This document discusses different types of elevators, including traction and hydraulic elevators. It covers the history of lifts and how modern lift components remain largely the same. Traction elevators can be geared or gearless, while hydraulic elevators are either holed or holeless. The document examines lift applications for different building types like offices, hotels, hospitals and residential buildings. It also discusses lift operation modes, comfort factors, and components of elevator systems.

1. Elevators
ELECTRICTRACTIONELEVATORS
HYDRAULIC ELEVATORS
By : Rajat Nainwal

2. Historyof lifts
 Since the day of pyramids hand powered lifts and hoists were there
 Hand powered winches were used in China to lift water
 In colosseum lifts were used to lift gladiators and wild animals.
 Otis Elisha Graves was an American who invented first lift with an
automatic safety device in 1854 and demonstrated in Crystal
Palace.
 150 years later, the basic components of a typical lift installation
remains the same.
 Mechanical parts such as machine, suspension system, guide shoes
and rails, gearing sheave, car and counterweight are the same.
 Changes- drive control, signaling, monitoring
 In the past lift services were almost an afterthought with Machine
rooms located in out of way places.
 Today lifts are regarded as one of the building’s main services.

3. Lift capacity and performance
A detailed analysis of the morning peak traffic-up peak traffic , down peak traffic and
inter floor traffic is required for taking a decision regarding the system to be
installed.
Three sets of data are required for the calculation of lift performance
1. Building data
 No of floors
 Distance between floors
2. Lift system data
 No of cars
 Rated capacity
 Flight times between floors
 Door opening times
 Door closing times
 Traffic control systems
3. Passenger data
 No of passengers boarding form specific floors
 No of passengers alighting at specific floors
 Traffic mode- uni or multi directional
 Time required for passengers to leave or enter the cars

4. Quantity of service
 No of people to use the lift system in the defined
period of time is the handling capacity, and is the
quantity of service
 The number of occupants vary according ot the
purpose of the building- residential, commercial,
institutional
 The quality of accommodation – more space for
occupant for more prestigious spaces.

5. Quantity of service
Estimation of population
Building type Estimated population
 Hotel 1.5-1.9 persons/room
 Flats 1.5-1.9 persons/room
 Hospital 3 persons/room
 School 0.8-1.2 persons/room
 Office (multiple) regular 10-12 sqm. net area/room
 Office (multiple) Prestigious 15-25 sqm. net area/room
 Office (single) Prestigious 8-10 sqm. net area/room
 Office (single) Prestigious 12-20 sqm. net area/room

6. Qualityof service
 Actual average waiting times i.e., the time period
between the instant of passenger arrival until the instant
of time of the arrival of the lift is the indicator of the
quality of service.
 The lesser the average waiting time of a passenger the
better the service.
 20 seconds or less – excellent system
 25 seconds – good system
 30 seconds – satisfactory system
 40 seconds – poor system
 50 seconds – unsatisfactory system

7. Applications in Building types
Office buildings
 Traffic peaks- starting of working hours
 The handling capacity requirement is calculated based
on
 Unified tenancy – 15 to 25 % of the total building population
entering in a five minute period
 Diversified tenancy – 10 to 15 % of the total building
population entering in five minute period

8. Hotels
 Peak traffic during mornings and evenings
 10 % of the total hotel population using it in 5
minute period
 Modern international hotels waiting time – 30
seconds
 There should be elevators for staff, catering
supplies, linen and other purposes
Applications in Building types

9. Residential
 Peak traffic density usually occurs in the early
morning, but peak will vary both in time and span
and in intensity
 Peak traffic value-6% of total building population
 Should be safe and easy to access
 Children and elderly and physically challenged
should be provided with convenient and safe means
of transport
Applications in Building types

10. Specialized buildings
 Leisure centres, shopping malls, retail
developments, air terminals, entertainment centres-
specialized buildings.
 Vertical transport facilities-Elevators and Escalators.
 Panoramic elevators used –for aesthetic reasons and
to provide viewing platforms.
Applications in Building types

11. Hospitals
 The lifts serve two functions – transportation of
patients, staff and public.
 The waiting time for bed lifts should be
minimum for emergencies
 Should provide for smooth ride, levels of
acceleration and jerks should be kept low.
 The lift groups for visitors should perform well
during visiting hours.
Applications in Building types

12. Location of elevators
 The efficient method of locating
elevators to serve an individual
building is to group them together.
 It is very important to group them
if they are the main means of
vertical transport within a
building.
 The position should towards the
centre of the building
 Walking distance should not be
more than 45 m from any point of
the building.
 If the distance to travel to the
elevator core is large it may be
efficient to install additional lifts
for local are inter floor traffic.

13. Grouping of elevators
 A group of elevators should be designed to be located
close to each other.
 Minimize the walking distance between lifts.
 Waiting passengers can react quickly and access cars
swiftly.
 Lobby areas the main ones should not be in the path of
the passageways.
 There should not be any confusion between waiting
passengers and passers by should be avoided by having
separate lobby areas

14. GROUPING OF ELEVATORS

15. Elevators- operation mode
Down collective operation-one car
Down collective operation-Two cars
Full collective operation-one car
Full collective operation-Twocars

16. Down collective operation-one car
 The car normally rests at the main floor
 Main floor has – “UP” call button
 Floors above have- “Down” call button
 When more than one landing call received’ the car will
travel to the highest call and comes down
 This system is suitable only for light traffic
 Interfloor traffic is poorly served by this system.
 Eg. Residential buildings
Elevators- operation mode

17. Types of elevators based
on operation mode

18. Down collective operation-Two cars
 One car normally rests at the main floor
 The other rests at the last floor
 When a landing call is received, the
microprocessor calculates and sends the
car nearest to the call.
 If a series of landing calls are received, the
car will be dispatched to the highest call
and then work down.

20. Full collective operation-one car
 UP and DOWN call buttons are provided
on all floors.
 Lowest floor- only “UP” call button
 Highest floor has – only “Down” call button
 Landing calls and car calls are handled in a
logical sequence
 Handles Interflow traffic well

22. Full collective operation-Twocars
 One car normally rests at the main floor
 The other rests at the last floor
 When a landing call is received, the
microprocessor calculates and sends the
car nearest to the call.
 Each car responds to its own car calls in
logical sequence

24. Comfort of lifts
 Passengers judge a lift on the basis of the following
Mechanical safety
 The motion of the doors should be smooth and safety
devices should be provided to ensure that passengers
entering or leaving the lift car will not be hurt if the
doors start to close.
 The leveling of the car to the landing floor should not
constitute a tripping hazard and should allow easy
movement of trolleys and wheelchairs.

25. Comfort
 The ride between floors should have acceptable levels of
acceleration, jerks and vibration should be kept to a
minimum
 Quiet operation of doors
 Noise levels at landings should also be minimal
Service
 Passengers waiting time should be minimum
Comfort of lifts

26. Elevator types
Based on working principle:
 Electric Traction elevators
 Hydraulic elevators
Based on the building type:
 Passenger elevators
 Panoramic elevators
 Hospital elevators
 Automobile elevators
 Freight elevators
 Home elevators
 Dumbwaiters

27. Types of lifts-Based on working
principle
 Traction
 Hydraulic
 Traction- Geared traction
- Gearless traction

28. components of an elevator
 an elevator car,
 a counterweight,
 drive means including a drive motor connected to a
drive sheave, drive sheave having a periphery rotatable
about a drive axis,
 cable groove means on the periphery of sheave which
defines at least one cable groove,
 and a cable interconnecting elevator car and
counterweight while disposed about drive sheave

29. Components of
an elevator

30. Geared Traction Elevators
 Geared Traction machines are
driven by AC or DC electric
motors
 Geared machines use worm
gears to mechanically control
movement of elevator cars by
"rolling" steel hoist ropes over a
drive sheave which is attached
to a gearbox driven by a high
speed motor.
 These machines are generally
the best option for basement or
overhead traction use for
speeds up to 350 ft/min.

31.  Gearless Traction
machines are high
speed electric motors
powered by AC or DC
current.
 In this case the drive
sheave is directly
attached to the end of
motor.
Gearless Traction Elevators

32. Machine roomless traction elevators

33. TRACTION
ELEVATORS-
PLAN AND MACHINE
ROOM DETAILS

34. Hydraulic elevators
 Hydraulic elevator
systems lift a car using a
hydraulic ram, a fluid-
driven piston mounted
inside a cylinder
 The cylinder is connected
to a fluid-pumping
system (typically,
hydraulic systems like
this use oil, but other
incompressible fluids
would also work). The
hydraulic system has
three parts:
•A tank (the fluid reservoir)
•A pump, powered by an electric motor
•A valve between the cylinder and the reservoir

35. Types of hydraulic elevators
 Holed
hydraulic
elevators
 Holeless
hydraulic
elevators

36. Holed Hydraulic
system
 In Holed Hydraulic
systems, a car is
connected to the top of a
piston that moves up and
down in a cylinder.
Movement is controlled
by a hydraulic valve. As
fluid is pumped into the
cylinder, the car rises; as
the fluid returns to the
reservoir, the car lowers.

37. Holeless Hydraulic
system
 The Holeless Hydraulic
system eliminates the
need for either a well
hole or buried piping.
The best application for
the Holeless product is
most any 2-story
building with less than
14' of travel from one
floor to the other.

38. Hydraulic elevators
 Holeless hydraulic elevators
 Holed hydraulic elevators

39. HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR-PLAN AND
MACHINE ROOM DETAILS

40. HYDRAULIC
ELEVATOR

41. ELEVATOR TYPES- and their
recommended applications

42. Dumb Waiters
 Use of dumb waiters : to
transfer food materials,
linen, loads, etc. to
different floors
View of a dumb waiter

43. HANDICAPPED/
ANTHROPOMETRICS-
ELEVATORS