Electrophoresis is a technique used to separate charged molecules like proteins, nucleic acids, and amino acids. It works by migrating the molecules through a supportive medium like agarose gel or polyacrylamide gel under the influence of an electric field. Larger molecules migrate more slowly than smaller ones. Factors like electric field strength, net charge on the molecule, and temperature influence migration velocity. Electrophoresis is used to separate DNA fragments by size. DNA samples are loaded into wells and electrophoresed, with smaller fragments migrating farther than larger ones. The separated fragments can then be visualized under UV light after ethidium bromide staining. Two-dimensional electrophoresis separately resolves proteins by their isoelectric point and

1. ELECTROPHORESIS
Images

2. DEFINITION
 It is the migration of a charged
molecule in an electric field.
 Electrophoresis is a procedure for
separating a mixture of charged
molecules through a stationary
material (gel) in an electrical field.
 It is a powerful tool for separating
amino acids, peptides, proteins and
nucleic acids

3. Ampholyte
amino acid
Zwitter ion
R-CH.COO- R-CH.COO- R-CH.COOH
NH2 NH3+ NH3+
anion alkaline IEP acidic cation
(-ve ) pH pH (+ve)

4. Factors affecting the velocity of migration
(v)of molecules in an electric field………
 1- Electric field strength.
 2-Net charge on the molecule.
 3- Friction coefficient or viscous drag.
depends on :a- mass and shape of migrating
molecule,and, b-viscosity of the separating
medium.

5. Factors affecting the velocity of migration (v)
of molecules in an electric field (continued)
 4- Temperature.
 5- Buffers.

6. Electrophoresis Equipment
 Power supply
 Electrophoresis unit: for the separation of
the required molecules.
In addition a system is needed to :
a- visualize separated molecules.
b- quantitate separated molecules (viz:
densitometer or colirometer).

7. Electrophoresis unit……….
 1- Two electrodes : cathode(-) and
anode(+)
- Best type: Platinum
- Stainless steel may be eroded by the
buffer.
 2-Buffer reservoirs
 3- A support for the electrophoresis
medium.
 4- An insulating cover to minimize
evaporation of buffer.

13. Buffers……
 Importance:
A- Transmit current.
B- Adjust pH determine charge on solute
C- Facilitate the migration of substances to be
separated.

14. Supporting medium.
 Paper (old -fashioned)
 Cellulose acetate membrane (made by
treating cellulose with acetic anhydride).
 Gels (most common).
a- Agarose
b- Polyacrylamide (PAG).
They act also as molecular sieves and so
separate according to M.W. (size & shape)
in addition to charge.

15. The actual
process of DNA
electrophoresis

17. Example DNA Electrophoresis

18. The instrument being used to load the samples is called a Micropipettor
and can pipette very small volumes

19. Once the gel has been prepared and loaded, the electrical leads on the
running tank are connected to a power supply like the one shown in the
photo. The power supply has 3 needle gauges on it, showing what the
voltage, current, and power levels

21. The box the gel is sitting on is called a UV Transilluminator, wear a UV-protective
face shield.

23. A gel is prepared which will act as a support for separation of the fragments of DNA. The
gel is a jello-like material, usually agarose, a substance derived from seaweed.
Holes are created in the gel. These will serve as a reservoir to hold the DNA solution.

24. DNA solutions (mixtures of different sizes of DNA fragments) are loaded
in a well in the gel.

25.  The gel matrix acts as a sieve for DNA molecules. Large molecules have
difficulty getting through the holes in the matrix. Small molecules move
easily through the holes
 Because of this, large fragments will lag behind small fragments as DNAs
migrate through the gel .

26.  As the separation process continues, the separation between the larger and
smaller fragments increases

27. The box the gel is sitting on is called a UV Transilluminator, wear a UV-protective
face shield.

28.  Molecular weight markers are often electrophoresed with DNAs .
 Molecular weight markers are usually a mixture of DNAs with known molecular
weights
 Molecular weight markers are used to estimate the sizes of DNA fragments in your
DNA sample

29. The actual process of DNA electrophoresis is again shown in the next few
slides .The first step is to prepare a tray to hold the gel matrix
(agarose).The ends of the tray are taped.

30. A "gel comb" is used to create holes in the gel.

31. The gel comb is placed in the tray.

32.  Agarose powder is mixed with a buffer solution, usually tris borate EDTA
(TBE buffer). The solution is heated until the agarose is dissolved.
 The hot agarose solution is poured into the tray and allowed to cool.

33.  After the gel is cooled, tape is removed from the ends of the gel tray and the
gel tray is placed in an electrophoresis chamber.
 The electrophoresis chamber is filled with buffer, covering the gel. This
allows electrical current from poles at either end of the gel to flow through
the gel.
 Finally, DNA samples are mixed with a "loading dye". The loading dye allows
you to see the DNA as you load it and contains glycerol or sucrose to make
the DNA sample heavy so that it will sink to the bottom of the well.

34.  A safety cover is placed over the gel and electrodes are attached
to a power supply. Electrical current is applied.
 DNA fragments will migrate through the gel at various rates,
depending on their size.
 When the dye marker indicates that DNA fragments have moved
through the gel, the current is turned off and the gel is removed
from the tray.

35.  DNAs are visualized by staining the gel with ethidium bromide
which binds to DNA and will fluoresce in UV light.
 This photograph is of various types of DNA that have been
electrophoresed on the same gel. Note that high molecular weight
DNAs do not separate well on this gel. This can be corrected by
altering gel density.

36. Visualization and Quantitation
 Visualization:……………………
Staining:
a- Ethidium bromide for DNA, then visualize
bands or zones by a transilluminator.
b-Bromophenol blue or commasssie blue for
proteins.
c- Ninhydrin for amino acids.
d- Sudan black for lipoproteins.
e- Iodine for polysaccharides.

37. TYPES OF ELECTROPHORESIS
 Zone electrophoresis
 Iso-electric Focusing.
 Capillary electrophoresis.
 Two-dimensional PAGE.
 Pulsed field electrophoresis.

38. Zone electrophoresis
 It is migration of charged molecules as zones
in porous supporting medium.
Paper
electrophoresis
Cellulose acetate Agarose gel Polyacrylamide gel
Membrane electrophoresis electrophoresis.
(CAE) (AGE) (PAGE(

39. Paper electrophoresis
 It was the original support medium but is of
limited use now due to the disadvantages of:
- Time consumption.(16 →18 hrs)

40. Cellulose Acetate Membrane Electrophoresis
(CAE)
 Advantages:
-rapid procedure (20- 60minutes)
-ability to store the results in membrane for long
periods.
 Disadvantages:
-need presoaking with buffer.
- Need clearing before densitometric scanning
- Not inert

41. Agarose gel electrophoresis(AGE)
 Agarose is sulphate free agar. Agar is a
polysaccharide of sulfated galactose.
 Advantages:……………….
* Inert little adsorbtion.
*Amount of sample applied is very small (0.6-3
µL).
*Short electrophoretic time (30- 90 minutes).
*Native clarity permitting excellent densitometic
scanning.

42. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
(PAGE).
 PAG is formed from polymerization of
acrylamide by heating in presence of small
amouts of bisacrylamide ( the cross-linking
agent).
 Advantages of PAGE :
1. PAG is chemically inert no endosmosis
2. Clarity for densitometric scanning .
3. Pore size can be controlled by changing the
proportions acrylamide and bis – acrylamide.
1.

45.  II. Iso–Electric Focusing: xxxxxxxxx
 This method is ideal for separation of amphoteric
substances such as proteins because it is based on the
separation of molecules according to their isoelectric
points (I.E.P).
 The method has high resolution being able to separate
proteins that differ in their I.E.P by as little as 0.01 of
a pH unit.
 It is especially useful in separation of isoenzymes.

46. 3.Capillary Electrophoresis
xxxxxxx
 Involves electrophoresis of samples in a
narrow tube.
 Advantage: They reduce problems
resulting from heating defects. Because of
the small diameter of the tubing.

48. In the first dimension, proteins are resolved in according to their isoelectric
points(pIs)using isoelectric focusing (IEF)
In the second dimension, proteins are separated according to their approximate
molecular weight using sodium dodecyl sulfate poly-acrylamide-electrophoresis
(SDS-PAGE( xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx