien, V, (2007), ‘The dairy scenario in Dairy India (6th
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3. Rajarajan, G, Kumar, CN & Elango, A, (2007), ‘Distribution pattern of moulds in
air and khoa samples collected from different sections of khoa plants’, Indian
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Gupta (ed)’, Baba Barkha Nath Printers, New Delhi, pp 387.
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6. Kumar, M, Prakash, O, Kasana, KS & Dabur, RS, (2010), ‘Technological
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