The document discusses key concepts in language acquisition and learning, including: 1) The stages of development in acquiring grammatical morphemes like past tense and questions. Learners progress from simple to more complex structures. 2) The difference between acquisition, a subconscious process, and learning, a conscious one. Children acquire language naturally through interaction, while adults can learn a second language in a classroom. 3) Universal grammar allows children to learn the rules of any language during a critical period in early childhood through interaction, even without explicit instruction.