1. EMI problems in industrial networks are often caused by power electronics like variable frequency drives. Proper cable shielding and grounding can help mitigate these issues.
2. PROFIBUS and PROFINET networks are designed to operate in industrial environments using screened twisted pair cable for protection against electrostatic and electromagnetic interference. Connecting cable shields to a common reference at both ends is important.
3. A meshed grounding network provides the lowest impedance reference for cable shields and is recommended for effective EMC grounding. Disconnecting cable shields can cause communication problems and should be avoided.
A LITERATURE SURVEY ON ELECTROMAGNETIC SHIELDINGIJEEE
EMI (electromagnetic interference) is the disruption of operation of an electronic device when it is in the vicinity of an electromagnetic field (EM field) in the radio frequency (RF) spectrum that is caused by another electronic device. It is a disturbance that affects an electrical circuit due to either electromagnetic induction or electromagnetic radiation emitted from an external source. The disturbance may interrupt, obstruct, or otherwise degrade or limit the effective performance of the circuit. Here we study about the shielding theory so as to reduce the effects of EMI.
complete animated and info graphic description of EMI and EMP and EMC along with definition, causes, effects, products for EMI / EMP shielding and preventive measures
A LITERATURE SURVEY ON ELECTROMAGNETIC SHIELDINGIJEEE
EMI (electromagnetic interference) is the disruption of operation of an electronic device when it is in the vicinity of an electromagnetic field (EM field) in the radio frequency (RF) spectrum that is caused by another electronic device. It is a disturbance that affects an electrical circuit due to either electromagnetic induction or electromagnetic radiation emitted from an external source. The disturbance may interrupt, obstruct, or otherwise degrade or limit the effective performance of the circuit. Here we study about the shielding theory so as to reduce the effects of EMI.
complete animated and info graphic description of EMI and EMP and EMC along with definition, causes, effects, products for EMI / EMP shielding and preventive measures
A POWER POINT PRESENTATION ON EMI (ELECTROMAGNETIC Interference) AND ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY (EMC).
Web link https://sah786.wordpress.com
http://www.Facebook.com/Sah92786
https://www.linkedin.com/in/arshad-hussain-8b0a2613b
https://www.slideshare.net/SaHussain1
IRJET-Sensitivity Analysis of Maximum Overvoltage on Cables with Considering ...IRJET Journal
Hamed Touhidi ,Mehdi Shafiee, Behrooz Vahidi,Seyed Hossein Hosseinian, "Sensitivity Analysis of Maximum Overvoltage on Cables with Considering Forward and Backward Waves ", International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Vol2,issue-01 April 2015. e-ISSN:2395-0056, p-ISSN:2395-0072. www.irjet.net
Abstract
lightning is known to be one of the primary sources of most surges in high keraunic areas. It is well-known fact that surge overvoltage is a significant contribution in cable failures. The other source of surge voltage is due to switching and it is pronounce on extra high voltage power transmission systems. The effect of both lightning and switching surges is weakening the cable insulation. The progressive weakening of such insulation will lead to cable deterioration and eventually its failure. Each surge impulse on the cable will contribute with other factors towards cable insulation strength deterioration and ultimately cable can fail by an overvoltage level below the cable basic impulse level (BIL). The maximum lightning overvoltage for a given cable depends on a large number of parameters. This paper presents the effect of model parameters (e.g., rise time and amplitude of surge, length of cable, resistivity of the core and sheath, tower footing resistance, number of sub conductors in the phase conductor (bundle), effect of surge arrester, length of lead, relative permittivity of the insulator material outside the core, power frequency voltage, stroke location, cable joints, shunt reactors, sheath thickness) on maximum cable voltage. The simulations show that the maximum overvoltage.
CP Cases - What is electromagnetic shielding?CP Cases
What is Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Shielding? How to reduce EMI Shielding in cases and racks. The ERack from CP Cases is a lightweight robust rack case. Transporting mission-critical, fragile and heavy rack equipment made easier.
Practical EMC and EMI Control for Engineers and TechniciansLiving Online
This workshop focuses on the issues of interest to you if you are working in design, operation or maintenance of analog or digital systems involving sensors, data acquisition, process control, cables, signal processing, programmable logic controllers, power distribution, high speed logic etc. The circuit board layout section concentrates on design and layout of circuits and components on a printed circuit board. The overall focus is on useful design and systems issues; not about regulations and standards. The idea is that you will take this material back with you to your work and apply the key principles immediately to your design and troubleshooting challenges.
WHO SHOULD ATTEND?
Electrical and electronic engineers and technicians
Engineers and technicians involved in the design and manufacture of electrical and electronic equipment which produce electromagnetic disturbances and may be susceptible to electromagnetic interference
Engineers and technicians involved with the maintenance and service of electrical and electronic equipment
Instrumentation and control engineers and technicians
Those that need to ensure that goods conform to the required standards
Those involved in the marketing and sale of goods that need to comply with the required standards
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/practical-emc-and-emi-control-engineers-and-technicians-2
Presentation on emc testing and measurementRajat Soni
discuss the options for EMC testing for compliance with the EMC Directive from the point of view of a manufacturer who wishes to achieve as much progress as possible, in-house, on a limited budget. It is not addressed to test houses nor to those manufacturers who have the resources to emulate most or all of the facilities of an accredited test house in their own premises. There are many small-to-medium sized enterprises who are able to dedicate a modest budget of several thousands or tens of thousands of pounds to an in-house EMC test set-up and who wish to gain the maximum benefit from so doing.
The ever-increasing use of high-frequency switching devices in industrial automation can result in high-frequency currents circulating in an equipotential bonding network that was not designed for this purpose. The absence of a proven low-impedance bonding network can result in these currents taking alternative and often undesirable routes. Occasionally these will be the shields of industrial network cables such as PROFIBUS and PROFINET that in turn can lead to intermittent communications problems. This presentation will discuss the issues in more detail and will explain the relevance of the recently released PI guidelines “Functional Bonding and Shielding for PROFIBUS and PROFINET”.
Power transmission and distribution along with power qualty presentation by j...Mahesh Chandra Manav
All Electrical Contractor Power T&D Substation/eBOPContractor Power T&D Substation/CPWD/PWD/Smart Cities/Project AMRUT/Central and State Power T&D Substation Departments
A POWER POINT PRESENTATION ON EMI (ELECTROMAGNETIC Interference) AND ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY (EMC).
Web link https://sah786.wordpress.com
http://www.Facebook.com/Sah92786
https://www.linkedin.com/in/arshad-hussain-8b0a2613b
https://www.slideshare.net/SaHussain1
IRJET-Sensitivity Analysis of Maximum Overvoltage on Cables with Considering ...IRJET Journal
Hamed Touhidi ,Mehdi Shafiee, Behrooz Vahidi,Seyed Hossein Hosseinian, "Sensitivity Analysis of Maximum Overvoltage on Cables with Considering Forward and Backward Waves ", International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Vol2,issue-01 April 2015. e-ISSN:2395-0056, p-ISSN:2395-0072. www.irjet.net
Abstract
lightning is known to be one of the primary sources of most surges in high keraunic areas. It is well-known fact that surge overvoltage is a significant contribution in cable failures. The other source of surge voltage is due to switching and it is pronounce on extra high voltage power transmission systems. The effect of both lightning and switching surges is weakening the cable insulation. The progressive weakening of such insulation will lead to cable deterioration and eventually its failure. Each surge impulse on the cable will contribute with other factors towards cable insulation strength deterioration and ultimately cable can fail by an overvoltage level below the cable basic impulse level (BIL). The maximum lightning overvoltage for a given cable depends on a large number of parameters. This paper presents the effect of model parameters (e.g., rise time and amplitude of surge, length of cable, resistivity of the core and sheath, tower footing resistance, number of sub conductors in the phase conductor (bundle), effect of surge arrester, length of lead, relative permittivity of the insulator material outside the core, power frequency voltage, stroke location, cable joints, shunt reactors, sheath thickness) on maximum cable voltage. The simulations show that the maximum overvoltage.
CP Cases - What is electromagnetic shielding?CP Cases
What is Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Shielding? How to reduce EMI Shielding in cases and racks. The ERack from CP Cases is a lightweight robust rack case. Transporting mission-critical, fragile and heavy rack equipment made easier.
Practical EMC and EMI Control for Engineers and TechniciansLiving Online
This workshop focuses on the issues of interest to you if you are working in design, operation or maintenance of analog or digital systems involving sensors, data acquisition, process control, cables, signal processing, programmable logic controllers, power distribution, high speed logic etc. The circuit board layout section concentrates on design and layout of circuits and components on a printed circuit board. The overall focus is on useful design and systems issues; not about regulations and standards. The idea is that you will take this material back with you to your work and apply the key principles immediately to your design and troubleshooting challenges.
WHO SHOULD ATTEND?
Electrical and electronic engineers and technicians
Engineers and technicians involved in the design and manufacture of electrical and electronic equipment which produce electromagnetic disturbances and may be susceptible to electromagnetic interference
Engineers and technicians involved with the maintenance and service of electrical and electronic equipment
Instrumentation and control engineers and technicians
Those that need to ensure that goods conform to the required standards
Those involved in the marketing and sale of goods that need to comply with the required standards
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/practical-emc-and-emi-control-engineers-and-technicians-2
Presentation on emc testing and measurementRajat Soni
discuss the options for EMC testing for compliance with the EMC Directive from the point of view of a manufacturer who wishes to achieve as much progress as possible, in-house, on a limited budget. It is not addressed to test houses nor to those manufacturers who have the resources to emulate most or all of the facilities of an accredited test house in their own premises. There are many small-to-medium sized enterprises who are able to dedicate a modest budget of several thousands or tens of thousands of pounds to an in-house EMC test set-up and who wish to gain the maximum benefit from so doing.
The ever-increasing use of high-frequency switching devices in industrial automation can result in high-frequency currents circulating in an equipotential bonding network that was not designed for this purpose. The absence of a proven low-impedance bonding network can result in these currents taking alternative and often undesirable routes. Occasionally these will be the shields of industrial network cables such as PROFIBUS and PROFINET that in turn can lead to intermittent communications problems. This presentation will discuss the issues in more detail and will explain the relevance of the recently released PI guidelines “Functional Bonding and Shielding for PROFIBUS and PROFINET”.
Power transmission and distribution along with power qualty presentation by j...Mahesh Chandra Manav
All Electrical Contractor Power T&D Substation/eBOPContractor Power T&D Substation/CPWD/PWD/Smart Cities/Project AMRUT/Central and State Power T&D Substation Departments
Lightning and surge transfer to systems presentation by jmv lpsMahesh Chandra Manav
Lightning and Surge Strike and Protection Information from JMV LPS Architect/Electrical Consultants/MEP Consultants/EPC Companies/CEA/REC/PGCIL/Wapcos/Electrical Contractor
Comparision Lightning Protection Systems s per IEC 62305-3 and NFC 17-102(2011)/UNE21-1186 India NBC2016 / Project Building and Infra Projects /MEP ,Architect ,Electrical Consultants
Lightning is Disaster when it's hit to Surface and damage only possible to assess Lost of Human Lives and Assets.
The Agencies who claim Said Protection is from Lightning Product ,Design and Installation is Accordingly EN62305/IEC62305 and NFC17-102 .
Lightning Protection Standard Committee member is from Industries who are having Experience ,Knowledge and they are business man and better know how to safe guard to make more profit from their Business like other Industries.
If we Compare One Area Like Calculation Hight , Lenght and Width as per ZONE 1,2,3&4 Now Threat from Lightning Design as per IEC62305 and Prepare BOQ Considering Reputed Makes from Manufacturer .
According to IEC62305 our Cost will be 3-5 Time High as Compare to NFC17-102.
Now you can understand why IEC do not support NFC .
Latest now CENELEC Given their Acceptance Mentioning IEC 62035 and NFC17-102 not having any Conflict and Claims are Different and Accepted by Countries.
Plz go through presentation.
In India Lightning Documents is adopted under National Disaster and Every State is Declare Documents to offer Awareness Common Public what action they have to do.
NFC17-102 Acceptance in India CERC,SECI,RDSO.CPWD,PWD and Other Industries and Growing because We want to have Protection from Lightning ,
ARDUINO MICROCONTROLLER BASED UNDERGROUND CABLE FAULT DISTANCE LOCATORIAEME Publication
The growing concern for safety and infrastructural proliferations in the densely
populated urban and suburban areas as well as the quest to preserve the aesthetic
values in many modern localities have necessitated the need for underground
installations. The underground cabling installations are devoid of faults common to the
overhead transmission lines but are associated with certain kinds of faults such as short
circuit and open circuit faults. Locating the exact position of any of these kinds of faults
is very exhausting, costly and time-consuming because its power distribution system is
invisible. Hence, a microcontroller based underground cable fault distance locator
powered by Arduino is designed to detect and pinpoint location of faults in underground
cable lines. A basic ohm’s law is employed to achieve the variation of current with
respect to resistance that determines the position of the fault. This device has a power
supply unit, cable unit, control unit, tripping unit and display unit. The power supply
unit provides power to the other components. The cable unit consists of a three-phase
cabling system with switches between each phase to activate faults. The control unit
takes in signals from the cable unit to cause control of tripping unit and display unit.
The tripping unit then detects the phase which encounters the fault and the display unit
shows the fault characteristics on the LCD. The distance to the fault is displayed,
alongside the phase which encounters the fault for easy clearance.
For people responsible for the design, commissioning and support of PROFINET networks, explaining how to integrate existing PROFIBUS DP and PROFIBUS PA devices into that network. The webinar took the form of a presentation with demonstrations to aid understanding.
For people responsible for the commissioning and support of PROFIBUS networks. The webinar took the form of a presentation with demonstrations to aid understanding.
This 40-minute long webinar follows on from the PROFINET Network Design Webinar but is this time intended for people responsible for the commissioning and support of PROFINET networks. The webinar took the form of a presentation with demonstrations to aid understanding.
More from PROFIBUS and PROFINET InternationaI - PI UK (20)
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
EMC and HFPQ for industrial networks - Jos Knockaert, UGent and Peter Thomas, CSL
1. 1
EMC for Networks
March 27 & 29 2019
Peter Thomas, Control Specialists, UK
Jos Knockaert, Ghent University – INCASE, BE
2. Emission Immunity
Source Coupling Victim
path
Three ways to solve the problem
2
What we will discuss …
Focus on drives
Jos Knockaert
Focus on networks
Peter Thomas
3. Troubleshooting EMI problems in industry have taught us:
- 90% caused by power electronics
- 10% other reasons
- 90% of the problems are due to bad grounding/reference
- 10% due to bad design, production faults and aging
EMI in industrial
networks …
5. • PROFIBUS and PROFINET networks
are designed to operate in an
industrial automation environment.
• To achieve this, both use screened /
twisted pair cable.
• The combination of the shield and
twisted pair construction provides
the basic protection against two
forms of interference, these being
Electrostatic and Electromagnetic.
PROFIBUS and PROFINET
5
6. The purpose of cable shielding
Cable shielding has two main purposes, depending upon the cable
and its purpose.
• One is to prevent external sources of interference from
corrupting the signals in side the cable – this is called Immunity.
• The other is to prevent internal sources of interference from
propagating to the area surrounding the cable – this is called
emissions
• In both cases, the shield has to be capable of shielding against
two forms of interference, electrostatic (or capacitive) and
electromagnetic (or inductive)
6
7. Cable Installation
For the shields of PROFIBUS and PROFINET cables to perform their
role, the following installation techniques should be followed:-
• Ensure that there is adequate separation between the cable of
concern and other cable categories.
• Try to ensure that the cables run as close as possible to the
reference (parallel earth conductor)
• Connect the shield at both ends to the reference using 360
degree termination, i.e. avoid pig tailing.
• But what reference?
7
8. EMC and grounding
• From an EMC point of view, the most important aspect of cable
shielding is to ensure that both ends are connected to a
common reference.
• The fact that, in the world of industrial automation, this
reference is grounded is a safety issue and of no importance to
EMC.
8
9. The purpose of earthing
Earthing systems perform several roles:-
• To protect personnel from electrocution (Safety)
• To ensure that the 0v line of several devices are at the same
potential (functional)
• To protect buildings and equipment from lightning strikes
• To provide a common reference for EMC purposes.
9
10. 10
• Whilst star earthing (Type A) is adequate for
safety purposes, it is considered poor for
EMC purposes.
• For example, if we were to connect a
network cable, whose shield is connected to
ground at both ends, between equipment on
different limbs of the star, the cable shield
will become part of the bonding network
increasing the possibility of excessive
screen currents flowing.
• A Common Bonded Network (CBN)
overcomes these issues.
Type A
Common Bonded Network (CBN)
11. 11
IEC 61000-5-2:1997 “EMC – Earthing & Cabling”
specifically recommends the use of a Type D -
MESH-BN which requires that all metallic parts within
a building be bonded together to provide an
electrically continuous earthing network with low
impedance and shall include:-
• Cabinets, frames and racks.
• Conductive pathway systems.
• Cable screens
• Bonding mats.
This shall be achieved by a combination of
• Additional bonding conductors.
• Improvement of finishing and fastening methods
for existing bonding conductors.
Type D – Mesh Bonded Network
12. Shielding and Electrostatic
interference
12
• In terms of PROFIBUS and PROFINET cables, Electrostatic
interference is a consequence of the cable being influenced by an
external electric field.
• The most common reason being that the cable is too close a cable
(or cables) that have a higher voltage on them.
• Adequate cable separation and connecting the shield to a reference
at one end will protect against electrostatic interference.
13. Shielding and Electromagnetic
interference
13
• In terms of PROFIBUS and PROFINET cables, Electromagnetic
interference is a consequence of the cable being influenced by an
external magnetic field.
• The most common reason being that the cable is too close a cable
(or cables) that have a currents flowing in them.
• Adequate cable separation and connecting the shield to a reference
at both ends will protect against Electromagnetic interference.
14. Shielding and Electromagnetic
interference
• The induced currents flowing in the cable shield as a result of
magnetic induction are essential in ensuring that the cable
shield can protect against magnetic fields.
• Currents can only flow in a shield if both ends are connected
to a common reference, i.e. we need a circuit.
• At low frequencies, the protection is achieved by the
magnetic field generated by the induced current which, in
theory, cancels the incoming magnetic field.
• At high frequencies, the protection is achieved by making use
of the skin effect.
14
15. PROFINET / PROFIBUS
and “Earth Loops”
• PROFINET, and its predecessor
PROFIBUS, are balanced forms of
networks.
• One of the benefits of this is that
none of the pairs are connected to
ground which means that “earth
loops” are less of an issue.
• However the recommendation to
“ground” the cable shield at both
ends can only be followed if the two
ends are at similar potentials.
15
24. What does it mean for your industrial installation?
Simulation of the PWM-spectrum (6 kHz switching frequency, 100 ns risetime)
2 - 10kHz
3MHz
Conclusion: new drives cause larger EMI problems than old drives, so better precautions are
needed
25. Influence of switching frequency
20 log 2𝐴𝐷
f
- 0dB/dec - 20dB/dec
- 40dB/dec
1
𝜋. 𝐷. 𝑇𝑠
1
𝜋. 𝐷. ൗ𝑇𝑠
2
1
𝜋. 𝑡 𝑟
- 6dB
Conclusion: never use higher switching frequencies than needed
26. Current can be split into differential mode (DM) and common mode (CM)
components:
Caused by:
- unbalance
- common mode source
27. Common mode causes EMI-problems:
I1 = Id + Ic
I2 = Id + Ic
Id
Id
Ic
Ic
2
2
21
21
II
I
II
I
c
d
+
=
−
=
Radiated emission at
distance d:
Conductor 1
Conductor 2
Combined field DM CM
Principle of shielding: return path (grounding) close to feeding path.
28. v
𝑖 = 𝐶
𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑡
Filter capacitor
What does it mean for your industrial installation?
29. What does it mean for your industrial installation?
Connect the shielded motor cable at both sides to reference in a proper way
Do not us pigtails Do not interrupt the shield
Use cable glands
Use metallic fasteners
30. OK Jos, but I disconnected the shield of my motor cable and my
communication problem was solved?
Residual current device
Disconnecting the PE
solves the problem?
31. What does it mean for your industrial installation?
36. 36
Peter Thomas, Control Specialists Ltd, UK
peter.thomas@controlspecialists.co.uk
Jos Knockaert, Ghent University – INCASE, BE -
Jos.Knockaert@UGent.be
THANKYOU