2. Content
• Introduction
• Emergency management process
• Legislation
• Emergency response planning
• Steps for Emergency response planning
• Important elements of ERP
4. Introduction
Emergency
• Life threatening condition which requires the
administration of life-saving measures
(German Red Cross)
• When there is an unexpected condition requiring
specific action plans to normalise (i.e.
fire, explosion, leak of products or gas, loss of
containment or threats)
5. Introduction
Disaster
• A disaster is an occurrence disrupting the normal conditions
of existence and causing a level of suffering that exceeds the
capacity of adjustment of the affected community.
(WHO)
• “Disaster” is defined as an incident which occurs
unexpectedly, which is complex in nature, causes loss of
life, destruction to properties or environment and grind down
the activity of the community
(Emergency and Disaster Planning Manual, Laura G. Kaplan, B.S.E.E., McGraw-
Hill, 1996).
• Disaster = Uncompensated Incident = catastrophe = major
incident
• An uncompensated incident occurs when the resources
available are inadequate to deal with the situation; load
exceed capacity
7. Introduction
What is a workplace emergency?
• It is an unforeseen situation that threatens
employees, customers, or the public; disrupts or
shut down company’s operations; or causes physical
or environmental damage.
• This can pose actual or potential hazard to
life, environment, facility, production, and
company’s image
• Emergencies may be natural or manmade.
8.
9. Introduction
What is an emergency response plan?
• It is an action plan to organize and employee
actions during workplace emergencies.
• Well developed emergency plans and proper
employee training will result in fewer injuries and
less structural damage to the facility during
emergencies.
12. Emergency management process
Preparedness Phase
• Consists of activities carry out in advance before an
emergency strike to improve response to
emergency
• E.g. hazard or risk analyses, training, drills and
exercises, emergency plans and
procedures, emergency communications, joint
cooperation consensus, warning systems
procedures and response planning.
13. Emergency management process
Response Phase
• Consists of the immediate response to emergency by
the ERT
• It is aim at containing the disaster so as to minimize
loss of life and destruction to property.
• Includes measures such as
– notification,
– implementation of emergency plans,
– activation of emergency operation centers,
– mobilization of resources,
– issuance of warnings and directions,
– provisions of medical and social services assistance,
– announcement of emergencies or disasters by the
management.
14. Emergency management process
Recovery Phase
• It refers to those measures undertaken following a
disaster that will return all systems to normal levels
of service.
• includes measures such as:
– physical restoration and reconstruction;
– cleaning up contaminated areas;
– eliminating and/or reducing any known hazards
– restoring businesses.
15. Emergency management process
Mitigation Phase
• It is the continuous ongoing endeavor to avert or
reduce the impact that a hazardous materials
incident will have on people, property, and the
environment
• Examples of mitigation activities would include the
following:
– Hazard Identification
– Risk Analysis
– Evaluation
– Research
– Education .
17. Legislation
• The Malaysia government has recognized the need to regulate
activities with potential to cause major hazards.
• Occupational Safety and Health (Control of Industrial Major
Accident Hazards) Regulations 1996.
– It states the need for certain industries to create their own emergency
response programmes.
• The National Security Council Directive No 20 (MKN 20)
– National policy on disaster mx
– Industrial accidents such as explosions, fire, pollution and leaks of
hazardous material from plants are incidents covered under the
directive.
• The Fire Services Act 1988
– It states the need for premises to obtain a fire certificate
– The elements required to obtain a fire certificate are those related to
personal safety facility, fire prevention, fire protection, fire fighting
facilities, special needs and fire fighting team on site.
• The Uniform Building By-Laws, 1984
– It state the need for fire alarms, fire detection, fire extinguishment and
fire fighting access.
18. CIMAH
• Regulations apply to all industrial activities except:
– Nuclear installation;
– Installation under the armed forces;
– Vehicle or vessel use in transportation;
– Industrial activity which involves less than 10 percent of
the threshold quantity set out in Schedule 2 of the
Regulations
19. CIMAH
• Industrial activity -
an operation carried out in an industrial installation
referred to in Schedule 4 involving one or more
hazardous substances, and includes on-site storage and
on-site transport which are associated with the
operation
20. INDUSTRIAL INSTALLATIONS
Installation for the production, processing or treatment of organic or
inorganic chemicals using for these purposes amongst others, the
followings :
- alkylation - hydrogenation - extraction
- hydrolysis - amination by ammonolysis - solvation
- carbonylation - oxidation - mixing
- codensation - polymerization - esterification
- dehydrogenation - sulphonation - distillation
- halogenation and manufacture of halogens
- desulphurization, manufacture and transformation of sulphur-containing
compounds
- nitration and manufacture of nitrogen-containing compounds
- manufacture of phosphorus-containing compounds
- formulation of pesticides and of pharmaceutical products
20
21. Installation
for distillation, refining or other processing of petroleum or
petroleum products.
Installation for the total or partial of solid or liquid substances by
incineration or chemical decomposition.
Installationfor the production, processing or treatment of energy gases, for
example light petroleum gas, light natural gas and synthetic natural gas.
Installations for the dry distillation of coal or lignite.
Installations
for the production of metals or non-metals by a wet process or
by means of electrical energy.
Installations
for the bottling of flammable and toxic substances defined
under paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) of Schedule 1, for example, light petroleum
gas, ammonia, chlorine and acetylene.
(Back to Industrial Activity)
21
22. • Every manufacturer needs to identify an industrial
activity within his control to the Director General
– The authority will determine whether it is a major hazard
installation or not
• Major Hazard Installation - an industrial activity which
produces, processes, handles, uses, disposes of or
stores, permanently or temporarily, one or more
hazardous substances equal of exceed the threshold
quantity;
23. INDICATIVE CRITERIA
Very Toxic Substances
(a) Substances which correspond to the line 1 of the table below; and
(b) Substances which correspond to the line 2 of the table below which, owing to
their physical and chemical properties, are capable of producing major accident
hazards similar to those caused by the substances mentioned in line 1 :
LD50 (oral) LD50 (cutaneous) LC50
mg/kg body weight mg/kg body weight mg/l (inhalation)
1. LD50 5 LD50 10 LC50 0.1
2. 5 LD50 25 10 LD50 50 0.1 LC50 0.5
23
24. INDICATIVE CRITERIA
Other Toxic Substances
Substances with the following values of acute toxicity as shown in the table
below and having physical and chemical properties capable of producing
major accident hazards:
LD50 (oral) LD50 (cutaneous) LC50
mg/kg body weight mg/kg body weight mg/l (inhalation)
1. 25 LD50 200 50 LD50 400 0.5 LC50 2
24
25. Flammable Substances
• Flammable gases
- substances which in the gaseous state at normal pressure and mixed with
air become flammable and the boiling point of which at normal pressure is
20 C or below;
• Highly flammable liquids
- substances which have a flash point lower than 21 C and the boiling point
of which at normal pressure is above 20 C and;
• Flammable liquids
- substances which have a flash point lower than 5.5 C and which remain
liquid under pressure and where under particular processing conditions such
as high pressure and high temperature, may create major accident hazards.
25
26. Explosive Substances
- substances which may explode under the effect of flame or which are more sensitive
to shocks or friction than dinitrobenzene.
Oxidizing Substances
- substances which give rise to highly exothermic reaction when in contact with other
substances particularly flammable substances.
For the purpose of this schedule :
LD50 (oral) - a dose of a substance in mg/kg of body weight that produces death in
50% of a given experimental animal population;
LD50 (cutaneous) - a dose of a substance in mg/kg of body weight that produces death
in 50% of a given animal population; and
LC50 - a concentration of a substance in air that is estimated to produce death after
inhalation for four hours in 50% of a given experimental animal population.
26
27. LIST OF SUBSTANCES AND QUANTITIES
The quantities set out below relate to each installation or group of
installations belonging to the same manufacturer where the distance
between the installations is not sufficient to avoid, in foreseeable
circumstances, any aggravation of major accident hazards. The
quantities apply in each case to each group of installations belonging to
the same manufacturer where the distance between the installations is
less than 500 meters;
27
28. Part 1 : Named Substances
Where a substance or group of substances listed in Part 1 also falls within a
category of Part 2 the quantities set out in Part 1 shall be used.
Substance Threshold Quantity
Group 1 - Toxic Substances (quantity 1 tonne)
Aldicarb 100 kilograms
4-Aminodiphenyl 1 kilogram
Amiton 1 kilogram
Anabasine 100 kilograms
Arsenic pentoxide, arsenic (V) acid and salts 500 kilograms
Arsenic trioxide, arsenious (III) acid and salts 100 kilograms
Arsine (Arsenic hydride) 10 kilograms
28
29. Manufacturer must demonstrate safe operations, by:
• identify the possible major hazards;
• take adequate steps to prevent any major accidents;
• take adequate steps to minimise consequences to
people and environment;
• prepare and keep on-site emergency response plan;
• provide evidence that the above is done when
requested by the DG
29
30. • Prepare and submit Industrial Activity Report at least 3 months before
commencing the activity;
• Not make any modifications in that is not consistent with the Industrial
Activity Report until he consult a Competent person and resubmit a further
report;
• Report to be updated every 3 years;
• Prepare and submit on-site emergency plan 3 months before
commencement of industrial activity;
• Emergency plan to be prepared in consultation with a Competent person
• Emergency plan to be updated once every 3 years;
• Prepare information on industrial activity and inform local authorities or
port authority for them to prepare off-site emergency response plan;
• Provide information on hazards of the industrial activities to persons/public
who may likely be affected by a major accident around the site;
31.
32. • Level I disaster
NSD 20
– Confined and controlled
• No potential for spread
• Not complex
– Limited/ minimal effects
– Does not halt daily activities
– Can be handled at district level
• Level II disaster
– More serious
– 2 areas (districts) / potential spread
– Large scale destruction/ death
• Destruction of infrastructure
• Activities disrupted
– More difficult search and/ or rescue
– Needs to be handled at State Level
• Level III disaster
– Arises from Level II
– More complex
– Involves large areas (>2 states)
– National level intervention required
– +foreign help
35. Emergency Response Planning
• Planning is a crucial component in any safety and
health program including emergency action.
• Planning is prevention and preparedness!
• A comprehensive emergency response programme
would cover not only on-site incidents but also off-site
incidents, which may occur during the transportation of
products.
• Important elements in a programme are the overall
plans and the resources required to execute the plans.
• The emergency action plan should address
emergencies that the employer may reasonably expect
in the workplace.
38. Emergency Response Planning
• Policy and procedures to be developed should
consider:
– Hazards at site and worse case scenarios
– Existing standards (guidelines) and legal requirements
– Knowledge of the company operations background as
well as internal resources available such
finances, manpower and equipment
– Information on external resources such as:
• distance from nearest fire brigade and their incident
management capability
• distance from nearest medical service, specialty service offered
and their ability to manage mass casualties
40. Steps for emergency response planning
• Step 1: Form a Health and Safety Committee
• Establish a team to coordinate emergency planning
and preparedness activities
• An existing health and safety committee can take on
this responsibility.
• The committee may also want to consider including
outside organizations. These might include the
Local Emergency Planning Committee
(LEPC), emergency medical services (EMS), fire
department, Malaysian Red Cressent.
41. Steps for emergency response planning
Step 2: Develop (or Update) and implementing
emergency response plans.
• An emergency response plan is a detailed written
document that explains what emergencies an
organization is likely to face, and WHO will do
WHAT during a particular situation.
• A chain of command should be established
• Writing the plan begins with assessing what
measures are already in place and determining
adequacy of current resources and procedures by
reviewing documents and seeing what has been put
into operation.
42. Steps for emergency response planning
• Check available resources to review the strengths of the
facility’s internal and external resources.
– Internal resources include:
• First aid/CPR supplies and trained personnel
• fire extinguishers and other firefighting equipment
• heavy equipment available on-site
• available shelters/ability to shelter in-place
• transportation equipment
• in-house emergency response teams
• sprinkler and alarm systems and
• security systems and personnel.
– External resources include:
• fire department
• police department
• emergency medical services (EMS)
• emergency response teams (ERTs) or hazardous materials (HazMat)
response teams
43. Steps for emergency response planning
• Research what laws apply to the facility.
• Review any existing documents related to the facility’s
preparedness:
– alarms and fire suppression systems
– building diagrams and plans
– evacuation routes
– roles of key personnel
– housekeeping practices
– a list of hazardous materials used and/or stored in the workplace
and
– information on hazardous chemicals (material safety data
sheets, or MSDSs).
• Walk through the facility to see what preparations have
actually been put in place.
• Any differences between what is in written documents and
what is actually occurring in the workplace should be
noted.
44. Steps for emergency response planning
Step 3: Train All Staff
• Every employee needs to know details of the
emergency action plan, including evacuation
plans, alarm systems, reporting procedures for
personnel, shutdown procedures, and types of
potential emergencies.
• Additional training is needed
– when new equipment, materials or processes are
introduced,
– when the layout or design of the facility changes,
– when procedures have been updated or revised, or
– when exercises show that employee performance is
inadequate.
45. Steps for emergency response planning
• At a minimum, the training should include:
– an overview of the emergency action plan
– review of the evacuation procedures and routes for each
section of the workplace
– practice drills of emergency evacuation and
– basic first aid.
• Drills should be held at random intervals, at least
annually, and should include outside police and fire
authorities.
– Drills will lessen confusion and panic should an emergency
situation take place.
– The drills should reflect the actions taken for different types
of emergencies (e.g., fire, tornado, earthquake, depending
on the vulnerability analysis).
46. Steps for emergency response planning
Step 4: Address Needs Following an Emergency
• Physical and psychological effects
– The plan must specify what steps will be taken to ensure that all injured
staff receive immediate first aid and follow-up medical care including
any physical rehabilitation that might be necessary as the result of
injuries.
– Counseling services are essential parts of responding to overcome
severe emotional and psychological effects on victims.
• Financial support and services
– The plan should identify resources that are available to affected workers
such as:
– continuation of health care and other benefits
– workers compensation
– social services that can provide food, shelter or other needs,
– federal aid if the area is declared a national disaster area.
• Workplace operations
– process for recovery so that operations can continue.
– E.g. Contingency plans should be developed for having backup systems
to protect documents, computer files and other critical data.
47. Steps for emergency response planning
Step 5: Evaluate and Modify the Plan
• The committee should review the plan on a periodic
basis and after practice drills to make sure it reflects
the current work situation.
• Names and numbers as well as emergency contacts
need to be kept current.
• Any renovations or changes in floor plans must be
reviewed to see how they will impact the
emergency action and evacuation plans.
• Periodic drills give staff a chance to practice what to
do in an emergency and provide valuable
information on changes that need to be made.
48. Important elements for ERP
1. Vulnerability assessments
2. Chain of command
3. Emergency respond teams
4. Alarms and communication systems
5. Suppression Systems
6. Evacuation planning
7. Emergency medical facility
49. Important elements for ERP
Vulnerability assessments
• The first step is to find which hazards pose a threat to
any specific enterprise (list of hazards)
• E.g. emergency planners need to determine if other
nearby facilities may pose a hazard or any toxic
materials that may cause unsafe conditions.
• Important sources of information:
– records of past incidents
– occupational experience
– knowledge of both technological (chemical or physical) and
natural hazards by consulting with external organizations
such as fire departments, engineering consultants, and
government departments.
50. Important elements for ERP
Chain of command
• The employer should designate an emergency response
coordinator and a backup coordinator.
• The coordinator should be drawn from management
ranks, possibly the engineering manager, safety manager or
environmental compliance manager.
• Employees should know who the designated coordinator is.
• Duties of the coordinator and employer include:
– Determining what emergencies may occur and seeing that
emergency procedures are developed to address each situation.
– Directing all emergency activities including evacuation of
personnel.
– Ensuring that outside emergency services are notified when
necessary.
– Directing the shutdown of plant operations when necessary
51. Important elements for ERP
Emergency respond teams (ERT)
• ERT are the first lines of defense in emergencies.
• ERT members should be thoroughly trained for potential
crises and physically capable of carrying out their duties
• Team members need to know about toxic hazards in the
workplace and be able to judge when to evacuate personnel
or when to rely on outside help
• One or more teams must be trained in:
– Use of various types of fire extinguishers.
– First aid, including cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
– blood borne pathogens risk.
– Shutdown procedures.
– Chemical spill control procedures.
– Search and emergency rescue procedures.
– Hazardous materials emergency response.
52. Important elements for ERP
Alarms and communication systems
• In a situation requiring evacuation, the first step is
to let all occupants know they must leave the
building.
• Describe to the workers the alarm system used →
Occupants must know which alarm means to
evacuate.
• Alarms must be both seen and heard. There must
also be an effective means to notify individuals with
disabilities.
53. Important elements for ERP
Suppression Systems
• Suppression systems are designed to put out fires.
• There are many types of suppression systems, and
not all are suited for every situation.
• Most common are automatic water-based sprinkler
systems (there are many different kinds) and dry
chemical (carbon dioxide) systems.
• These may be connected to a detention/alarm
system or may be separate.
• The systems must be inspected and tested on an
annual basis to ensure they will work when needed.
54. Important elements for ERP
Evacuation planning
• At the time of an emergency, employees should know
what type of evacuation is necessary and what their
role is in carrying out the plan (partial or complete
evacuation).
• The goal is to evacuate people and move resources
(equipment, supplies, inventory) out of threatened
areas.
• The designation of refuge or safe areas for evacuation
should be determined and identified in the plan.
• Should establish methods of warning employees and
customers
• Maps indicating evacuation routes from buildings and
the facility site is important.
55. Important elements for ERP
Evacuation planning.. (cont)
• Escape routes must meet the following criteria:
– There are enough exits.
– Exits are not blocked.
– Exits are clearly marked. (Many emergency situations involve smoke and
fire that make it difficult to see.)
– The routes to the exits must be wide enough to accommodate the
number of occupants normally in the building.
– Exits lead to a public thoroughfare (not to a closed area, like a
courtyard).
– Escape routes do not lead through any area that may cause more
danger to the evacuees (such as an area where hazardous materials are
stored).
– Secondary routes are available in case the primary route is blocked
• Assuring that all personnel know the evacuation
routes, routines, and check-in procedures for both area and site
evacuations
• An organized head count to ensure that all facility occupants have
56. Important elements for ERP
Rescue and emergency medical facility
• The employer should find out which medical facilities
are closest to them.
• The committee should take a look at the workplace to
make sure that it is accessible to emergency services.
• In certain cases it may be necessary to have emergency
medical and rescue services on site, for example:
– employers in remote areas
– high security situations or
– employers with high hazard operations.
• It may help to coordinate an emergency action plan
with the outsider responders such as the fire
department, hospital emergency room, and EMS
providers.
