The hypothalamus monitors conditions in the body and signals the pituitary gland if corrections are needed; the pituitary then releases hormones that target other endocrine glands, such as the thyroid, pancreas, and adrenals, stimulating them to produce hormones like thyroxine, insulin, and cortisol to regulate processes maintaining homeostasis, including metabolism, blood sugar levels, stress response, and more. The endocrine system allows for coordinated chemical control and communication between remote tissues and organs.
Dr A R Joshi
Qualification : MBBS,MD (Physiology)
Graduated from B.J. Medical College,Pune.Teaching experience in
medical colleges more 30years.Attached to many teaching institutes and
hospitals in Pune and abroad. Has prepared education DVDs in clinical
physiology and animal physiology which are reputed all over world. Has
worked as visiting professor in physiology at SSR Medical College,
Mauritius. Completed certificate course in sports medicine at NIS Patiala.
Working as member of editorial board of many journals. Has worked as
member of ethics committee, board of studies and academic council of
various universities.Has presented many research papers in national and
international conferences,few being prize winning. Has more than 40
publications in national and international journals.
Dr A R Joshi
Qualification : MBBS,MD (Physiology)
Graduated from B.J. Medical College,Pune.Teaching experience in
medical colleges more 30years.Attached to many teaching institutes and
hospitals in Pune and abroad. Has prepared education DVDs in clinical
physiology and animal physiology which are reputed all over world. Has
worked as visiting professor in physiology at SSR Medical College,
Mauritius. Completed certificate course in sports medicine at NIS Patiala.
Working as member of editorial board of many journals. Has worked as
member of ethics committee, board of studies and academic council of
various universities.Has presented many research papers in national and
international conferences,few being prize winning. Has more than 40
publications in national and international journals.
Presentation Lecture for Undergraduate students of Bio-chemistry, Biotechnology, Bio-organic chemistry for fundamentals and essentials of hormones in vertebrate living systems.
As a component of the endocrine system, both male and female gonads produce sex hormones. Male and female sex hormones are steroid hormones and as such, can pass through the cell membrane of their target cells to influence gene expression within cells. Gonadal hormone production is regulated by hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary in the brain. Hormones that stimulate the gonads to produce sex hormones are known as gonadotropins. The pituitary secretes the gonadotropins luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). These protein hormones influence reproductive organs in various ways. LH stimulates the testes to secrete the sex hormone testosterone and the ovaries to secrete progesterone and estrogens. FSH aids in the maturation of ovarian follicles (sacs containing ova) in females and sperm production in males.
Presentation Lecture for Undergraduate students of Bio-chemistry, Biotechnology, Bio-organic chemistry for fundamentals and essentials of hormones in vertebrate living systems.
As a component of the endocrine system, both male and female gonads produce sex hormones. Male and female sex hormones are steroid hormones and as such, can pass through the cell membrane of their target cells to influence gene expression within cells. Gonadal hormone production is regulated by hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary in the brain. Hormones that stimulate the gonads to produce sex hormones are known as gonadotropins. The pituitary secretes the gonadotropins luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). These protein hormones influence reproductive organs in various ways. LH stimulates the testes to secrete the sex hormone testosterone and the ovaries to secrete progesterone and estrogens. FSH aids in the maturation of ovarian follicles (sacs containing ova) in females and sperm production in males.
The study of endocrine system, and their role in the physiology of the body .
Endocrine--endo means within. This is a system which controls body function through hormones.
Endocrine System is composed of a number of glands.
The endocrine system includes the organs of the body that secrete hormones directly into body fluids such as blood
Regulates chemical reaction in cells and therefore control functions of the organs, tissues, and other cells
Endocrine glands are ductless glands comprised of endocrine cells.
This means that these glands do not have ducts that lead to the outside of the body.
For example, sweat glands are NOT endocrine glands (they are instead exocrine glands) because sweat glands have ducts that lead to the outside surface of your skin (that’s how the sweat gets out).
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2. What are endocrine
hormones?
1 2 3
33% 33%33%
1. Chemical signals
from one cell to
remote target cells.
2. Chemicals for direct
cell-to-cell
communication.
3. Chemicals that cross
a gap between to
adjacent cells.
3. Messenger Molecules
• Cells must communicate with one
another to coordinate cell processes
within tissues and to maintain
homeostasis.
• Cell-to-cell communication is carried out
via messenger molecules.
5. Four methods of cell-to-cell communication are
found in the human body, ranging from direct to
remote communication.
6. A muscle cell needs to tell a neighboring
muscle cell to contract. This will be
accomplished by ___ communication:
1 2 3 4
25% 25%25%25%
1. Direct.
2. Synaptic.
3. Paracrine.
4. Endocrine.
7. When blood sugar is high, body cells must be
stimulated to take up sugar. This is
accomplished by ___ communication.
1 2 3 4
25% 25%25%25%
1. Direct.
2. Synaptic.
3. Paracrine.
4. Endocrine.
9. Endocrine hormones
• Produced by endocrine (“ductless”) glands and
secreted into the bloodstream.
• Endocrine hormones may affect a wide array of
target cells to produce multiple effects.
• Two types: peptides (small proteins) and
steroids (lipids).
11. Peptide Hormones
• Peptide hormones do not enter the cell
directly. These hormones bind to
receptor proteins in the cell membrane.
• When the hormone binds with the
receptor protein, a secondary messenger
molecule initiates the cell response.
• Because peptide hormones are water
soluble, they often produce fast
responses.
12. (cytoplasm)
(nucleus)
peptide or amino
acid-derived
hormone
(first messenger)
(extracellular
fluid)
cyclic AMP-
synthesizing
enzyme
cyclic AMP
ATP
inactive
enzyme
(second messenger)
active
enzyme
reactant
product
plasma membrane
nuclear
envelope
receptor
The hormone binds to
a receptor on the plasma
membrane of a target cell
1
The activated enzymes
catalyze specific reactions
4
The second
messenger activates
other enzymes
3
Hormone–receptor binding
activates an enzyme that catalyzes
the synthesis of a second messenger,
such as cyclic AMP
2
13. Steroid Hormones
• Steroid hormones enter through the cell
membrane and bind to receptors inside
of the target cell.
• These hormones may directly stimulate
transcription of genes to make certain
proteins.
• Because steroids work by triggering gene
activity, the response is slower than
peptide hormones.
14. gene
plasma
membrane
ribosome
hormone receptor
steroid hormone
mRNA
(nucleus)
RNA polymerase
DNA
(cytoplasm)
new protein
(extracellular
fluid)
A steroid hormone
diffuses through the
plasma membrane
The hormone binds to a
receptor in the nucleus or to
a receptor in the cytoplasm
that carries it into the nucleus
The hormone–receptor
complex binds to DNA and
causes RNA polymerase to
bind to a nearby promoter
site for a specific gene
RNA polymerase catalyzes
the transcription of DNA into
messenger RNA (mRNA)
The mRNA leaves the
nucleus, then attaches to a
ribosome and directs the
synthesis of a specific protein
product
1
2
3
4
5
nuclear
envelope
15. If receptors for a hormone were blocked,
the effect would be the same as if:
1 2 3 4
25% 25%25%25%
1. More hormone was
added.
2. No hormone had
been released.
3. More receptors had
been added.
4. The receptors had
not been blocked.
16. Your doctor injects a hormone as a treatment for a
condition, and says it won’t take effect for at least 24
hours. What kind of hormone was used?
1 2 3
33% 33%33%
1. Peptide
2. Steroid
3. Amino acid derived
17. • How do endocrine hormones “know”
which cells are their target cells?
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18. Role of the Hypothalamus
• The thalamus receives sensory
information, relays some to the
hypothalamus.
• Hypothalamus monitors the body for
temperature, pH, other conditions.
• Hypothalamus signals pituitary gland if
conditions need to be corrected.
19. Role of the Pituitary
• The pituitary is the “master gland” that signals other
glands to produce their hormones when needed.
• The anterior lobe of the pituitary receives signals from
the hypothalamus, and responds by sending out the
appropriate hormone to other endocrine glands.
• The posterior pituitary receives oxytocin or
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the hypothalamus,
relays them to the body as necessary.
20. hypothalamus
pituitary
(anterior lobe)
capillary
bed
endocrine
cell
blood flow
blood
flow
capillary
bed
pituitary
(posterior lobe)
Oxytocin and ADH
(blue triangles) are
secreted into the blood
via capillaries in the
posterior pituitary
Endocrine cells of the
anterior pituitary secrete
hormones (red squares)
in response to releasing
hormones; the pituitary
hormones enter the
bloodstream
Neurosecretory cells of
the hypothalamus produce
oxytocin and ADH
Releasing or inhibiting hormones
(green circles) are secreted into
capillaries feeding the anterior lobe
of the pituitary
Neurosecretory cells
of the hypothalamus
produce releasing and
inhibiting hormones
1
2
1
2
3
21. Pituitary Hormones
Pituitary Hormone Functions
Follicle-stimulating
hormone
Stimulates egg maturation in the ovary and release of sex
hormones.
Lutenizing hormone Stimulates maturation of egg and of the corpus luteum
surrounding the egg, which affects female sex hormones and the
menstrual cycle.
Thyroid-stimulating
hormone
Stimulates the thyroid to release thyroxine.
Adrenocorticotropic
hormone
Causes the adrenal gland to release cortisol.
Melanocyte-stimulating
hormone
Stimulates synthesis of skin pigments.
Growth hormone Stimulates growth during infancy and puberty.
Antidiuretic hormone Signals the kidney to conserve more water.
Oxytocin Affects childbirth, lactation, and some behaviors.
22. Endocrine Hormones
Gland Hormones Functions
Thyroid Thyroxine Regulates metabolism
Calcitonin Inhibits release of calcium from the bones
Parathyroids Parathyroid hormone Stimulates the release of calcium from the bones.
Islet cells (in
the pancreas)
Insulin Decreases blood sugar by promoting uptake of glucose by cells.
Glucagon Increases blood sugar by stimulating breakdown of glycogen in the liver.
Testes Testosterone Regulates sperm cell production and secondary sex characteristics.
Ovaries Estrogen Stimulates egg maturation, controls secondary sex characteristics.
Progesterone Prepares the uterus to receive a fertilized egg.
Adrenal cortex Epinephrine Stimulates “fight or flight” response.
Adrenal
medulla
Glucocorticoids Part of stress response, increase blood glucose levels and decrease
immune response.
Aldosterone Regulates sodium content in the blood.
Testosterone (in both
sexes)
Adult body form (greater muscle mass), libido.
Pineal gland Melatonin Sleep cycles, reproductive cycles in many mammals.
23. • Use the table on the last slide to diagnose
the following endocrine issues:
• A patient who feels cold and listless all
the time.
• A patient who is constantly keyed up
and nervous.
• An elderly patient who is having
chronic trouble falling asleep at night.
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24. Homeostasis and Hormones
• Examples:
• Thyroid and temperature control
• Thyroid, Parathyroid, and calcium
• Pancreas and glucose control
25. • Knowing the following:
• The thyroid produces thyroxine, which
increases metabolism.
• Thyroid-stimulating hormone is
released by the pituitary.
• Sketch a negative feedback loop that
controls body temperature regulation.
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27. • Knowing the following:
• Calcitonin from the thyroid inhibits
calcium release from the bones.
• Parathyroid hormone stimulates
release of calcium from the bones.
• Sketch a negative feedback loop that
controls blood calcium level.
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29. • Knowing that:
• Insulin from the pancreas lowers blood
glucose by stimulating body cells to take
up glucose.
• Glucagon from the pancreas increases
blood sugar by stimulating the liver to
break down glycogen into glucose.
• Sketch a negative feedback loop that
controls blood sugar.
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31. • Given this patient profile, can you make a
diagnosis?
• Age – 14
• Gender – Male
• Exam: Normal weight, low blood
pressure
• Lab tests: High blood glucose, low levels
of insulin.
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32. • Now how about this patient?
• Age – 40
• Gender – Male
• Exam: Obese, high blood pressure
• Lab tests: High blood glucose, normal
levels of insulin.
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33. Other hormone roles
• Controlling sleep cycles (melatonin)
• Controlling reproductive cycles
(melatonin, sex hormones)
• Growth (growth hormone)
• Responding to stress or emergencies
(epinephrine and other hormones)
34. Hormones Everywhere!
• Many other organs besides the endocrine
glands produce hormones.
• Kidneys produce several hormones that
regulate blood pressure, which is
essential for kidney function.
• The digestive system produces several
hormones that regulate appetite.
35. Low body fat stimulates leptin production, which
stimulates appetite. The mouse is obese because its
low leptin levels give it an enormous appetite. Leptin
injections return the mouse’s weight to normal.
Humans sometimes have a leptin issue, too, but the
problem is a bad leptin receptor on body cells. Alas,
leptin injections won’t cure that.
The obese mouse
on the left does
not produce
enough leptin, a
hormone
produced by fat
cells.
36. Finally…
• Summarize the roles of the pituitary and
other endocrine glands in maintaining
homeostasis in the human body.