Here are some typical collocations for "advance" in a military context:
- rapid advance
- steady advance
- push forward/ahead/onward
- gain/make ground/territory
Reception
Form: push ahead
Meaning: to continue moving forward in a military operation
Notes: Typically used to describe continuing an attack or offensive. Implies maintaining momentum.
Lecture1 San Sebastian 2007: Internet, electronic genre and writingVance Stevens
Lecture 1 is an explication of Web 2.0, multiliteracy, and its impact on the nature of learning in general, and on writing in particular. The first talk will draw from my online multiliteracies course:
Lecture1 San Sebastian 2007: Internet, electronic genre and writingVance Stevens
Lecture 1 is an explication of Web 2.0, multiliteracy, and its impact on the nature of learning in general, and on writing in particular. The first talk will draw from my online multiliteracies course:
LIWC-ing at Texts for Insights from Linguistic PatternsShalin Hai-Jew
Since the mid-1990s, researchers have been using the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC pronounced “luke”) software tool to explore various text corpora for hidden insights from linguistic patterns. The LIWC tool has evolved over the years. Simultaneously, research using computational text analysis has evolved and shed light on areas of deception, threat assessment, personality, predictive analytics, and other areas. This presentation will highlight some of the applications of LIWC in the research literature and showcase the tool on some original text sets.
ELKL 4, Language Technology: learning from endangered languagesDafydd Gibbon
Presentation at the ELKL-4 (4th Endangered and Less Resourced Languages) conference, Agra University, India.
Types of language documentation (data and software tools).
Bridging Informal MOOCs & Formal English for Academic Purposes Programmes wit...Alannah Fitzgerald
Presented at the Teaching and Language Corpora (TaLC) Conference in Lancaster on July 23, 2014. Based on collaborative work with the FLAX Language Project (Shaoqun Wu and Ian Witten) and the Language Centre at Queen Mary University of London (Martin Barge, William Tweddle, Saima Sherazi).
This lectures provides students with an introduction to natural language processing, with a specific focus on the basics of two applications: vector semantics and text classification.
(Lecture at the QUARTZ PhD Winter School (http://www.quartz-itn.eu/training/winter-school/ in Padua, Italy on February 12, 2018)
V Międzynarodowa Konferencja Naukowa Nauka o informacji (informacja naukowa) w okresie zmian Innowacyjne usługi informacyjne. Wydział Dziennikarstwa, Informacji i Bibliologii Katedra Informatologii, Uniwersytet Warszawski, Warszawa, 15 – 16 maja 2017
LIWC-ing at Texts for Insights from Linguistic PatternsShalin Hai-Jew
Since the mid-1990s, researchers have been using the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC pronounced “luke”) software tool to explore various text corpora for hidden insights from linguistic patterns. The LIWC tool has evolved over the years. Simultaneously, research using computational text analysis has evolved and shed light on areas of deception, threat assessment, personality, predictive analytics, and other areas. This presentation will highlight some of the applications of LIWC in the research literature and showcase the tool on some original text sets.
ELKL 4, Language Technology: learning from endangered languagesDafydd Gibbon
Presentation at the ELKL-4 (4th Endangered and Less Resourced Languages) conference, Agra University, India.
Types of language documentation (data and software tools).
Bridging Informal MOOCs & Formal English for Academic Purposes Programmes wit...Alannah Fitzgerald
Presented at the Teaching and Language Corpora (TaLC) Conference in Lancaster on July 23, 2014. Based on collaborative work with the FLAX Language Project (Shaoqun Wu and Ian Witten) and the Language Centre at Queen Mary University of London (Martin Barge, William Tweddle, Saima Sherazi).
This lectures provides students with an introduction to natural language processing, with a specific focus on the basics of two applications: vector semantics and text classification.
(Lecture at the QUARTZ PhD Winter School (http://www.quartz-itn.eu/training/winter-school/ in Padua, Italy on February 12, 2018)
V Międzynarodowa Konferencja Naukowa Nauka o informacji (informacja naukowa) w okresie zmian Innowacyjne usługi informacyjne. Wydział Dziennikarstwa, Informacji i Bibliologii Katedra Informatologii, Uniwersytet Warszawski, Warszawa, 15 – 16 maja 2017
PowerPoint Presentation of the workshop "Learning grammar with web 2.0and other mothern technologies" as presented at the "Kontrastive Grammatikschreibung im europäischen Vergleich: Theorie, Methoden und Anwendungen" in Santiago de Compostela (Galicia, Spain) in October 2014.
Lecture given at the University of Santiago within the framework of the Cycle of Lectures "Gramática, Léxico y Lexicografía: aplicaciones didácticas".
https://sites.google.com/site/cicloconferenciaslexicografia/conferencias/collaborative-lexicography-and-translators
resumo da apresentação que utilizei na sessão presencial do curso Aprendizagem colaborativa de línguas nas redes sociais, organizado polo Lorca Institute de Santiago de Compostela em fevereiro de 2014. Este resumo não inclui as atividades de aprendizagem presenciais. O conteúdo desta apresentação será reutilizado total ou parcialmente em futuras palestras.
RÉPERTOIRE LINGUISTIQUE ET COMPETITIVITÉ: ANALYSE AFOM DU RÉPERTOIRE LINGUIST...Carlos Valcarcel Riveiro
RÉPERTOIRE LINGUISTIQUE ET COMPETITIVITÉ: ANALYSE AFOM DU RÉPERTOIRE LINGUISTIQUE DES GALICIENS de Carlos Valcárcel Riveiro est mis à disposition selon les termes de la licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale - Partage à l'Identique 3.0 non transposé.
Les autorisations au-delà du champ de cette licence peuvent être obtenues à carlos.valcarcel@uvigo.es.
Le concept de langue seconde dans la francophonie et sa validité en contexte ...Carlos Valcarcel Riveiro
Le concept de langue seconde dans la francophonie et sa validité en contexte non francophone: le cas de la Galice de Carlos Valcárcel Riveiro et Laura Pino Serrano est mis à disposition selon les termes de la licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale - Partage à l'Identique 3.0 non transposé.
Les autorisations au-delà du champ de cette licence peuvent être obtenues à carlos.valcarcel@uvigo.es.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Electronic dictionaries in writing tools: user needs and models for user interaction
1. Electronic dictionaries in writing tools:
user needs and models for user interaction
Ulrich Heid
Universit¨at Hildesheim,
Institut f¨ur Informationswissenschaft und Sprachtechnologie,
Universit¨atsplatz,1 — D 31141 Hildesheim, Germany
Santiago de Compostela: Multilex-2015,
October 2015
Heid (IwiSt/IMS) Text production dictionaries santiago15-fol 1 / 32
2. Overview
• Framework: Lexicographic Function Theory
and its implications for e-dictionary making
• User needs:
• General aspects
• Needs in text production –
and proposals from the literature to satisfy them:
• Needs resulting from linguistic complexity
• Needs resulting from different levels of knowledge of users
• Models of interaction:
• Information on demand
• (New) Ways of presenting lexicographic data
• Conclusion: lessons learnt
Heid (IwiSt/IMS) Text production dictionaries santiago15-fol 2 / 32
3. Context — and Warning
Projects – cooperation
• This presentation does not contain anything new:
it just re-arranges and re-interprets recent work:
rather practical state of the art than abstract visions
• Based on cooperation in
SeLA – Scientific e-Lexicography for Africa:
Project funded by BMBF (05-2012 – 12-2015) and organized by DAAD
• University of Pretoria Theo Bothma – Daan Prinsloo – Elsab´e Taljard
• University of Stellenbosch Rufus H. Gouws
• UNISA, University of South Africa Sonja E. Bosch
• University of Namibia Herman Beyer
• University of Hildesheim Gertrud Faaß
Heid (IwiSt/IMS) Text production dictionaries santiago15-fol 3 / 32
4. Framework and reminder: Lexicographic Function Theory
Dictionaries as information tools Tarp 2008 etc.
• The dictionary provides data from which users can derive information
to satify a given need
• An “ideal” dictionary
provides the user with
exactly that
{ types | amount of... } data
which he/she needs
• Assumption in FT:
Lexicographers (should) know
what is best for a given user (type)
→ different types of (e-)dictionaries
→ different data offers
potential user
user situation
need for information lexicographical data
extraction of inform.satisfaction of needs
dictionary
Heid (IwiSt/IMS) Text production dictionaries santiago15-fol 4 / 32
5. Framework and reminder: Lexicographic Function Theory
Parameters influencing the process of information derivation Tarp 2008 etc.
• Needs of users arising in different situations:
• Cognitive needs: learn about “things” or words
• Communicative needs:
• Text production vs. text reception
• Monolingual vs. bilingual
• etc.
• Users’ pre-existing knowledge
• Knowledge of the targeted language
• Knowledge of the targeted domain (e.g. in specialized dictionaries)
• Knowledge about using the (e-) dictionary,
or, more generally,
about using electronic information tools
• Awareness of the use situation and needs
Heid (IwiSt/IMS) Text production dictionaries santiago15-fol 5 / 32
6. Implications of user needs and pre-existing knowledge
A view on the scenario of lexicography
• To satisfy different user needs,
lexicographers will collect large amounts of lexicographic data
• For each type of need and/or for each type of user,
a specific subset of the data will be needed
• Thus a filtering approach is necessary,
where the filter is defined
according to
user types and needs
user−1
user−2
user−n
dict−1
dict−2
dict−3
filterslexgr.
data
specifications
Heid (IwiSt/IMS) Text production dictionaries santiago15-fol 6 / 32
7. Implications of user needs and pre-existing knowledge
Lexicographic scenario: need for well-defined dictionary specifications
Dictionary plan Gouws 2013
• Lexicographic data categories:
• Must be clearly distingushed, categorized and marked up
• Must be presentable in different forms, Spohr2012
e.g. with different degrees of specialization, different metalanguage, etc.
• Filtering:
• By lexicographic function
• According to
pre-existing knowledge
→ Selection
of data categories
→ Selection
of presentation modes
user−1
user−2
user−n
dict−1
dict−2
dict−3
filterslexgr.
data
specifications
Heid (IwiSt/IMS) Text production dictionaries santiago15-fol 7 / 32
8. User needs: general aspects
Parameters relevant for data selection
• Lexicographic functions
• Text production ←→ text reception
• Elements of cognitive needs involved in a communicative situation:
learning while producing text – training for text production
• Properties of the targeted linguistic phenomena
• Lexicographic data categories needed for a given function:
words — word combinations — linguistic properties — ...
• Interaction of lexical objects with “grammar”
• Pre-existing knowledge in users
• Lexical items of the targeted language
• Linguistic properties of the targeted lexical items
• Grammatical knowledge of the targeted language
Heid (IwiSt/IMS) Text production dictionaries santiago15-fol 8 / 32
9. User needs in text production
Linguistic aspects
• Need to know a lexical object
• Access:
• From a “concept”
• Form a source language item
• Choice among alternatives, based on properties of each
• Need to insert le lexical object into an upcoming context:
construction — sentence — discourse — text (type) ...
• Access to linguistic properties of lexical objects,
on different levels of linguistic description
• Some properties may act as constraints and rule out certain options
Heid (IwiSt/IMS) Text production dictionaries santiago15-fol 9 / 32
10. User needs in text production
Levels of interactvity – interaction models Prinsloo, Bothma and Heid 2015
• Mainly interactive tools:
with different amounts of user interaction required
• Step-wise build-up of a construction or a sentence
• Guidance through options of lexical or grammatical choice
• Guidance with cognitively oriented elements:
lexical or grammatical explanations
• Mainly automatic tools:
User input triggers automatic processing
• Checking tools: Verlinde 2014 and ILT online
grammar checkers — style checkers — collocation checkers ...
• (Autoomatic) translation functions
Heid (IwiSt/IMS) Text production dictionaries santiago15-fol 10 / 32
11. Phenomenon-related needs: collocations as a case in point
An example of criteria for the selection of lexicographic data categories
• Notion of collocation underlying:
In the tradition of pedagogical lexicography Hausmann 2006, Mel’ˇcuk
• Lexically and/or pragmatically constrained,
language-specific: Bartsch 2004
FR prendre une douche ←→ IT fare la doccia
• Base plus collocate: {douche | doccia} ⊕ verb
• Syntactic relationship between base and collocate
• Lexicographic data needed: Gouws 2015
• Knowledge of the collocation:
preferred lexical combination
• Knowledge about the collocation:
properties relevant for its insetion into context
Heid (IwiSt/IMS) Text production dictionaries santiago15-fol 11 / 32
12. Phenomenon-related needs: collocations as a case in point
Types of knowledge about collocations relevant for text production – Examples
• Morphosyntax: e.g.
• Number preferences:
DE den Rechtswegsing. einschlagen ([to] take legal action)
←→ IT adire le vieplural legali
• Determination: IT fare la doccia, ([to] take a shower)
DE sein Veto einlegen ([to] veto)
• Syntactic valency: e.g.
[to] be in a position (+ to +INF)
DE in der Lage sein (+ zu + INF)
• Collocational preferences: e.g.
DE {scharfe|heftige|massiv(e)...} Kritik ¨uben ([to ]criticize severely)
• Pragmatic preferences: e.g. by text type:
FR medical experts: X accroˆıt le risque de X (X increases the risk of Y)
FR medical lay persons: X augmente le risque de X Wandji Tchami et al. 2015
Heid (IwiSt/IMS) Text production dictionaries santiago15-fol 12 / 32
13. Phenomenon-related needs: collocations as a case in point
Access to data on collocations
Heid (IwiSt/IMS) Text production dictionaries santiago15-fol 13 / 32
14. Phenomenon-related needs: collocations as a case in point
Access to data on collocations
Different scenarios
Heid (IwiSt/IMS) Text production dictionaries santiago15-fol 13 / 32
15. Phenomenon-related needs: collocations as a case in point
Access to data on collocations
• Text production: onomasiological access cf. Giacomini 2013
known searched for
base lemma + reading
Heid (IwiSt/IMS) Text production dictionaries santiago15-fol 13 / 32
16. Phenomenon-related needs: collocations as a case in point
Access to data on collocations
• Text production: onomasiological access
known searched for
base lemma + reading
meaning of word combination typical collocation (lexical rendition)
Heid (IwiSt/IMS) Text production dictionaries santiago15-fol 13 / 32
17. Phenomenon-related needs: collocations as a case in point
Access to data on collocations
• Text production: onomasiological access
known searched for
base lemma + reading
meaning of word combination typical collocation (lexical rendition)
maybe: syntactic environment fit into text/sentence to be built
Heid (IwiSt/IMS) Text production dictionaries santiago15-fol 13 / 32
18. Phenomenon-related needs: collocations as a case in point
Access to data on collocations
• Text production: onomasiological access
known searched for
base lemma + reading
meaning of word combination typical collocation (lexical rendition)
maybe: syntactic environment fit into text/sentence to be built
• Text reception: semasiological, form-based access
known searched for
(element of) word (combination) meaning in context
Heid (IwiSt/IMS) Text production dictionaries santiago15-fol 13 / 32
19. Phenomenon-related needs: collocations as a case in point
Access to data on collocations
• Text production: onomasiological access
known searched for
base lemma + reading
meaning of word combination typical collocation (lexical rendition)
maybe: syntactic environment fit into text/sentence to be built
• Text reception: semasiological, form-based access
known searched for
(element of) word (combination) meaning in context
plus pragmatic properties
Heid (IwiSt/IMS) Text production dictionaries santiago15-fol 13 / 32
20. Phenomenon-related needs: collocations as a case in point
An example: different kinds of access Data from OCDSE
Production
Reading 1: forward movement [military]
• ADJ + advance
- [speed] rapid ∼
- [agent] German ∼, Allied ∼, etc.
• V + advance
- [make] make an ∼on X
The regiment made an advance on the
enemy lines.
Reading 2: development (often in the plural)
• ADJ + advance
- [amount] considerable ∼; big ∼,
substantial ∼;
dramatic ∼, enormous ∼, great ∼,
spectacular ∼, tremendous ∼.
• V + advance
- [make] make ∼es (in/on) [plural!]
Reading 3: amount of money
• ADJ + advance
- [quantity] small ∼, large ∼ - [type] cash ∼
• V + advance
- [provide] give so. an ∼, pay so. an ∼
The university pays me an advance for this
business trip.
Reception
• Readings
(1) [military] forward movement
(2) development
(3) amount of money
• Typical adjectives
- Allied etc. (cf. German etc.) (1)
- big (=considerable) (2)
- cash (3)
- considerable (=big) (2)
- dramatic (2)
- German (cf. Allied, etc.) (1)
- great (2)
- important (1)
- large (3)
- notable (2)
Heid (IwiSt/IMS) Text production dictionaries santiago15-fol 14 / 32
21. Phenomenon-related needs: collocations as a case in point
Access to collocational data for text production
Proposal for onomasiological access — example Giacomini 2011: 263
• Search:
Base syntactic filter semantic filters
paura fear ⊕ PP (di) ⊕ cause
(= natural phenomenon)
• Result:
paura [...]
colloc:
paura ⊕ PP (di)
– causa:
elementi e fenomeni naturali:
paura del terremoto; paura del fuoco; ...
• Option for a comparison with collocations of quasi-synonyms:
paura del fuoco ↔ panico per il fuoco; *spavento, *ansia
Heid (IwiSt/IMS) Text production dictionaries santiago15-fol 15 / 32
22. Phenomenon-related needs: collocations as a case in point
A wireframe prototype for a collocation dictionary (1/3)
Step 1: Enter base lemma possibly with reading, if it is polysemous
Heid (IwiSt/IMS) Text production dictionaries santiago15-fol 16 / 32
23. Phenomenon-related needs: collocations as a case in point
A wireframe prototype for a collocation dictionary (2/3)
Step 2: Semantic selection
Heid (IwiSt/IMS) Text production dictionaries santiago15-fol 17 / 32
24. Phenomenon-related needs: collocations as a case in point
A wireframe prototype for a collocation dictionary (3/3)
Step 3: Syntactic selection
Heid (IwiSt/IMS) Text production dictionaries santiago15-fol 18 / 32
25. Needs due to different levels of pre-existing knowledge
Lexical selection as a complex decision task — Bantu languages
Copulatives in Northern Sotho:
how to translate [to] be (1/3) Bothma et al. 2013
• Linguistic parameters of the lexico-grammatical selection task:
• Lexical semantics: *3
Identifying Descriptive Associative
this is a letter this woman is clever he is (together) with Sara
ke lengwalo mosadi yo o bohlale o na le Sara
• Aktionsart-like: stative ←→ incohative *2
• Mood: indicative ←→ situative ←→ relative *3
• Person or noun class *(14+4)
• Positive ←→ negative *2
Heid (IwiSt/IMS) Text production dictionaries santiago15-fol 19 / 32
26. Needs due to different levels of pre-existing knowledge
Copulatives in Northern Sotho (2/3)
Model for stepwise guidance:
Lexical selection as a decision tree
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
? B or C
?
? F or G
D or E
• Choice points: A, B. C...
• Provides only relevant choices,
depending on prior selection(s)
• Presence of cognitively relevant data at each choice point:
Grammatical hints about the choice at hand — examples
→ A combination of dictionary and grammar,
with on-demand support for text production
• Systematic path to the solution
• Decision-relevant information provided:
• Options at each choice point (minimal amount of data)
• Grammatical hints and examples only if needed by the user
Heid (IwiSt/IMS) Text production dictionaries santiago15-fol 20 / 32
27. Needs due to different levels of pre-existing knowledge
Copulatives in Northern Sotho – sample steps (3a/3)
• Selecting stative vs. incohative copulative
Heid (IwiSt/IMS) Text production dictionaries santiago15-fol 21 / 32
28. Needs due to different levels of pre-existing knowledge
Copulatives in Northern Sotho – sample steps (3b/3)
• Selecting one of the readings of the copulative:
identifying – descriptive – associative
Heid (IwiSt/IMS) Text production dictionaries santiago15-fol 22 / 32
29. Needs due to different levels of pre-existing knowledge
Copulatives in Northern Sotho – sample steps (3c/3)
• Stative descriptive copulative selected,
selection among moods: indicative – situative – relative
Heid (IwiSt/IMS) Text production dictionaries santiago15-fol 23 / 32
30. Needs due to different levels of pre-existing knowledge
Copulatives in Northern Sotho – sample steps (3d/3)
• Almost all features selected –
remains noun class
Heid (IwiSt/IMS) Text production dictionaries santiago15-fol 24 / 32
31. Needs due to different levels of pre-existing knowledge
Copulatives in Northern Sotho – sample steps (3e/3)
• For noun class:
select positive vs. negated
Heid (IwiSt/IMS) Text production dictionaries santiago15-fol 25 / 32
32. Needs due to different levels of pre-existing knowledge
Combining data for communicative and cognitive needs
Learner-oriented tools for text production: Bosch/Faaß 2014
e-Zulu (and e-Xhosa) dictionary and grammar trainer Sanasi 2015
• Focus on the Zulu possessive construction:
• Lexical choice of nominals for possessor and possession
• Noun classes of possessor and possession
• Noun-class-dependent connector (expressing the possessive relation)
• Morphophonological adaptation rules
• Stepwise guidance on demand:
• Nominal lexemes can be input in Zulu or English
• Data about input by user or provided by system
the noun class and the connector
• etc.
• Reminder of rules on demand
→ From stepwise guidance to full translation
Heid (IwiSt/IMS) Text production dictionaries santiago15-fol 26 / 32
33. Needs due to different levels of pre-existing knowledge
e-Zulu dictionary (1/2) Bosch/Faaß 2014
• Input in English: rooms of hotel
• Choice options:
• Translation only
• Stepwise explanation of Zulu rules applied
Heid (IwiSt/IMS) Text production dictionaries santiago15-fol 27 / 32
34. Needs due to different levels of pre-existing knowledge
e-Zulu dictionary (2/2) Bosch/Faaß 2014
Heid (IwiSt/IMS) Text production dictionaries santiago15-fol 28 / 32
35. Needs due to different levels of pre-existing knowledge
Combining data for communicative and cognitive needs
Learner-oriented tools for text production: Prinsloo et al. 2014, 2015
Sepedi (= Northern Sotho) sentence builder for speakers of English
• Phenomena:
• Lexical selection: nominals, verbs
• Noun class system of Sepedi — concords and pronouns
• Grammatical rules for valency constructions, relative clauses, etc.
• Same principles as with Zulu possessives:
• On each step in text production, Individualization: Tarp 2011
user may decide whether and how much help to get from the tool
• User input may be in either English or Sepedi,
with option open at each step of the sentence construction
• Integratable with a large English → Sepedi dictionary
• Grammatical information on demand
Heid (IwiSt/IMS) Text production dictionaries santiago15-fol 29 / 32
36. Models for user interaction
Information on demand Bothma 2011
• Basic amount of data is available by default
• Additional data may be accessed via unfoldable items:
• Grammatical explanations in decision trees Bothma et al. 2013
• “Info” button in Sepedi sentence builder Prinsloo et al. 2015
• Option to see explanations inlearning tools Sanasi 2015
⇒ Open questions:
• Deciding beforehand profile-based dictionaries
about amount of data required
or deciding at each step in the text production process ?
• How much use is made by users of extra data offer? Trap-Jensen 2010
Heid (IwiSt/IMS) Text production dictionaries santiago15-fol 30 / 32
37. Models for user interaction
Linguistic complexity ←→ interactional simplicity
• Dilemma:
• Complex linguistic decision processes
may require complex descriptions Bantu languages – collocation selection
• But:
Many users want simple tools, easy to use:
• Few clicks
• Short explanations
• Little effort before getting to the result Heid/Zimmermann 2012
• Proposal:
• Providing guidance tools only on demand,
in addition to “standard” dictionary entries
• Maybe adding non-linear guidance devices, especially for learners:
• Graphical elements Runte 2015
• Interactive elements, for learners to explore linguistic phenomena
Heid (IwiSt/IMS) Text production dictionaries santiago15-fol 31 / 32
38. Models for user interaction
Graphical display of lexical relations Runte 2015
• Display of relationships between lexemes:
• Paradigmatic:
• Synonyms, Antonyms
• Hyp(er)onyms
• Syntagmatic:
• Typical adjectives
• Typical verbs, ...
<Qualifikation>
qualifiziert hochqualifiziert
Angestellter
Arbeiter
Erwerbstaetiger
Arbeitskraft
einstellen
beschaeftigen
kuendigen
arbeiten
Arbeit−
nehmer
• Analyzed
in eye-tracking studies:
presentation
works well for learners
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39. Conclusion
Lessons learnt from overview of recent work
• Parameters relevant for
the design of dictionaries in writing support tools:
• Properties of targeted lexical objects:
Addressing linguistic complexity
• Pre-existing knowledge of users:
On lexical objects and their insertion inzo zext
• Flexibility wrt interaction models:
Combining automatic and interactive use
• Current approaches
• Constrained-based selection in collocations dictionary mainly from SeLA
• Stepwise guidance in decision trees
• Learners’ bilingual dictionaries with explanations
• Stepwise sentence builder:
Flexible amounts of support
• Graphical presentation
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40. Future work
• User testing of prototypes,
to understand which approaches work best
• From mock-ups and prototypes
to tools with sizeable lexical resources:
• e-Zulu: several hundreds of items
• Spedi sentence builder: work towards large grammatical cov
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