The document discusses the history of tobacco use and the efforts of tobacco companies to promote smoking globally and thwart effective tobacco control efforts. It traces the history of tobacco from its origins in the Americas in 6000 BC through its commercialization and the rise of big tobacco companies in the US and their expansion into international markets in the 20th century. It also summarizes how tobacco companies have spent billions on marketing, political lobbying, and misleading public information campaigns to influence governments and prevent tobacco control policies that impact their profits. Specifically in Malaysia, it notes the tobacco industry's successful lobbying of government ministries to weaken proposed advertising restrictions there in 1982.
The behavioural approach views all behaviours as learned through classical conditioning, operant conditioning, or social learning. It focuses on observable and measurable behaviours. Therapies aim to change maladaptive learned responses through techniques like systematic desensitization, which uses counterconditioning to teach new adaptive responses by pairing relaxation with feared stimuli. While behavioural therapies can effectively treat some phobias, they may raise ethical issues by exposing clients to feared scenarios and are not effective for complex phobias with underlying survival components.
This document discusses several behavioral therapy techniques including operant conditioning using positive and negative reinforcement as well as extinction and punishment. It also covers relaxation training, systematic desensitization, in vivo and flooding exposure therapy, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), and social skills training. EMDR involves imaginal flooding, cognitive restructuring, and rapid eye movements to process traumatic memories. Social skills training teaches modeling, reinforcement, and role playing to improve psychosocial skills like anger management and assertion.
This document discusses various behavioral problems in children including causes, common problems, and management strategies. It covers problems in infancy such as feeding issues and temper tantrums. Common behavioral issues are outlined along with management of specific problems like thumb sucking, nail biting, bedwetting, and encopresis. Speech problems including stuttering, cluttering, and delayed speech are also addressed. Management involves identifying causes, parental support, counseling, and behavioral or medical interventions as needed.
The tobacco industry faced growing pressure from health organizations and governments between 1950-2010 due to the negative health effects of smoking. The industry used public relations strategies like promoting smoking as cool and stress-relieving to influence public views and undermine anti-smoking efforts. Governments implemented various tobacco control policies over time like health warnings and advertising bans. Health organizations worked to educate the public on smoking risks while the industry sought to distract from these issues and maintain profits.
Smoking History and Legislation was a group project for HP 4300 Smoking Cessation / Drug and Alcohol Treatment. We covered a brief history of tobacco use, labeling and critical legislation, The Master Settlement of 1998 and some key reports of the Surgeon General.
MAYAN USAGE OF TOBACCO
HISTORY OF TOBACCO
SPREAD OF TOBACCO
TOBACCO INVASION IN INDIA
EXPANSION OF TOBACCO INDUSTRY IN OTHER COUNTRIES
WORLD REPORTS ON PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF TOBACCO
INDIAN TOBACCO MARKET
INDIA- TOBACCO- STATISTICAL REPORT
OTHER COUNTRY’S POLICIES
INDIAN POLICIES
ISSUE DUE TO REDUCTION OF TOBACCO CULTIVATION
ALTERNATIVE SUGGESTIONS
REFERENCES
Tobacco groups challenge Australia's new law requiring plain packaging of cigarettes. The law aims to reduce branding and discourage smoking by eliminating the attractive effects of packaging. Tobacco groups argue the law will reduce their market share and competitive advantage. One year on, studies show plain packaging smokers find cigarettes lower quality and are less satisfied, increasing motivation to quit. However, tobacco sales have remained stable, with companies adapting to changing regulations. National laws can significantly impact marketing strategies in industries like alcohol, tobacco, and pharmaceuticals by restricting advertising practices.
Plain packaging- Why it matters, and making it happenUCT ICO
1) The document discusses Australia's efforts to reduce smoking through implementing plain packaging of tobacco products from 2008 to the present.
2) Key measures included advocacy, health warnings, advertising bans, taxation increases, and smoke-free policies building on decades of evidence.
3) Plain packaging legislation in 2012, despite intense industry opposition, led to a decline in smoking rates with the government report attributing 25% of the reduction to plain packaging.
The behavioural approach views all behaviours as learned through classical conditioning, operant conditioning, or social learning. It focuses on observable and measurable behaviours. Therapies aim to change maladaptive learned responses through techniques like systematic desensitization, which uses counterconditioning to teach new adaptive responses by pairing relaxation with feared stimuli. While behavioural therapies can effectively treat some phobias, they may raise ethical issues by exposing clients to feared scenarios and are not effective for complex phobias with underlying survival components.
This document discusses several behavioral therapy techniques including operant conditioning using positive and negative reinforcement as well as extinction and punishment. It also covers relaxation training, systematic desensitization, in vivo and flooding exposure therapy, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), and social skills training. EMDR involves imaginal flooding, cognitive restructuring, and rapid eye movements to process traumatic memories. Social skills training teaches modeling, reinforcement, and role playing to improve psychosocial skills like anger management and assertion.
This document discusses various behavioral problems in children including causes, common problems, and management strategies. It covers problems in infancy such as feeding issues and temper tantrums. Common behavioral issues are outlined along with management of specific problems like thumb sucking, nail biting, bedwetting, and encopresis. Speech problems including stuttering, cluttering, and delayed speech are also addressed. Management involves identifying causes, parental support, counseling, and behavioral or medical interventions as needed.
The tobacco industry faced growing pressure from health organizations and governments between 1950-2010 due to the negative health effects of smoking. The industry used public relations strategies like promoting smoking as cool and stress-relieving to influence public views and undermine anti-smoking efforts. Governments implemented various tobacco control policies over time like health warnings and advertising bans. Health organizations worked to educate the public on smoking risks while the industry sought to distract from these issues and maintain profits.
Smoking History and Legislation was a group project for HP 4300 Smoking Cessation / Drug and Alcohol Treatment. We covered a brief history of tobacco use, labeling and critical legislation, The Master Settlement of 1998 and some key reports of the Surgeon General.
MAYAN USAGE OF TOBACCO
HISTORY OF TOBACCO
SPREAD OF TOBACCO
TOBACCO INVASION IN INDIA
EXPANSION OF TOBACCO INDUSTRY IN OTHER COUNTRIES
WORLD REPORTS ON PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF TOBACCO
INDIAN TOBACCO MARKET
INDIA- TOBACCO- STATISTICAL REPORT
OTHER COUNTRY’S POLICIES
INDIAN POLICIES
ISSUE DUE TO REDUCTION OF TOBACCO CULTIVATION
ALTERNATIVE SUGGESTIONS
REFERENCES
Tobacco groups challenge Australia's new law requiring plain packaging of cigarettes. The law aims to reduce branding and discourage smoking by eliminating the attractive effects of packaging. Tobacco groups argue the law will reduce their market share and competitive advantage. One year on, studies show plain packaging smokers find cigarettes lower quality and are less satisfied, increasing motivation to quit. However, tobacco sales have remained stable, with companies adapting to changing regulations. National laws can significantly impact marketing strategies in industries like alcohol, tobacco, and pharmaceuticals by restricting advertising practices.
Plain packaging- Why it matters, and making it happenUCT ICO
1) The document discusses Australia's efforts to reduce smoking through implementing plain packaging of tobacco products from 2008 to the present.
2) Key measures included advocacy, health warnings, advertising bans, taxation increases, and smoke-free policies building on decades of evidence.
3) Plain packaging legislation in 2012, despite intense industry opposition, led to a decline in smoking rates with the government report attributing 25% of the reduction to plain packaging.
This document provides an overview of smoking in India and strategies to combat it. Some key points:
- Smoking kills over 1 million Indians annually and rates are increasing. It causes many diseases and premature death.
- Peer pressure, desire to fit in, and stress/mental health issues drive youth smoking despite health education.
- Objectives include reducing youth smoking initiation and exposure, empowering communities, and promoting partnerships between NGOs and government.
- Proposed strategies involve preventing smoking through education, helping current smokers quit by increasing barriers and support, with a focus on youth, females, and high-risk groups. Budgets, media allocation, and segmentation of audiences are also discussed.
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Tobacco use accounts for at least 30% of all cancer deaths and 87% of lung cancer deaths, and increases the risk of several other cancers. Tobacco contains over 4000 chemicals, including 200 that are poisonous and 69 that cause cancer. The tobacco industry knew as early as 1953 that smoking causes health risks but launched a propaganda campaign to mislead the public and sow doubt about the science. While tobacco generates tax revenue, it costs the healthcare system far more than it contributes in taxes and causes widespread preventable disease. Banning tobacco would help public health but would also impact tobacco farmers' livelihoods, requiring support for alternative crops.
The document discusses smoking and tobacco use. It defines different types of smoked tobacco like cigarettes, cigars, and pipes. It explains that tobacco contains nicotine, a highly addictive and toxic stimulant. The document then discusses why people take up smoking, often as teenagers due to social influences and tobacco advertising exposure. It lists some of the over 7,000 chemicals in tobacco smoke, including 250 that are known to be harmful and 69 that cause cancer. The document concludes by discussing efforts to ban smoking in public places and how advertising laws aim to restrict tobacco marketing messages.
World No Tobacco Day is observed annually on May 31st to raise awareness of the threats posed by tobacco consumption and the tobacco industry. The 2017 theme is "Tobacco - a threat to development" which will demonstrate how tobacco undermines public health and economic development. Tobacco is consumed in various forms in India like cigarettes, bidis, gutkha and paan masala. It poses severe health risks like cancer, heart disease, and lung disease and results in premature death. The tobacco industry targets youth and uses misleading marketing techniques to lure new users. Governments and the public must confront the tobacco epidemic through bans on advertising and health education campaigns to save lives and support national development.
World No Tobacco Day is observed annually on May 31st to draw attention to the health hazards of tobacco use and secondhand smoke exposure. It is an initiative of the World Health Organization aimed at encouraging 24 hours of tobacco abstinence worldwide. The day highlights the over 6 million annual deaths caused by tobacco, including 600,000 from non-smokers breathing secondhand smoke. The WHO oversees the annual theme and campaign materials to promote a unified message against tobacco use. The 2016 theme focuses on plain packaging of tobacco products. Events held around the world encourage communities to celebrate in their own way through educational and activist activities.
Nicotine is highly addictive and tobacco use has significant health risks. Smoking rates peaked in the mid-20th century and have declined since due to health campaigns and legislation, though tobacco use remains widespread globally. In addition to lung cancer and heart disease, smoking is linked to many other cancers and reduced life expectancy. While it is difficult, many techniques can help people quit smoking.
This document discusses tobacco, its history, current usage, health effects, and control. It begins by defining tobacco smoking and its history of use dating back thousands of years for ceremonial and medical purposes. It then notes that today, over 800 million people worldwide consume tobacco, generating billions for tobacco companies, though advertising is now regulated. The document outlines the various health risks of tobacco usage, including cancer, heart and lung disease. It advocates for tobacco control through prevention, education, taxation and smoke-free policies to reduce tobacco-related illness and death. World No Tobacco Day is highlighted as an annual event promoting these goals. Health promotion aims to address root causes of disease and empower people's health through education, environments and communities.
The historical actions of the tobacco industry to promote tobacco use in New Zealand. This presentation is used to support the Cancer Society Auckland's submission on the Maori Affairs Inquiry into the Tobacco Industry in Aotearoa and the Consequences of Tobacco Use for Maori.
The presentation includes examples of advertising used by the tobacco industry that have been sourced from the internet.
The document discusses the growing global tobacco epidemic and the international response. It outlines how tobacco companies have expanded globally through free trade policies and marketing. The tobacco industry lobbies governments to protect profits. Tobacco use impoverishes individuals, families and countries by reducing spending on necessities, increasing healthcare costs, and lowering productivity. The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) was established as the first international public health treaty to address these issues. Civil society organizations play a key role in supporting FCTC ratification and implementation.
The document discusses the growing global tobacco epidemic and the international response. It outlines how tobacco companies have expanded globally through free trade policies and marketing. The tobacco industry lobbies governments to protect profits. Tobacco use impoverishes individuals, families and countries by reducing spending on necessities, increasing healthcare costs, and lowering productivity. The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) was established as the first international public health treaty to address these issues. Civil society organizations play a key role in supporting FCTC ratification and implementation.
The document provides an overview of the tobacco industry, including its history, types, sub-industries, major companies, products, and strategies. It discusses how the industry comprises companies that grow, sell, and distribute tobacco products worldwide. The industry focuses on attracting young users and uses flavors, packaging, and product placement to appeal to new smokers. It also outlines some of the political issues and regulations the industry faces in India, such as bans on advertising, sales to minors, and large health warnings on packaging.
Between 1950-1970:
1) Smoking rates in the US were very high, with over half of men and a quarter of women smoking daily.
2) The tobacco industry formed the Tobacco Industry Research Committee to promote the idea that smoking was not conclusively linked to health risks and fund research that countered public health studies.
3) Government regulations on tobacco advertising increased through the 1960s due to pressure from health organizations' research showing smoking caused cancer, though the tobacco industry fought these measures through lobbying and advertising.
The document provides information on the tobacco industry in India. It discusses that tobacco is prepared from cured tobacco plant leaves and is used in smoke and smokeless products. It also outlines the oldest and youngest companies in the industry, their factory locations, competitors, employment details, exports, contribution to national income, government policies, pricing techniques, product life cycle, and market structure of the industry.
Tobacco has a long history of use but is now recognized as the leading cause of preventable death in the US. While initially promoted for medical uses, studies from the 1930s onward linked smoking to cancer. This led to regulation efforts including warning labels in 1965, bans on TV and radio ads in 1971, and settlements with tobacco companies in 1998. Despite lower tar and nicotine options, cigarettes have not been proven safe. Current use varies by factors like gender, education level, and age. Smokeless tobacco is an alternative some turn to but it is not risk-free.
The Indian government announced in February 2001 that it would table a bill banning tobacco companies from advertising their products and sponsoring sports and cultural events, with the aim of discouraging tobacco consumption among adolescents and empowering the government's anti-tobacco program. This move faced some criticism from those who believed it infringed on personal liberties and commercial interests. However, others saw it as an important public health measure based on evidence that tobacco advertising encourages youth smoking, and that banning ads had reduced smoking rates in other countries. The bill's passage would create ethical dilemmas for the government in balancing health and economic concerns.
This chapter examines types and extent of tobacco advertising and promotion in the US over time. It discusses advertising channels used historically and emerging channels like packaging and the internet. It reviews trends in expenditures for cigarettes, cigars, and smokeless tobacco. Despite restrictions, cigarette marketing spending increased substantially to $16.7 billion in 2003, then dropped to $13.5 billion in 2005. Over time, spending has shifted from print to promotional activities like price discounts, impacting exposure to marketing messages.
The document provides information on the history of tobacco, types of tobacco, tobacco cultivation and processing, components and pharmacology of tobacco, impact of tobacco on health, economy, society and environment, and tobacco control measures. It traces the global and Indian history of tobacco from its origins in South America 6000 BC among native populations, to its spread worldwide following European contact in the 15th century. Key events discussed include the establishment of tobacco cultivation in various regions from the 1500s-1900s and early health studies in the 1700s-1900s linking tobacco to cancer and other diseases. The document also outlines the main botanical and commercial types of tobacco, as well as methods of tobacco cultivation, processing, and components/pharmacology
This document summarizes the harmful effects of tobacco use and strategies for tobacco cessation. It notes that tobacco kills over 5 million people annually worldwide, with over 80% of deaths occurring in developing countries. In India, tobacco use causes about 700,000 deaths per year. The document outlines the various forms of tobacco use and their health impacts, including cancer, heart and lung diseases, reproductive issues, and passive smoking effects. It discusses the global and Indian burden of tobacco and provides an overview of tobacco cessation methods like the 5 A's and 5 R's approaches.
This document summarizes the effects of smoking on periodontium. It discusses how smoking leads to an increased prevalence and severity of periodontal diseases by altering the subgingival biofilm and impairing the host response. Smoking is associated with higher counts of pathogenic bacteria like Tannerella forsythia and increased colonization of sites with shallow pockets. It also negatively impacts the response to periodontal therapy and outcomes are better in smokers who quit. The document provides information on various tobacco products, definitions of smoking status, and smoking rates globally and in India.
The document discusses tobacco cessation and control. It outlines the diseases caused by smoking in both children and adults. It recommends offering help to quit tobacco use through cessation advice, legislation, and pharmacological therapy. Health professionals have an important role to play in tobacco control through advising patients, promoting tobacco-free policies, and building cessation infrastructure. Brief counseling and motivational interventions can help patients quit smoking. Government initiatives like the COTPA act have implemented various bans and warnings. Increasing tobacco taxes and prices is also effective for reducing consumption. The National Tobacco Control Programme aims to reduce tobacco use in India.
This document discusses first aid services and practices in the workplace. It defines first aid and outlines the legal requirements for employers to provide first aid facilities, services, and training. It describes the key components of workplace first aid including first aiders, first aid boxes, first aid rooms, and special requirements. Employers must ensure workers are aware of first aid resources and procedures through appropriate signage and information.
Emergency response planning and implementationNik Ronaidi
This document discusses emergency response planning and implementation. It begins with introductions to emergencies, disasters, and emergency response plans. It then outlines the emergency management process, including the preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation phases. Key legislation regarding emergency response in Malaysia is also summarized, such as the Occupational Safety and Health Act and National Security Council Directive No. 20. The document provides more details on the Control of Industrial Major Accident Hazards Regulations, including definitions of major hazard installations and indicative criteria for very toxic, toxic, flammable, and explosive substances.
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This document provides an overview of smoking in India and strategies to combat it. Some key points:
- Smoking kills over 1 million Indians annually and rates are increasing. It causes many diseases and premature death.
- Peer pressure, desire to fit in, and stress/mental health issues drive youth smoking despite health education.
- Objectives include reducing youth smoking initiation and exposure, empowering communities, and promoting partnerships between NGOs and government.
- Proposed strategies involve preventing smoking through education, helping current smokers quit by increasing barriers and support, with a focus on youth, females, and high-risk groups. Budgets, media allocation, and segmentation of audiences are also discussed.
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Tobacco use accounts for at least 30% of all cancer deaths and 87% of lung cancer deaths, and increases the risk of several other cancers. Tobacco contains over 4000 chemicals, including 200 that are poisonous and 69 that cause cancer. The tobacco industry knew as early as 1953 that smoking causes health risks but launched a propaganda campaign to mislead the public and sow doubt about the science. While tobacco generates tax revenue, it costs the healthcare system far more than it contributes in taxes and causes widespread preventable disease. Banning tobacco would help public health but would also impact tobacco farmers' livelihoods, requiring support for alternative crops.
The document discusses smoking and tobacco use. It defines different types of smoked tobacco like cigarettes, cigars, and pipes. It explains that tobacco contains nicotine, a highly addictive and toxic stimulant. The document then discusses why people take up smoking, often as teenagers due to social influences and tobacco advertising exposure. It lists some of the over 7,000 chemicals in tobacco smoke, including 250 that are known to be harmful and 69 that cause cancer. The document concludes by discussing efforts to ban smoking in public places and how advertising laws aim to restrict tobacco marketing messages.
World No Tobacco Day is observed annually on May 31st to raise awareness of the threats posed by tobacco consumption and the tobacco industry. The 2017 theme is "Tobacco - a threat to development" which will demonstrate how tobacco undermines public health and economic development. Tobacco is consumed in various forms in India like cigarettes, bidis, gutkha and paan masala. It poses severe health risks like cancer, heart disease, and lung disease and results in premature death. The tobacco industry targets youth and uses misleading marketing techniques to lure new users. Governments and the public must confront the tobacco epidemic through bans on advertising and health education campaigns to save lives and support national development.
World No Tobacco Day is observed annually on May 31st to draw attention to the health hazards of tobacco use and secondhand smoke exposure. It is an initiative of the World Health Organization aimed at encouraging 24 hours of tobacco abstinence worldwide. The day highlights the over 6 million annual deaths caused by tobacco, including 600,000 from non-smokers breathing secondhand smoke. The WHO oversees the annual theme and campaign materials to promote a unified message against tobacco use. The 2016 theme focuses on plain packaging of tobacco products. Events held around the world encourage communities to celebrate in their own way through educational and activist activities.
Nicotine is highly addictive and tobacco use has significant health risks. Smoking rates peaked in the mid-20th century and have declined since due to health campaigns and legislation, though tobacco use remains widespread globally. In addition to lung cancer and heart disease, smoking is linked to many other cancers and reduced life expectancy. While it is difficult, many techniques can help people quit smoking.
This document discusses tobacco, its history, current usage, health effects, and control. It begins by defining tobacco smoking and its history of use dating back thousands of years for ceremonial and medical purposes. It then notes that today, over 800 million people worldwide consume tobacco, generating billions for tobacco companies, though advertising is now regulated. The document outlines the various health risks of tobacco usage, including cancer, heart and lung disease. It advocates for tobacco control through prevention, education, taxation and smoke-free policies to reduce tobacco-related illness and death. World No Tobacco Day is highlighted as an annual event promoting these goals. Health promotion aims to address root causes of disease and empower people's health through education, environments and communities.
The historical actions of the tobacco industry to promote tobacco use in New Zealand. This presentation is used to support the Cancer Society Auckland's submission on the Maori Affairs Inquiry into the Tobacco Industry in Aotearoa and the Consequences of Tobacco Use for Maori.
The presentation includes examples of advertising used by the tobacco industry that have been sourced from the internet.
The document discusses the growing global tobacco epidemic and the international response. It outlines how tobacco companies have expanded globally through free trade policies and marketing. The tobacco industry lobbies governments to protect profits. Tobacco use impoverishes individuals, families and countries by reducing spending on necessities, increasing healthcare costs, and lowering productivity. The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) was established as the first international public health treaty to address these issues. Civil society organizations play a key role in supporting FCTC ratification and implementation.
The document discusses the growing global tobacco epidemic and the international response. It outlines how tobacco companies have expanded globally through free trade policies and marketing. The tobacco industry lobbies governments to protect profits. Tobacco use impoverishes individuals, families and countries by reducing spending on necessities, increasing healthcare costs, and lowering productivity. The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) was established as the first international public health treaty to address these issues. Civil society organizations play a key role in supporting FCTC ratification and implementation.
The document provides an overview of the tobacco industry, including its history, types, sub-industries, major companies, products, and strategies. It discusses how the industry comprises companies that grow, sell, and distribute tobacco products worldwide. The industry focuses on attracting young users and uses flavors, packaging, and product placement to appeal to new smokers. It also outlines some of the political issues and regulations the industry faces in India, such as bans on advertising, sales to minors, and large health warnings on packaging.
Between 1950-1970:
1) Smoking rates in the US were very high, with over half of men and a quarter of women smoking daily.
2) The tobacco industry formed the Tobacco Industry Research Committee to promote the idea that smoking was not conclusively linked to health risks and fund research that countered public health studies.
3) Government regulations on tobacco advertising increased through the 1960s due to pressure from health organizations' research showing smoking caused cancer, though the tobacco industry fought these measures through lobbying and advertising.
The document provides information on the tobacco industry in India. It discusses that tobacco is prepared from cured tobacco plant leaves and is used in smoke and smokeless products. It also outlines the oldest and youngest companies in the industry, their factory locations, competitors, employment details, exports, contribution to national income, government policies, pricing techniques, product life cycle, and market structure of the industry.
Tobacco has a long history of use but is now recognized as the leading cause of preventable death in the US. While initially promoted for medical uses, studies from the 1930s onward linked smoking to cancer. This led to regulation efforts including warning labels in 1965, bans on TV and radio ads in 1971, and settlements with tobacco companies in 1998. Despite lower tar and nicotine options, cigarettes have not been proven safe. Current use varies by factors like gender, education level, and age. Smokeless tobacco is an alternative some turn to but it is not risk-free.
The Indian government announced in February 2001 that it would table a bill banning tobacco companies from advertising their products and sponsoring sports and cultural events, with the aim of discouraging tobacco consumption among adolescents and empowering the government's anti-tobacco program. This move faced some criticism from those who believed it infringed on personal liberties and commercial interests. However, others saw it as an important public health measure based on evidence that tobacco advertising encourages youth smoking, and that banning ads had reduced smoking rates in other countries. The bill's passage would create ethical dilemmas for the government in balancing health and economic concerns.
This chapter examines types and extent of tobacco advertising and promotion in the US over time. It discusses advertising channels used historically and emerging channels like packaging and the internet. It reviews trends in expenditures for cigarettes, cigars, and smokeless tobacco. Despite restrictions, cigarette marketing spending increased substantially to $16.7 billion in 2003, then dropped to $13.5 billion in 2005. Over time, spending has shifted from print to promotional activities like price discounts, impacting exposure to marketing messages.
The document provides information on the history of tobacco, types of tobacco, tobacco cultivation and processing, components and pharmacology of tobacco, impact of tobacco on health, economy, society and environment, and tobacco control measures. It traces the global and Indian history of tobacco from its origins in South America 6000 BC among native populations, to its spread worldwide following European contact in the 15th century. Key events discussed include the establishment of tobacco cultivation in various regions from the 1500s-1900s and early health studies in the 1700s-1900s linking tobacco to cancer and other diseases. The document also outlines the main botanical and commercial types of tobacco, as well as methods of tobacco cultivation, processing, and components/pharmacology
This document summarizes the harmful effects of tobacco use and strategies for tobacco cessation. It notes that tobacco kills over 5 million people annually worldwide, with over 80% of deaths occurring in developing countries. In India, tobacco use causes about 700,000 deaths per year. The document outlines the various forms of tobacco use and their health impacts, including cancer, heart and lung diseases, reproductive issues, and passive smoking effects. It discusses the global and Indian burden of tobacco and provides an overview of tobacco cessation methods like the 5 A's and 5 R's approaches.
This document summarizes the effects of smoking on periodontium. It discusses how smoking leads to an increased prevalence and severity of periodontal diseases by altering the subgingival biofilm and impairing the host response. Smoking is associated with higher counts of pathogenic bacteria like Tannerella forsythia and increased colonization of sites with shallow pockets. It also negatively impacts the response to periodontal therapy and outcomes are better in smokers who quit. The document provides information on various tobacco products, definitions of smoking status, and smoking rates globally and in India.
The document discusses tobacco cessation and control. It outlines the diseases caused by smoking in both children and adults. It recommends offering help to quit tobacco use through cessation advice, legislation, and pharmacological therapy. Health professionals have an important role to play in tobacco control through advising patients, promoting tobacco-free policies, and building cessation infrastructure. Brief counseling and motivational interventions can help patients quit smoking. Government initiatives like the COTPA act have implemented various bans and warnings. Increasing tobacco taxes and prices is also effective for reducing consumption. The National Tobacco Control Programme aims to reduce tobacco use in India.
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Environmental change and vector borne diseaseNik Ronaidi
This document discusses how environmental change can impact vector-borne diseases. It identifies several factors of global change like climate change, urbanization, and land use that can influence disease transmission by affecting vectors, pathogens, or human exposure and sensitivity. Changes in temperature and precipitation from climate change can expand vector habitat and accelerate pathogen development. The document also examines how these global changes have impacted diseases like dengue and filariasis in Malaysia through influences on vector ecology and human activities. Effective adaptation requires assessing a population's vulnerability, exposure, and sensitivity to design vector control and other management options.
Ecological study designs provide a way to study the effects of environmental exposures on health outcomes when it is difficult to obtain individual-level exposure data. Ecological studies observe associations between disease rates and exposure levels among groups rather than individuals. They can generate hypotheses about disease etiology and evaluate the impact of interventions. However, ecological studies have limitations as they do not measure exposures or health outcomes at the individual level.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Summer is a time for fun in the sun, but the heat and humidity can also wreak havoc on your skin. From itchy rashes to unwanted pigmentation, several skin conditions become more prevalent during these warmer months.
Are you looking for a long-lasting solution to your missing tooth?
Dental implants are the most common type of method for replacing the missing tooth. Unlike dentures or bridges, implants are surgically placed in the jawbone. In layman’s terms, a dental implant is similar to the natural root of the tooth. It offers a stable foundation for the artificial tooth giving it the look, feel, and function similar to the natural tooth.
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7shruti jagirdar
Unit 4: MRA 103T Regulatory affairs
This guideline is directed principally toward new Molecular Entities that are
likely to have significant use in the elderly, either because the disease intended
to be treated is characteristically a disease of aging ( e.g., Alzheimer's disease) or
because the population to be treated is known to include substantial numbers of
geriatric patients (e.g., hypertension).
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
Behavioural issues in chronic and communicable diseases
1. Behavioural Issues in Chronic
and Communicable Diseases
By Dr Nik Nor Ronaidi bin Nik Mahdi
2. • Question:
Critically discuss the strategies of multi-
national tobacco companies in promoting
smoking behaviour particularly in developing
countries. To what extent can the state and
the community contest the power and
influence of tobacco companies. Illustrate
your discussion with the history of the
operation of tobacco companies in Malaysia.
3. Content
• History of tobacco use
• Epidemiology of tobacco use
• Tobacco industry efforts to thwart effective
tobacco control
• Conclusion
5. History of tobacco
• 6000 BC - Tobacco began growing in Americas.
• Around 1st century BC, American natives began
finding ways to use tobacco (smoking, chewing
and in enemas)
• Tobacco was credited with almost miraculous
healing powers and was used by the natives of
America as remedy for aches, pains, snake-bite,
abdominal and heart pain, chills, convulsions,
epilepsy, skin disease and fatigue, among other
ailments
6. History of tobacco
• 1492 – Christopher Columbus discovers tobacco
smoking and takes it to Europe
• 1612 – Tobacco first grown commercially in North
America (Jamestown, Virginia)
• 1865 - The first commercial cigarettes (hand rolled
cigarettes) were made by Washington Duke →
sold to soldiers at the end of the Civil War
7. History of tobacco
• 1881 - James Bonsack invented the cigarette-
making machine → cigarette smoking became
widespread.
– He went into business with Washington Duke’s son,
James “Buck” Duke.
– The first brand of cigarettes were packaged in a box
with baseball cards and were called Duke of Durham.
• Buck Duke and his father started the first tobacco
company in the U.S called American Tobacco
Company → largest and most powerful tobacco
company until the early 1900’s
8.
9. History of tobacco
• In early 1900’s, several other companies were
making cigarettes.
• In 1902 Philip Morris company came out with its
Marlboro brand.
• The wars were good for the tobacco industry.
– Soldiers overseas were given free cigarettes every day
– Cigarettes were also being marketed to women since
they became more independent during WW II
– Since WW II, there have been six giant cigarette
companies in the U.S. [Philip Morris, R.J. Reynolds,
American Brands, Lorillard, Brown & Williamson, and
Liggett & Myers (now called the Brooke Group)].
10.
11. History of tobacco
• 1964 - the Surgeon General of the U.S. ( the chief
doctor for the country) wrote a report about the
dangers of cigarette smoking →nicotine and tar in
cigarettes cause lung cancer.
• 1965 - Congress of the U.S. passed the Cigarette
Labelling and Advertising Act→ every cigarette
pack must have a warning label on its side stating
“Cigarettes may be hazardous to your health.”
• 1971 - Tobacco companies were not allowed to
advertise cigarettes on television or radio.
12. History of tobacco
• 1980’s - the tobacco companies had come out with
new brands of cigarettes with lower amounts of tar
and nicotine and improved filters to keep their
customers buying and to help reduce their fears.
• 1980’s - governments, and private companies have
begun taking actions to restrict cigarette smoking in
public places.
• 1984 - Congress passed another law called the
Comprehensive Smoking Education Act → cigarette
companies had to change the warning labels on
cigarette packs every three months.
– four different labels created to rotate.
13.
14. History of tobacco
• State taxes on cigarettes have also increased
• As it becomes more difficult for tobacco companies to sell
their products in the U.S., they are looking outside.
• For the last two decades, tobacco production is declining in
the developed countries
• On the contrary, tobacco production in the developing
world is consistently increasing.
• U.S. tobacco companies are now growing tobacco in
developing countries such as Africa, India, Pakistan,
Philippines, Thailand, and Indonesia.
• Fifty percent of the sales of U.S. tobacco companies go to
Asian countries, such as Thailand, South Korea, Malaysia,
the Phillipines, and Taiwan.
19. Epidemiology of tobacco use
• Since at least the colonial era, tobacco has been a
popular commodity in US, with tobacco use
increasing almost exponentially from the 1800s to
the mid-1960s
• The invention of the cigarette fueled this dramatic
rise in tobacco consumption, and cigarette smoking
quickly outpaced the use of any other form of
tobacco product (chewing tobacco, cigars).
Why?
– cigarettes served as a more efficient vehicle for the
absorption of nicotine
– less expensive form of tobacco
20. Epidemiology of tobacco use
• The number of adult smoker increased almost
exponentially until its peak in 1963
• This growth in consumption was driven largely by:
– mass production of cigarettes;
– the mildness, packaging, addictiveness, and convenience
of the product;
– glamorization of smoking in movies and on television;
and
– persuasive advertising campaigns
21. Epidemiology of tobacco use
• Tobacco consumption among Americans have
greatly reduced since the publication of the first
Surgeon General’s report on the harmful effects of
cigarette smoking in 1964.
• By 1983, the annual per-capita consumption of
cigarettes had declined approximately 20% from
the 1963 level to 3,494 cigarettes per adult;
• By 2004, it had declined an additional 49% to 1,791
cigarettes
• The prevalence of adult cigarette smoking also had
declined to half in 2005 as compared to 1965.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26. Epidemiology of tobacco use
• Four stages of tobacco epidemic:
– Stage 1:
• Low prevalence (below 20%) of cigarette smoking, principally
limited to males, with no apparent increase in lung cancer or
other chronic diseases caused by smoking.
– Stage 2:
• increases in smoking prevalence to above 50% in men, early
increases in cigarette smoking among women
• increasing burden of lung cancer and other tobacco-
attributable disease in men
• Tobacco control activities are usually not well developed, the
health risks of tobacco are not well understood, and there is
relatively low public and political support for the
implementation of effective tobacco control policies.
27. Epidemiology of tobacco use
– Stage 3:
• Marked downturn in smoking prevalence among men, a more
gradual decline in women
• The burden of smoking attributable disease and death
continues to increase.
– Stage 4:
• Marked downturn in smoking prevalence in both men and
women.
• Full damage caused by cigarettes
30. • The tobacco companies are among the world’s
most sophisticated and successful marketers.
• They spend billions of dollars to promote their
deadly products, prevent governments from
protecting their people and mislead tobacco
users and potential tobacco users
31.
32. Political influences
• In US, the tobacco industry spends millions of dollars trying
to influence public policy.
• Occurs through quiet, behind the scenes, insider strategies.
• It makes major contributions:
– to elected officials and political parties,
– payments to governments to support infrastructure such as mass
transit
– large investments in sophisticated public relations campaigns
– gives money to civic, educational and charitable organisations
• In turn the politicians help the tobacco industry.
33.
34.
35. Political influences
• Eg: In an attempt to boost its market share in
Indonesia, Rothmans Indonesia sold 5 % of its
equity to Mr Sudwikatmono, a cousin of President
Suharto, whose family controlled huge sections of
the Indonesian economy and whose patronage is a
virtual guarantee of commercial success
• What about Malaysia?
36. • Malaysian scenario:
– While the government has pledge its commitment to promote
healthy living and discourage smoking, on the flip side, they have
opted to engage and collaborate with tobacco companies in
promoting anti-smoking campaigns
– Health activist are questioning the government half hearted
measures in tobacco control and the tobacco industry’s
involvement in the orchestration of anti-smoking campaigns
which contrastingly leads to an increasing prevalence of smokers
– Malaysia’s history of tobacco control is pockmarked with the
failures of adopting of an ad hoc policy and collaborating with
tobacco companies , favouring industry guidelines over
legislations and protecting tobacco cultivation
– Government also issuing licenses to local companies to produce
cheaper local cigarretes (e.g: John, Saat, Bromax)
(FOMCA’s Position Paper on Tobacco Control in Malaysia, 2006)
37. • Malaysian Scenario
– In January 1982 the Malaysian government took another
step forward in tobacco control and announced a ban on
the direct advertising of imported brands over RTM and
pushed back the advertising time for locally
manufactured brands till after 10 pm.
• Direct lobbying of top level officials in several ministries,
pushing for support for its counter-proposal and providing
arguments against either a complete ban or a more punitive
restriction on cigarettes. The CMTM received assurances the
proposal would receive support from the Ministries of Trade
and Industry, Primary Industries, and Agriculture.
• It only take the industry just five months to defeat the original
decision.
38.
39.
40.
41. • Malaysian scenario:
– Regarding the issue of indirect advertising and
sponsorship, tobacco companies gain support from the
very top leadership in Malaysia including the King, the
Prime Minister, and cabinet ministers.
• discourage efforts to ban indirect advertising in Malaysia.
– E.g:
• Marlboro’s sponsorship of motor racing events, for example,
assisted the Prime Minister in his quest to bring Formula 1 to
Malaysia. The Marlboro Malaysian Grand Prix in April 1997
was flagged off by the Prime Minister. In 2001, Formula 1
racing was held in Malaysia for the first time.
• In the mid 1990s RTM was earning about 40% of its advertising
revenue from tobacco companies and the Minister indicated
the station could not do without tobacco money.
42. Economics arguements
• Tobacco industry often argues that tobacco control will
harm the national (or regional) economy.
• They claim that tobacco farming, manufacturing,
distribution and sale constitute a vital part of the economy
and that if smoking is eliminated, the country will suffer
substantial job losses, incomes will fall, tax revenues from
tobacco will disappear, and international trade will suffer.
43. Economic arguments
• In the developing world, tobacco companies actively
promote the economic benefits of tobacco farming to local
economies and farmers.
• The industry-sponsored tobacco farmers’ lobby group, the
International Tobacco Growers’ Association, served as a
front for lobbying developing countries at WHO.
• Exaggerate the economic significance of tobacco growing
for the farmers :
– the global price of tobacco is relatively stable compared with other crops.
– In addition to the cash revenue, strong support in kind is also provided by the
tobacco industry in the form of material and advice.
– the industry often gives farmers loan.
– other crops may cause farmers problems with storage, collection and delivery.
Tobacco is less perishable than many crops, and the industry may assist with its
delivery or collection; by contrast, late collection, late payment, and price
fluctuations may blight other crops.
46. Economic arguments
• Taxation is one of the most effective measures for
reducing tobacco consumption.
• The tobacco companies oppose tax increases. More
and more, they rely on the argument that higher
taxes are an incentive for smuggling.
– increased cigarette taxes will reduce legal sales, but not
total sales (legal and illegal sales combined)
– increased taxes will lead to increased smuggling,
resulting in less revenue for governments
• Both Canada (1994) and Sweden (1997) have
reduced taxes on tobacco in response to concerns
about smuggling.
47. Economic arguments
• According to the World Bank, the experience of a large
number of high-income countries shows that, even in the
face of high levels of smuggling, tax increases bring
increased revenues and reduce cigarette consumption
(Jha P, Chaloupka F. Curbing the epidemic: governments and the economics of
tobacco control. Washington, USA: World Bank, 1999)
• Tobacco industry benefits from smuggling activities:
– smuggling stimulates consumption both directly (through the
street sale of cheap cigarettes) and indirectly (through pressure to
lower or keep down taxes)
– the treat of smuggling has also been used to avoid trade barriers
or to force open new markets.
48. Economic arguments
• As expected, tobacco companies are actually
involved in smuggling activities:
– Since 1997, there have been several court cases and
official investigations in different part of the world which
accused the industry of supplying the smuggled
cigarettes or at least of being aware of the illegal
destination of their products. E.g.:
• A former BAT executive was found guilty by the Hong Kong’s
High Court for his role in his role in an operation that smuggled
cigarettes into China.
• In 1998, a major tobacco company was convicted for actively
breaking the law to assist in a smuggling operation.
• An affiliate of RJ Reynolds International pled guilty to charges
of helping smugglers illegally reroute export cigarettes into
Canada.
49. Allies, third parties and front groups
• Fighting tobacco is not a one to one battle
• The tobacco industry has many business allies and third parties with which it works
to block implementation of effective tobacco control legislation and programmes.
• Allied and third-party industries that have opposed tobacco control include:
– hospitality
– gambling and gaming
– advertising
– Packaging and transport
– chemical production
– tobacco retailing
– agriculture and tobacco growers
– labour unions
– investment advisers
– recipients of tobacco sponsorship and research funds
50. Marketing strategy
• Explore market in developing countries
• Tobacco companies provide benefits to the retailers
– sales incentive programmes
– promotional discounts
– attractive display units
– incentives for prominent placement products in their
shops
51. Scientists and researchers
• Tobacco companies realized the important role of
scientists and researchers in developing public
policies for tobacco control.
• Tobacco industries are either:
– Funding research to produce favourable results, to
suppress unfavourable findings, and to give alternative
explanations for diseases associated with tobacco use
– Attacking scientist and researchers by portraying them
as extremist, unqualified and politically motivated,
denigrating and humiliating them to superiors,
publishers and the public, bringing lawsuits, and working
to cut off funding.
52. Scientists and researchers
• E.g:
– In 1991, Glantz and William Parmley published their
reseach in the journal Circulation, which concluding that
secondhand smoke caused approximately 53,000
nonsmoker deaths a year, including 37,000 from heart
disease.
• Consultant Larry Holcomb wrote to the Circulation paper
arguing that Glantz and Parmley drew stronger conclusions
from the epidemiological studies than was warranted and that
the studies failed to control for confounding variables like diet.
• Walter Decker, also wrote Circulation arguing that the studies
Glantz and Parmley considered were methodologically flawed
and criticized them for including studies published in foreign
languages.
53. Promoting and Advertising
• Cigarettes are the most heavily advertised product in the
U.S. (4 billion dollars a year)
• In 2000, British American Tobacco (BAT) and Japan Tobacco
International (JTI) were the first and third largest
advertisers in all Malaysian mass media, respectively,
spending some 160 million Malaysian Ringgit
(Audit Bureau of Circulations News, March 2001).
• The purpose of cigarette ads and promotions:
– to make sure smokers keep smoking
– get people who quit to start smoking again
– to increase the number of cigarettes people smoke each day
– encourage women and young people to start smoking
54. Promoting and Advertising
• Promotion:
– sponsor sporting, art, and music events
– scholarships (e.g: British American Tobacco Malaysia Foundation
Scholarship)
– donations to organizations (e.g: National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People, the National Urban League, and
Goodwill Industries)
• The advertisements are very successful
• According to U.S. Surgeon General, every day 3,000 teens
smoke their first cigarette
• Examples of popular cigarette ads among people:
– R.J. Reynold’s advertises Camel cigarettes with the cartoon figure “Joe Camel.”
– Philip Morris’ Marlboro cowboy ads
• one of the cowboys pictured in Marlboro ads, Wayne McLaren, died of lung
cancer. He died in 1992 after smoking for 25 years.
55. • Malaysian scenario:
– In January 1971, the Singapore government imposed a complete
ban on all forms of cigarette advertising
– Singapore then made overtures to the Malaysian government to
also ban cigarette advertisements over RTM, which could be
received by Singaporeans
– The Malaysian government brought together the several relevant
ministries, health professionals, and the tobacco industry to
discuss a proposal to ban tobacco advertising
– The industry asked for ‘‘…additional time to study the issue before
making alternate proposals’’
– The decision was postponed until for six years.
61. Conclusion
• Fighting against tobacco industry is very challenging
– Involved high political influences from top leadership
– Involved so many allies and third parties
– Efforts from tobacco companies to counter attack
• The tobacco industry is not and cannot be a partner
in effective tobacco control.
• The industry’s fight against tobacco control in
Malaysia is consistent with its global strategies.
63. References
• R.C. Jiloha (2008), Tobacco Use: Health and
Behavior, New Delhi, New Age International (P)
Limited.
• Richard J. Bonnie, Kathleen Stratton, and Robert B.
Wallace (2007), Ending The Tobacco Problem: A
Blueprint For The Nation, Washington DC, The
National Academic Press.
• Judith Mackay and Michael Eriksen (2002), The
Tobacco Atlas, London, The Halfway Press.