This document discusses IT infrastructure, including hardware, software, networks, and data management technology. It covers the types and sizes of computers from personal computers to supercomputers. It also discusses operating systems, application software, groupware, and contemporary trends like edge computing, virtual machines, and cloud computing. The document examines different types of networks including client-server, web servers, and storage area networks. It provides an overview of strategic decision making around managing infrastructure technology.

1. IT InfrastructureStrategic Decision-makingabout Hardware and Software

2. Things to Know Assess contemporary hardware and software trends.Revisit Architecture & InfrastructureEvaluate the principal issues in managing hardware and software technology.Explore the types of strategic decisions needed to ensure implementation a success.2

3. Infrastructure ComponentsComputer hardware: HWComputer software: SWData management technologyNetworking and telecommunications technology: blocks of codeTechnology services 3IT Infrastructure: Computer Hardware

4. The Size of IT all!Bit : 0 /1, yes/no, on/ offByte – 8 bitsKilobyte (103 bytes)Megabyte (106 bytes)Gigabyte (109 bytes)Terabyte (1012 bytes)Petabyte (1015 bytes)Exabyte (1018 bytes): Human genome (and the brain)…all about science Zettabyte(1021 bytes)Yottabyte (1024 bytes)Brontobyte(1027 bytes)Geopbyte(1030 bytes)4

5. Types of ComputersComputers come in different sizes with varying capabilities for processing informationMeasured in FLOPS (FLoating point OPerations per Second)…how fast it process commands per second. Personal computer (PC) 32-64 instructing per seconds (dual processors can handle more than that)Workstation: about 100X faster….but with specific purpose. May be PMS. Statler doesn’t have PCs anymore: it’s a keyboard, a screen and all units point to one placeMidrange computers: Servers and minicomputers: Multiple access use. Most servers are theseMainframe: in corporations. Supercomputer: IBM. “A larger Mainframe” Mainframes working in unison5IT Infrastructure: Computer Hardware

6. The Need For Speed!The dominant chip architecture is multicore processors. Dual-core processors are also widely found in the TOP500 (the top 500 big computers). IBM and HP have sold the majority of the systems in the TOP500 (over 50% in the USA). The IBM BlueGene/L system claimed the Number 1 spot, which had been in first place since November 2004. Intel processors were used in a whopping 70% of the 2007 systems. AMD Opterons came in second place, while IBM POWER chips were third.Speed doubled! The 2007 winner achieved a Linpack benchmark performance of 478.2 teraFLOPS (TFLOPS), as compared to 280 TFLOPS just six months earlier, before a major upgrade. Top speed now is 596 TFLOPSIn 2008, the Cell/AMD Opteron-based IBM Roadrunner at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) was announced as the fastest operational supercomputer, with a sustained processing rate of 1.026 PFLOPS. It uses 2 different architectures (hybrid system).But in June of 2010 ….6

7. Cray’s Jaguar: June 201071.75 PFLOPS or 1.75 Quadrillion operations per second!

8. Contemporary Hardware TrendsIntegration of computing and telecommunications platformsEdge computingApplication processing load balancing capacity to corporate web servers. Load balancing: spread work between many computers or other resources get optimal efficiency Autonomic computingBecoming smarter: configure themselves to changing conditions and are self healing in the event of failure. If I didn’t save, it comes back onUpdates8IT Infrastructure: Computer Hardware

9. Edge Computing9

10. The Major Types of Software10IT Infrastructure: Computer Software

11. Summing Things up11Sniper Twins at work rapping about computers: all Mac computers

12. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FNXe_3gVz6IOperating System SoftwareThe software that :manages and controls the computer’s activitiesUnixMainframe computersBut the core of PC and Mac is based off ofPC operating systems and graphical user interfacesGUIsWindows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7Windows & Home Server 2003/2007Macs OSXPuma, Jaguar, Panther, Tiger, Leopard, Snow LeopardOpen-sourceLinux12IT Infrastructure: Computer Software

13. The Corporate World Migrates to Open-SourceReview the Focus on Technology:What problems do Linux and other open-source software help companies address?How does open-source software help?What issues and challenges does deploying open-source software raise?What can be done to address these issues?Describe what you think is a sound strategy for deploying Linux and other open-source components at this stage of their evolution.13IT Infrastructure: Computer Software

14. Application Software and Desktop Productivity ToolsApplication programming languages for businessFourth-generation languagesSoftware packages and desktop productivity toolsIntegrated software packages and software suitesWord processing softwareSpreadsheetsData management softwarePresentation graphicsE-mail softwareWeb browsersAccess the webJAVA: web apps, moving away from CSSGroupwareGoogle AppsMicrosoft Live14IT Infrastructure: Computer Software

15. GroupWare workflow15Workgroup (Groupware)Software that integrates work on a single project by several concurrent users at separated workstations.WorkflowThe automatic routing of documents to the users responsible for working on them. Workflow is concerned with providing the information required to support each step of the business cycle.

16. UPS World Port: main air shipping terminalIt’s a workflow Process300,000 packages per hourProcessIn and out in less than 15 minutesDeliverer scans the package when they drop it off.Entail to make this happen16

17. Networks17

18. Case: Sonic CorporationVisit Sonic’s Web site at www.sonicdrivein.comHow does Sonic’s Web site enhance its business?Using consumer infoWho is the target audience of the Web site? Is there more than one target audience?They can target you based on who you are and where you come fromWhat would make the Web site better?How does Sonic’s Web site compare to the sites of its competitors, such as McDonald’s, Burger King, Wendy’s, etc.? 18

19. Types of Computer NetworksClient/Server ComputingWeb Server Application ServerMulti-tiered (N-tier) client/server architectures Grid ComputingCloud Computing19IT Infrastructure: Computer Hardware

20. Client/Server Computing20client/server computing - computer processing is split between client machines and server machines linked by a network. Users interface with the client machines.IT Infrastructure: Computer Hardware

21. Web Server21A program that processes document requests; it also has a database, which is a repository of data and content.

22. Application Server22A computer that executes commands requested by a Web server to fetch data from databases. Also known as app server.

23. Multi-tiered Client/Server (N-tier)23Multitiered (N-tier) client/server architectures – a number (n) servers work on a business process, while another number of servers work on another process.

24. Virtual Machines (VMs)Virtual Machine - A software program that emulates a hardware (e.g. a server)24Virtual Server 1Virtual Server 2Mainframe with VM SoftwareWorkstationVirtual Server 3

25. Grid Computing25Grid Computing - the concurrent application of the processing and data storage resources of many computers in a network to a single problem.

26. Cloud Computing26

27. Cloud Computing27Cloud Computing - Running applications within a network server or downloading the software from the network each time it is used.Internet/CloudServers

28. Data Storage & Technology ServicesData Storage Formats & Enterprise Services & Integration

29. Input , Storage,and Output TechnologyInput devices gather data and convert them into electronic formSecondary storage technologyMagnetic disk: hard drives, USB flash drives, RAIDOptical disks: CD-ROM, CD-RW, DVDMagnetic tapeStorage Area Networks (SANs)Output devices display data after they have been processedBatch and online processing (Grid Computing)29IT Infrastructure: Computer Hardware

30. SANs: Storage Area Network30RAID:Redundant Array of Independent Disks

31. Software for the Web: Java and HTMLHypertext markup language (HTML)Page description language for specifying how elements are placed on a Web page and for creating links to other pages and objectsJavaOperating system-independent, processor-independent, object-oriented programming languageLeading interactive programming environment for the Web31IT Infrastructure: Computer Software

32. Software for Enterprise IntegrationLegacy systems: replace or integrate? MiddlewareEnterprise application integration (EAI) softwareWeb services and service-oriented architecture:XML - EXtensibleMarkup LanguageSOAP - Simple Object Access ProtocolWSDL - Web Services Description LanguageUDDI - Universal Description, Discovery and IntegrationSOA - Service Oriented Architecture (KNOW!)32IT Infrastructure: Computer Software

33. Enterprise Application IntegrationTranslating data and commands from the format of one application into the format of another. Middleware: Software that serves as an intermediary between systems software and an application.Interface: The point of interaction or communication between a computer and any other entity, such as a printer or human operator. (Translation software…my Word software can save in different formats)33

34. Where Middleware Fits …34

35. Enterprise Application Integration (EAI) Versus Traditional Integration35EAITraditionalIT Infrastructure: Computer Software

36. Service - Oriented Architecture (SOA)The modularization of business functions for greater flexibility and reusability. 36

37. The World Wide WebA Brief Look37

38. Web 1.0Read‐only Web ‐ Static Web PagesEchoed the books and libraries of the pastUser Interaction was ControlledTraditional publishing / broadcast modelLimited to e‐mail, guestbooks, forumsSearch was limited to old ways of organizingKeywords & DirectoriesLack of Standards Led to Proprietary Browser WarsWeb Applications were BrittleInterface + Content (Data) + Program LogicFrom: Robert Cole/Michael Robinson, HITEC 2009 38

39. Software Trends: Web 2.0Web 2.0: perceived second generation of web-based communities and hosted services Social-networking sites, wikis and folksonomies The term became popular following the first O'Reilly Media Web 2.0 conference in 2004. Does not refer to an update to any technical specifications to the WWWChanges in the ways software developers and end-users use the web. 39IT Infrastructure: Computer Software

40. Web 2.0 (cont’d)The Network is the Platform is the WebThe Read/Write Web ‐ The Social Web Rich Content, extensive user participationUser InteractionLeverage collective intelligence, communication & collaborationOpenness, transparency & respectSearchContextual (Bing / Wolfram|Alpha)Users organizing content with taggingFrom: Robert Cole/Michael Robinson , HITEC 2009 40

41. Software Trends: Mashups, Web 2.0, and Distributed Software ApplicationsMashups: application that seamlessly combines content from more than one sourcedepends on high-speed data networks, universal communication standards, and open-source codeWeb mashupscombine two or more online applications to create a new application or service that provides more value than the original piecesDistributed Computing: The use of multiple network-connected computers for solving a problem or for information processing Google: an extreme example of distributed computing41IT Infrastructure: Computer Software

42. The Social Side of Web 2.0Era of Social Relationships (1995‐2007)People connect to others and shareEra of Social Functionality (2007‐2012)Social networks become like operating systemEra of Social Colonization (2009 ‐ 2011)Every experience can now be socialEra of Social Context (2010‐2012)Personalized and accurate contentEra of Social Commerce (2011-2013)Communities define future products and servicesSocial Media Only One Aspect of Web 2.0Five Eras of the Social Web (Jeremiah Owyang):From: Robert Cole/Michael Robinson , HITEC 2009 42

43. Web 2.0 Success CharacteristicsServices, not packaged software, with cost‐effective scalabilityScalability - Property of a system that can accommodate changes in transaction volume without major changes to the system. Control over unique, hard‐to‐recreate data sources that get richer as more people use themTrusting users as co‐developersHarnessing collective intelligenceLeveraging the retail through customer self‐serviceLightweight user interfaces, development models, AND business modelsFrom: Robert Cole/Michael Robinson , HITEC 2009 43

44. What’s Coming Next?Well IT’s Only Logical …44

45. Web 3.0The Semantic Web - Systems Read and Categorize the WebPersonalization - Web Contextualized Based on IndividualArtificial Intelligence - Meaning Extracted from Web InteractionsDynamic Expert Communities - Leverages Collective IntelligenceMobility - Everything, Everywhere, All the TimeThe Logical Outcome? Relevant, Real‐time Search, Behavioral TargetingFrom: Robert Cole/Michael Robinson , HITEC 2009 45

46. Web 3.0 - KnowledgeRDF ‐ Resource Definition FormatNeed to Describe, Capture Knowledge & Define Relationships between “Stuff”Defines Semantic Web Relationships Through MetaDataRDF Triplet IncorporatesProperty – Lecture Object – Preston ClarkRDFS (RDF Schema) - Describes Properties & Classes of RDF’sOWL (Web Ontology Language) - Unified Language on WebVocabulary Describes Characteristics of RDF PropertiesRelationships between RDF ClassesFrom: Robert Cole/Michael Robinson , HITEC 2009 46

47. Web SummaryFrom: Robert Cole/Michael Robinson , HITEC 2009 47

48. Managing Hardware and Software TechnologyCapacity planning and scalabilityTotal cost of ownership (TCO) of technology assetsUsing technology service providersOutsourcingOn-demand computingApplication service providers (ASPs)48Important issues faced by IT Managers

49. Business Continuity Planning (BCP)BCP is an approved set of preparations and sufficient procedures for responding to a range of disaster events, such as:Planning stage – alternative business recovery operating strategies are determinedEmergency Response Procedures – designed to prevent/limit injury to personnel on site, damage to structures/equipment and the degradation if vital business functionsEmployee Awareness and Training Programs – must be well communicated throughout the organization49Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

50. Manager’s Role :Strategy to IS Implementation Business Strategy drives architecture.Managers must understand how to plan IT to realize business goals.Logical framework is used to guide the translation from business strategy to IS design.Know the state of existing architecture and infrastructure when translating strategy into architecture and then infrastructure.A business continuity plan is an approved set of preparations and sufficient procedures for responding to a disaster event.It is becoming more important that business managers effectively translate business strategy into IT infrastructure.50Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.