Electronic Commerce
Tenth Edition
Chapter 5
Business-to-Business Activities: Improving Efficiency and Reducing Costs
1
1
1
Electronic Commerce, Tenth Edition
2
Learning Objectives
In this chapter, you will learn about:
How businesses use the Internet to improve purchasing, logistics, and other support activities
Electronic data interchange and how it works
How businesses have moved some of their electronic data interchange operations to the Internet
2
2
3
Learning Objectives (cont’d.)
Supply chain management and how businesses are using Internet technologies to improve it
Electronic marketplaces and portals that make purchase-sale negotiations easier and more efficient
Electronic Commerce, Tenth Edition
3
3
3
4
Purchasing, Logistics, and
Business Support Processes
Recap
Strategy issues arise when providing information to potential customers
Value chain model’s primary activities
Identify customers, market and sell, and deliver
Many business models for selling on the Web
Used in B2B e-commerce
Apply to B2C e-commerce
Electronic Commerce, Tenth Edition
4
4
Electronic Commerce, Tenth Edition
5
Purchasing, Logistics, and
Business Support Processes (cont’d.)
Companies use electronic commerce to:
Improve purchasing and logistics
Improve all support activities
Provide potential cost reductions, business process improvements
Necessary characteristic: flexibility
Economic organizations evolving from hierarchical structures to new, more flexible network structures
Reduced transaction cost through Internet and Web technologies for business processes
5
Purchasing, Logistics, and
Business Support Processes (cont’d.)
Outsourcing: use of other organizations to perform specific activities
Typically manufacturing
Offshoring: outsourcing done by organizations in other countries
Internet-enabled activities: purchasing, research and development, record keeping, information management
Business process offshoring
Impact sourcing or smart sourcing: offshoring done by or through not-for-profit organizations
Electronic Commerce, Tenth Edition
6
6
Purchasing Activities
Identify and evaluate vendors, select specific products, place orders, resolve any issues after receiving ordered goods or services
Supply chain
Part of industry value chain preceding a particular strategic business unit
Includes all activities undertaken by every predecessor in the value chain to:
Design, produce, promote, market, deliver, support each individual component of a product or service
Electronic Commerce, Tenth Edition
7
7
Electronic Commerce, Tenth Edition
8
Purchasing Activities (cont’d.)
Traditionally
Purchasing department buys components at lowest price possible
Bidding process focus: individual component cost
Procurement includes:
All purchasing activities
Monitoring all purchase transaction elements
Managing and developing supplier relationships
8
Electronic Commerce, Tenth Edition
9
Purchasing Activities (cont’d.)
Procurement also called suppl ...
Chapter 05 business to business online strategiesyusonghan
This document summarizes key aspects of business-to-business online strategies discussed in Chapter 5, including supply chain management using internet technologies, purchasing and logistics activities improved by electronic commerce, and the use of electronic data interchange and value-added networks in business transactions.
The document discusses business-to-business online strategies and electronic commerce technologies. It covers how businesses use electronic data interchange (EDI) and the internet to improve purchasing, logistics, and other support activities. Specifically, it describes how EDI works by allowing businesses to exchange standardized electronic documents and how value-added networks facilitate EDI communications between trading partners. The chapter also addresses electronic marketplaces, supply chain management, and how governments are using e-commerce technologies.
The document discusses business-to-business online strategies, focusing on how businesses use electronic commerce technologies to improve purchasing, logistics, and other support activities. It covers electronic data interchange (EDI) and how businesses have moved some EDI operations online. It also discusses supply chain management and electronic marketplaces that facilitate purchase negotiations. Key activities like purchasing, logistics, and various support functions are shifting from hierarchical to network-based models enabled by the internet.
This chapter introduces electronic commerce and discusses how it is experiencing a second wave of growth with a new focus on profitability. It explains that companies now concentrate on analyzing specific business processes rather than overall business models when adopting electronic commerce initiatives. The chapter also outlines different categories of electronic commerce like business-to-business and business-to-consumer, and discusses factors that influence whether a product or business process is well-suited for electronic commerce.
This chapter introduces electronic commerce and discusses how it is experiencing a second wave of growth with a new focus on profitability. It explains that companies now concentrate on analyzing specific business processes rather than overall business models when adopting electronic commerce initiatives. The chapter also outlines different categories of electronic commerce like business-to-business and business-to-consumer, and discusses factors that influence whether a product or business process is well-suited for electronic commerce.
This chapter introduces electronic commerce and discusses its development over two waves. It describes how businesses are now focusing on analyzing specific business processes and revenue models rather than overall business models. Electronic commerce provides opportunities to reduce costs and create network effects by improving purchasing, marketing, and other processes through Internet technologies. However, it also presents challenges regarding trust, language, culture, and infrastructure when operating internationally.
This v is presented by USEP's BSCS student Alvin Mark U. Cabeliño under Mr. ND Arquillano as a partial fulfilment for Elective 4 -E-Commerce It talks about Introduction to E-commerce.
1. The chapter introduces electronic commerce and discusses how the focus has shifted to profitability through revenue models and business process analysis.
2. Economic forces have created an environment that fosters opportunities through value chain analysis and identifying strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.
3. The global nature of electronic commerce presents both opportunities and challenges regarding trust, culture, language, and infrastructure that must be addressed to conduct international business online.
Chapter 05 business to business online strategiesyusonghan
This document summarizes key aspects of business-to-business online strategies discussed in Chapter 5, including supply chain management using internet technologies, purchasing and logistics activities improved by electronic commerce, and the use of electronic data interchange and value-added networks in business transactions.
The document discusses business-to-business online strategies and electronic commerce technologies. It covers how businesses use electronic data interchange (EDI) and the internet to improve purchasing, logistics, and other support activities. Specifically, it describes how EDI works by allowing businesses to exchange standardized electronic documents and how value-added networks facilitate EDI communications between trading partners. The chapter also addresses electronic marketplaces, supply chain management, and how governments are using e-commerce technologies.
The document discusses business-to-business online strategies, focusing on how businesses use electronic commerce technologies to improve purchasing, logistics, and other support activities. It covers electronic data interchange (EDI) and how businesses have moved some EDI operations online. It also discusses supply chain management and electronic marketplaces that facilitate purchase negotiations. Key activities like purchasing, logistics, and various support functions are shifting from hierarchical to network-based models enabled by the internet.
This chapter introduces electronic commerce and discusses how it is experiencing a second wave of growth with a new focus on profitability. It explains that companies now concentrate on analyzing specific business processes rather than overall business models when adopting electronic commerce initiatives. The chapter also outlines different categories of electronic commerce like business-to-business and business-to-consumer, and discusses factors that influence whether a product or business process is well-suited for electronic commerce.
This chapter introduces electronic commerce and discusses how it is experiencing a second wave of growth with a new focus on profitability. It explains that companies now concentrate on analyzing specific business processes rather than overall business models when adopting electronic commerce initiatives. The chapter also outlines different categories of electronic commerce like business-to-business and business-to-consumer, and discusses factors that influence whether a product or business process is well-suited for electronic commerce.
This chapter introduces electronic commerce and discusses its development over two waves. It describes how businesses are now focusing on analyzing specific business processes and revenue models rather than overall business models. Electronic commerce provides opportunities to reduce costs and create network effects by improving purchasing, marketing, and other processes through Internet technologies. However, it also presents challenges regarding trust, language, culture, and infrastructure when operating internationally.
This v is presented by USEP's BSCS student Alvin Mark U. Cabeliño under Mr. ND Arquillano as a partial fulfilment for Elective 4 -E-Commerce It talks about Introduction to E-commerce.
1. The chapter introduces electronic commerce and discusses how the focus has shifted to profitability through revenue models and business process analysis.
2. Economic forces have created an environment that fosters opportunities through value chain analysis and identifying strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.
3. The global nature of electronic commerce presents both opportunities and challenges regarding trust, culture, language, and infrastructure that must be addressed to conduct international business online.
This document discusses the evolution of electronic commerce from its first wave to its current second wave. It covers key topics like business models, revenue models, analyzing business processes, using value chains and SWOT analysis to identify opportunities. While e-commerce reduces transaction costs, issues like trust, language, culture and infrastructure must be addressed for international e-commerce.
This chapter introduces electronic commerce and discusses the key aspects of its second wave. It covers how businesses now focus on revenue models and process analysis over broad business models for e-commerce initiatives. It also explores how economic forces have fostered the second wave and how businesses can identify opportunities through value chain and SWOT analyses. The global nature of e-commerce is discussed along with challenges of conducting international business online like cultural, language, infrastructure and legal differences across borders.
This document discusses electronic commerce (EC) and IT-enabled services. It defines different types of EC like B2B, B2C, and B2E. It describes the benefits of EC for organizations and consumers, including expanding markets and reducing costs. It also outlines some technical and non-technical limitations of EC, such as security issues, high development costs, and lack of trust from users. The document provides an overview of how EC transforms businesses and suggests companies integrate EC into their operations through strategies like using intranets and connecting to e-marketplaces.
This document provides an overview of an introductory course on e-commerce. It covers key topics like the basic elements and categories of e-commerce, technologies that support it like the internet and EDI, advantages like increased sales and lower costs, and challenges such as cultural and legal obstacles. It also discusses how economic forces have fostered e-commerce growth and how businesses can use value chain analysis to identify opportunities in e-commerce.
The document discusses e-commerce and e-business, including the differences between the two concepts and various models. It describes how businesses can implement e-business strategies through different phases. Key models include business-to-business, business-to-consumer, consumer-to-business, and consumer-to-consumer. The document also outlines impacts on marketing, finance, supply chain management, and global implications of e-business. It provides an example of how BHP Steel implemented e-commerce and discusses future directions and ethical issues.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in electronic commerce including definitions, terms, models, and benefits and limitations. It defines business-to-business, business-to-consumer, and business-to-employee electronic commerce. It also discusses electronic commerce terms like pure vs partial electronic commerce and internet vs non-internet commerce. The document outlines various electronic commerce business models and discusses electronic markets and interorganizational information systems. It covers the driving forces behind electronic commerce and benefits to organizations and consumers. The summary concludes with limitations of electronic commerce including technical and non-technical challenges.
E-commerce involves online transactions, while e-business is broader and incorporates more business processes and information exchange. There are four main e-business models: business-to-business, business-to-consumer, consumer-to-business, and consumer-to-consumer. E-business impacts marketing by allowing consumers to research and shop anytime from anywhere, and allows for more personalized advertising. It also benefits supply chain management by moving from mass production to demand-driven and shortening supply chains. While e-business provides advantages like reduced costs, it also faces challenges like security and start-up expenses.
This document provides an overview of key concepts and applications of e-commerce. It begins by defining electronic commerce and business, describing the history and scope of e-commerce. It then discusses major types of e-commerce like business-to-business (B2B), business-to-consumer (B2C), and e-government. The document also outlines the benefits and limitations of e-commerce, common mechanisms like auctions, and emerging areas such as mobile commerce. It concludes by examining legal and ethical issues in e-commerce.
This document provides an introduction to e-commerce, including its definition, history, types, advantages, and applications. E-commerce involves buying and selling of goods and services over electronic systems like the internet. It has grown from early electronic funds transfer and EDI systems in the 1970s-1980s to the widespread use of the World Wide Web in the 1990s. Types of e-commerce include business to consumer, business to business, consumer to consumer, and mobile commerce. Advantages are low costs, global access, and 24/7 shopping. Applications areas are supply chain management, online advertising, and home shopping.
This document provides an overview of electronic commerce and discusses its key components. It begins with an introduction to electronic commerce and outlines 6 layers that make up its architecture framework: (1) applications, (2) brokerage and data management, (3) interfaces and support, (4) secure messaging, (5) middleware, and (6) network infrastructure. It then provides more details on each of these layers and how they work together to enable electronic commerce applications and transactions in a seamless manner.
James A. O'Brien, and George Marakas. Management Information Systems with MISource 2007, 8th ed. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 2007. ISBN: 13 9780073323091
The document discusses various business-to-business (B2B) support services commonly provided by specialized e-service providers, including e-strategy consulting, application development, web hosting, financial services, logistics, marketing, content delivery, directories, e-communities, and integration services. It describes why companies outsource these services and provides examples of major service providers for different functions like payment processing, logistics, and web hosting.
This document provides an overview of electronic commerce and discusses its various components. It describes the six layers that make up the architectural framework for electronic commerce: 1) applications services, 2) brokerage and data management, 3) interface and support layers, 4) secure messaging and document interchange, 5) middleware services, and 6) network infrastructure. Each layer is discussed in one to two paragraphs to explain its purpose and role in enabling electronic commerce.
This project report provides an overview of e-commerce. It defines e-commerce and discusses its history and types. It examines e-commerce from the perspectives of buyers and sellers. The report also outlines the benefits and challenges of e-commerce, reviews common applications and security issues, and summarizes key components of an e-commerce system.
This document defines B2B as business transactions conducted electronically between businesses over the internet. It describes the characteristics of B2B including automation of sales and purchasing processes. It outlines different B2B models like sell-side marketplaces where one company sells to many, and buy-side marketplaces where one company procures from many suppliers. It provides examples of successful B2B implementations at companies like Cisco and GE that have reduced costs and improved processes.
This document provides an overview of e-commerce, including:
1. Key drivers of e-commerce like technological, political, social, and economic factors.
2. Different business models for business-to-consumer and business-to-business e-commerce.
3. Essential e-commerce processes like access control & security, profiling & personalization, search management, and content & catalog management.
4. Benefits and limitations of e-commerce for organizations, consumers, and society.
5. Electronic payment processes and their benefits and drawbacks.
This document provides an overview of e-commerce, including:
1. Key drivers of e-commerce like technological, political, social, and economic factors.
2. Different e-commerce business models like business-to-consumer and business-to-business.
3. Benefits and limitations of e-commerce for organizations, consumers, and society.
4. Essential e-commerce processes like access control, profiling, search management, and electronic payments.
E commerce project PPT for BBA final year as question and answersVivekDwivedi99
The document provides an overview of the history and definition of e-commerce. It discusses how e-commerce emerged in the 1970s with electronic fund transfers between large organizations and financial institutions. In the 1990s, the World Wide Web enabled easier publishing and dissemination of information, cheaper costs for businesses, and the start of over 12,000 internet-related businesses between 1997-2000. The document defines e-commerce as the implementation of business transactions through computer networks and the internet. It also outlines the different types of e-commerce including B2C (business to consumer), B2B (business to business), and B2G (business to government). Finally, it discusses some of the advantages and disadvantages of e-commerce
Electronic commerce refers to business transactions conducted over the internet. It includes business-to-consumer, business-to-business, and transactions that support online selling and purchasing. Key aspects of electronic commerce include attracting and retaining customers through a positive online experience and customized service, as well as using web-based platforms and electronic funds transfers. Security and privacy are also important concerns for both customers and merchants in electronic commerce.
The document discusses electronic commerce and its applications. It describes how Intel Corporation embraced electronic commerce to enhance customer service and internal business processes. It defines different types of electronic commerce like business-to-business and business-to-consumer. It also discusses the benefits of electronic commerce to organizations, consumers and society. Finally, it describes some technical and non-technical limitations of electronic commerce.
This is a Team Assignment. I have attached what another student on t.docxEvonCanales257
This is a Team Assignment. I have attached what another student on the team's paper. She would like set up that way. She wants to just add to what she started in APA format. The team part that ONLY needs to be answered and to be added to the attached paper is in
BOLD "Person #4"
I think 400 words or less should be enough to make that student happy for Person #4 part. The Topic is the
Research
the U.S. Supreme Court case,
Miranda vs. Arizona,
paying particular attention to the transcript of the oral arguements.
For this assignment I was thinking of the break down of our portions. I have as follows:
Person 1:
Briefly describe the facts of the case.
Introduction
Person 2:
When was the case argued?
Which lawyers argued the case for each side?
Conclusion
Person 3:
Summarize the arguments of counsel regarding self-incrimination.
Person 4:
Why is the case significant with respect to the right to counsel and self-incrimination?
.
this is about databases questions , maybe i miss copy some option D,.docxEvonCanales257
this is about databases questions , maybe i miss copy some option D, if ABC there are all incorrecct please type D after that question thank you
Suppose that a PRODUCT table contains two attributes, PROD_CODE and VEND_CODE. Those two attributes have values of ABC, 125, DEF, 124, GHI, 124, and JKL, 123, respectively. The VENDOR table contains a single attribute, VEND_CODE, with values 123, 124, 125, and 126, respectively. (The VEND_CODE attribute in the PRODUCT table is a foreign key to the VEND_CODE in the VENDOR table.) Given that information, what would be the query output for a INTERSECT query based on these two tables?
[removed]
a. The query output will be: 125,124,123,126
[removed]
b. The query output will be: 123
[removed]
c. The query output will be: 125,124,124,123,123,124,125,126
[removed]
d. The query output will be: 123,124,125
What is the difference between UNION and UNION ALL?
[removed]
a. A UNION ALL operator will yield all rows of both relations, including duplicates
[removed]
b. UNION yields unique rows
[removed]
c. UNION eliminates duplicates rows
[removed]
d. All of these choices are correct.
A(n) ______________ is a block of PL/SQL code that is automatically invoked by the DBMS upon the occurrence of a data manipulation event (INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE.)
[removed]
a. stored procedure
[removed]
b. trigger
[removed]
c. view
[removed]
d. function
__________________ means that the relations yield attributes with identical names and compatible data types.
[removed]
a. duplicated
[removed]
b. Set comparable
[removed]
c. Union compatible
[removed]
d. compatible-oriented
Which of the following a parts of the definition of a trigger?
[removed]
a. The triggering level
[removed]
b. The triggering action
[removed]
c. The triggering timing
[removed]
d. All of these choices are correct.
Which of the following relational set operators does NOT require that the relations are union-compatible?
[removed]
a. INTERSECT
[removed]
b. PROJECT
[removed]
c. MINUS
[removed]
d. UNION
Suppose that you have two tables, EMPLOYEE and EMPLOYEE_1. The EMPLOYEE table contains the records for three employees: Alice Cordoza, John Cretchakov, and Anne McDonald. The EMPLOYEE_1 table contains the records for employees John Cretchakov and Mary Chen. Given that information, what is the query output for the INTERSECT query?
[removed]
a. The query output will be: John Cretchakov and Mary Chen
[removed]
b. The query output will be: Alice Cordoza, John Cretchakov, Anne McDonald and Mary Chen
[removed]
c. The query output will be: John Cretchakov
[removed]
d. The query output will be: Alice Cordoza, John Cretchakov, Anne McDonald, John Cretchakov and Mary Chen
A _____________________ is a join that performs a relational product (or Cartesian product) of two tables.
[removed]
a. CROSS JOIN
[removed]
b. DUPLICATE JOIN
[removed]
c. OUTER JOIN
[removed]
d. INNER JOIN
What Oracle function should you use to calculate the number of days between t.
More Related Content
Similar to Electronic CommerceTenth EditionChapter 5Business-to-Busin
This document discusses the evolution of electronic commerce from its first wave to its current second wave. It covers key topics like business models, revenue models, analyzing business processes, using value chains and SWOT analysis to identify opportunities. While e-commerce reduces transaction costs, issues like trust, language, culture and infrastructure must be addressed for international e-commerce.
This chapter introduces electronic commerce and discusses the key aspects of its second wave. It covers how businesses now focus on revenue models and process analysis over broad business models for e-commerce initiatives. It also explores how economic forces have fostered the second wave and how businesses can identify opportunities through value chain and SWOT analyses. The global nature of e-commerce is discussed along with challenges of conducting international business online like cultural, language, infrastructure and legal differences across borders.
This document discusses electronic commerce (EC) and IT-enabled services. It defines different types of EC like B2B, B2C, and B2E. It describes the benefits of EC for organizations and consumers, including expanding markets and reducing costs. It also outlines some technical and non-technical limitations of EC, such as security issues, high development costs, and lack of trust from users. The document provides an overview of how EC transforms businesses and suggests companies integrate EC into their operations through strategies like using intranets and connecting to e-marketplaces.
This document provides an overview of an introductory course on e-commerce. It covers key topics like the basic elements and categories of e-commerce, technologies that support it like the internet and EDI, advantages like increased sales and lower costs, and challenges such as cultural and legal obstacles. It also discusses how economic forces have fostered e-commerce growth and how businesses can use value chain analysis to identify opportunities in e-commerce.
The document discusses e-commerce and e-business, including the differences between the two concepts and various models. It describes how businesses can implement e-business strategies through different phases. Key models include business-to-business, business-to-consumer, consumer-to-business, and consumer-to-consumer. The document also outlines impacts on marketing, finance, supply chain management, and global implications of e-business. It provides an example of how BHP Steel implemented e-commerce and discusses future directions and ethical issues.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in electronic commerce including definitions, terms, models, and benefits and limitations. It defines business-to-business, business-to-consumer, and business-to-employee electronic commerce. It also discusses electronic commerce terms like pure vs partial electronic commerce and internet vs non-internet commerce. The document outlines various electronic commerce business models and discusses electronic markets and interorganizational information systems. It covers the driving forces behind electronic commerce and benefits to organizations and consumers. The summary concludes with limitations of electronic commerce including technical and non-technical challenges.
E-commerce involves online transactions, while e-business is broader and incorporates more business processes and information exchange. There are four main e-business models: business-to-business, business-to-consumer, consumer-to-business, and consumer-to-consumer. E-business impacts marketing by allowing consumers to research and shop anytime from anywhere, and allows for more personalized advertising. It also benefits supply chain management by moving from mass production to demand-driven and shortening supply chains. While e-business provides advantages like reduced costs, it also faces challenges like security and start-up expenses.
This document provides an overview of key concepts and applications of e-commerce. It begins by defining electronic commerce and business, describing the history and scope of e-commerce. It then discusses major types of e-commerce like business-to-business (B2B), business-to-consumer (B2C), and e-government. The document also outlines the benefits and limitations of e-commerce, common mechanisms like auctions, and emerging areas such as mobile commerce. It concludes by examining legal and ethical issues in e-commerce.
This document provides an introduction to e-commerce, including its definition, history, types, advantages, and applications. E-commerce involves buying and selling of goods and services over electronic systems like the internet. It has grown from early electronic funds transfer and EDI systems in the 1970s-1980s to the widespread use of the World Wide Web in the 1990s. Types of e-commerce include business to consumer, business to business, consumer to consumer, and mobile commerce. Advantages are low costs, global access, and 24/7 shopping. Applications areas are supply chain management, online advertising, and home shopping.
This document provides an overview of electronic commerce and discusses its key components. It begins with an introduction to electronic commerce and outlines 6 layers that make up its architecture framework: (1) applications, (2) brokerage and data management, (3) interfaces and support, (4) secure messaging, (5) middleware, and (6) network infrastructure. It then provides more details on each of these layers and how they work together to enable electronic commerce applications and transactions in a seamless manner.
James A. O'Brien, and George Marakas. Management Information Systems with MISource 2007, 8th ed. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 2007. ISBN: 13 9780073323091
The document discusses various business-to-business (B2B) support services commonly provided by specialized e-service providers, including e-strategy consulting, application development, web hosting, financial services, logistics, marketing, content delivery, directories, e-communities, and integration services. It describes why companies outsource these services and provides examples of major service providers for different functions like payment processing, logistics, and web hosting.
This document provides an overview of electronic commerce and discusses its various components. It describes the six layers that make up the architectural framework for electronic commerce: 1) applications services, 2) brokerage and data management, 3) interface and support layers, 4) secure messaging and document interchange, 5) middleware services, and 6) network infrastructure. Each layer is discussed in one to two paragraphs to explain its purpose and role in enabling electronic commerce.
This project report provides an overview of e-commerce. It defines e-commerce and discusses its history and types. It examines e-commerce from the perspectives of buyers and sellers. The report also outlines the benefits and challenges of e-commerce, reviews common applications and security issues, and summarizes key components of an e-commerce system.
This document defines B2B as business transactions conducted electronically between businesses over the internet. It describes the characteristics of B2B including automation of sales and purchasing processes. It outlines different B2B models like sell-side marketplaces where one company sells to many, and buy-side marketplaces where one company procures from many suppliers. It provides examples of successful B2B implementations at companies like Cisco and GE that have reduced costs and improved processes.
This document provides an overview of e-commerce, including:
1. Key drivers of e-commerce like technological, political, social, and economic factors.
2. Different business models for business-to-consumer and business-to-business e-commerce.
3. Essential e-commerce processes like access control & security, profiling & personalization, search management, and content & catalog management.
4. Benefits and limitations of e-commerce for organizations, consumers, and society.
5. Electronic payment processes and their benefits and drawbacks.
This document provides an overview of e-commerce, including:
1. Key drivers of e-commerce like technological, political, social, and economic factors.
2. Different e-commerce business models like business-to-consumer and business-to-business.
3. Benefits and limitations of e-commerce for organizations, consumers, and society.
4. Essential e-commerce processes like access control, profiling, search management, and electronic payments.
E commerce project PPT for BBA final year as question and answersVivekDwivedi99
The document provides an overview of the history and definition of e-commerce. It discusses how e-commerce emerged in the 1970s with electronic fund transfers between large organizations and financial institutions. In the 1990s, the World Wide Web enabled easier publishing and dissemination of information, cheaper costs for businesses, and the start of over 12,000 internet-related businesses between 1997-2000. The document defines e-commerce as the implementation of business transactions through computer networks and the internet. It also outlines the different types of e-commerce including B2C (business to consumer), B2B (business to business), and B2G (business to government). Finally, it discusses some of the advantages and disadvantages of e-commerce
Electronic commerce refers to business transactions conducted over the internet. It includes business-to-consumer, business-to-business, and transactions that support online selling and purchasing. Key aspects of electronic commerce include attracting and retaining customers through a positive online experience and customized service, as well as using web-based platforms and electronic funds transfers. Security and privacy are also important concerns for both customers and merchants in electronic commerce.
The document discusses electronic commerce and its applications. It describes how Intel Corporation embraced electronic commerce to enhance customer service and internal business processes. It defines different types of electronic commerce like business-to-business and business-to-consumer. It also discusses the benefits of electronic commerce to organizations, consumers and society. Finally, it describes some technical and non-technical limitations of electronic commerce.
Similar to Electronic CommerceTenth EditionChapter 5Business-to-Busin (20)
This is a Team Assignment. I have attached what another student on t.docxEvonCanales257
This is a Team Assignment. I have attached what another student on the team's paper. She would like set up that way. She wants to just add to what she started in APA format. The team part that ONLY needs to be answered and to be added to the attached paper is in
BOLD "Person #4"
I think 400 words or less should be enough to make that student happy for Person #4 part. The Topic is the
Research
the U.S. Supreme Court case,
Miranda vs. Arizona,
paying particular attention to the transcript of the oral arguements.
For this assignment I was thinking of the break down of our portions. I have as follows:
Person 1:
Briefly describe the facts of the case.
Introduction
Person 2:
When was the case argued?
Which lawyers argued the case for each side?
Conclusion
Person 3:
Summarize the arguments of counsel regarding self-incrimination.
Person 4:
Why is the case significant with respect to the right to counsel and self-incrimination?
.
this is about databases questions , maybe i miss copy some option D,.docxEvonCanales257
this is about databases questions , maybe i miss copy some option D, if ABC there are all incorrecct please type D after that question thank you
Suppose that a PRODUCT table contains two attributes, PROD_CODE and VEND_CODE. Those two attributes have values of ABC, 125, DEF, 124, GHI, 124, and JKL, 123, respectively. The VENDOR table contains a single attribute, VEND_CODE, with values 123, 124, 125, and 126, respectively. (The VEND_CODE attribute in the PRODUCT table is a foreign key to the VEND_CODE in the VENDOR table.) Given that information, what would be the query output for a INTERSECT query based on these two tables?
[removed]
a. The query output will be: 125,124,123,126
[removed]
b. The query output will be: 123
[removed]
c. The query output will be: 125,124,124,123,123,124,125,126
[removed]
d. The query output will be: 123,124,125
What is the difference between UNION and UNION ALL?
[removed]
a. A UNION ALL operator will yield all rows of both relations, including duplicates
[removed]
b. UNION yields unique rows
[removed]
c. UNION eliminates duplicates rows
[removed]
d. All of these choices are correct.
A(n) ______________ is a block of PL/SQL code that is automatically invoked by the DBMS upon the occurrence of a data manipulation event (INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE.)
[removed]
a. stored procedure
[removed]
b. trigger
[removed]
c. view
[removed]
d. function
__________________ means that the relations yield attributes with identical names and compatible data types.
[removed]
a. duplicated
[removed]
b. Set comparable
[removed]
c. Union compatible
[removed]
d. compatible-oriented
Which of the following a parts of the definition of a trigger?
[removed]
a. The triggering level
[removed]
b. The triggering action
[removed]
c. The triggering timing
[removed]
d. All of these choices are correct.
Which of the following relational set operators does NOT require that the relations are union-compatible?
[removed]
a. INTERSECT
[removed]
b. PROJECT
[removed]
c. MINUS
[removed]
d. UNION
Suppose that you have two tables, EMPLOYEE and EMPLOYEE_1. The EMPLOYEE table contains the records for three employees: Alice Cordoza, John Cretchakov, and Anne McDonald. The EMPLOYEE_1 table contains the records for employees John Cretchakov and Mary Chen. Given that information, what is the query output for the INTERSECT query?
[removed]
a. The query output will be: John Cretchakov and Mary Chen
[removed]
b. The query output will be: Alice Cordoza, John Cretchakov, Anne McDonald and Mary Chen
[removed]
c. The query output will be: John Cretchakov
[removed]
d. The query output will be: Alice Cordoza, John Cretchakov, Anne McDonald, John Cretchakov and Mary Chen
A _____________________ is a join that performs a relational product (or Cartesian product) of two tables.
[removed]
a. CROSS JOIN
[removed]
b. DUPLICATE JOIN
[removed]
c. OUTER JOIN
[removed]
d. INNER JOIN
What Oracle function should you use to calculate the number of days between t.
This is a summary of White Teeth by Zadie Smith, analyze a short pas.docxEvonCanales257
This is a summary of White Teeth by Zadie Smith, analyze a short passage from the book, cite , quote, include details. What patterns do you see? What details?
Find any passage from the book White Teeth to write on, have the passage written at the top and then write the analysis after it.
.
This is a repetition of the first What Am I assignment, in which yo.docxEvonCanales257
This is a repetition of the first What Am I? assignment, in which you should indicate your current position in regards to the nature of consciousness (are you a materialist, an idealist, or a dualist?), but this time you need to say something about the phenomenological aspect of consciousness. How do you account for the nature of the conscious experiences people report (especially if you are a materialist) and how do you account for the nature of the effects of behavioral rituals, like meditation or hypnosis (especially if you are a dualist or an idealist)?
.
This is a persuasive presentation on your Communication Audit Report.docxEvonCanales257
This is a persuasive presentation on your Communication Audit Report findings. Please be sure you have an attention getter, overview of the presentation information, introduction to your topic, its importance, discuss each question on the survey and/or list of interview questions, include a visual aid, and persuasive closing.
This Presentation is on your Communication Audit Report data.
Please do the following:
Stand during your Presentation; dress in business attire
Use an Attention Getter
State your Topic (data from ______ Company)
State your Name
Share two/three comments from journal articles (author, date, name of journal)
Share demographic data (males/females, titles, length of time with Company)
Share data from remaining questions (put two/three questions in graphic form—table/pie chart)
State your Summary
State your Conclusions (enumerate/number them)
State your Recommendations (enumerate/number them)
.
This is a flow chart of an existing project. It should be about .docxEvonCanales257
This is a flow chart of an existing project. It should be about my project and nothing else! (so ne refrences) I attached my project paper and also attached an example of the flow chart. The flow chart should look like the example.
FOLLOW ALL OF THE FOLLOWING POINTS:
you will explore the architecture of your intended multimedia project. Create a preliminary flowchart of the flow of content in your project. Include every page the user will interact with and a clear architecture of the flow of all pages or screens.
Research your multimedia project and create a preliminary flowchart for your concept. You can create your flowchart using a wide variety of software applications, including Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Illustrator, Microsoft Word, Microsoft Visio, or Microsoft PowerPoint.
The flowchart should demonstrate the architectural flow of your entire project. Include every page the user will interact with.
Keep your project simple. Your flowchart should show 5 to 7 pages (windows) in the website for your course project.
Briefly describe the navigation structure and functionality of your project on the same page as the flowchart. Discuss how the global navigation and any supplemental navigation will work in your project. Remember to discuss the text navigation in the footer that mirrors your global navigation, should it be utilized.
.
This is a history library paper.The library paper should be double.docxEvonCanales257
This is a history library paper.
The library paper should be double space . Students are expected to use at least a total of 10 academic references (reference journal articles or books) in their papers.
The paper will be graded based on 5 criteria: content, language/clarity, references, organization and completeness.
This is what the library paper is about or the question we need to answer
" After considering the history of the Muslim world in the period between the early fifteenth and early twentieth centuries, which particular events, processes, and/or encounters would you deem overall the most enduring and most defining? "
.
This is a Discussion post onlyGlobalization may have.docxEvonCanales257
********This is a Discussion post only******
Globalization may have considerable beneficial and detrimental effects on various countries. Using what you've learned from this module share your thoughts on the economic and political impact of globalization on the Russian economy.
Add information about today current events on this topic
Please see additional document attached for additional readings
Only two paragraphs required, APA, with intext citation
.
This is a criminal justice homeworkThe topic is Actus Reus and Men.docxEvonCanales257
This is a criminal justice homework
The topic is Actus Reus and Mens Rea
Be sure to talk about both, explaining the differences and what each of them mean.
APA format 4 to 5 pages long
No Wikipedia!
Sources must be cited in the reference page and throughout the paper
Have a discussion section (or paragraph) interpreting and explaining the results.
.
This is a combined interview and short research paper. You are fir.docxEvonCanales257
This is a combined interview and short research paper. You are first required to interview a health care worker and ask them to identify and discuss solutions to a perceived health care issue in their field. Then, you will research and discuss this issue and proposed solutions.
The paper should be at least 850 words. Use APA or MLA Style for your paper format. For assistance with this, reference the
Citation Style Guide
developed for the Stafford Library.
Part I: Interview
This portion of Paper 1 will be a written report based on your interview of an individual who works in the health care system. (This person could be a direct caregiver, such as a physician, nurse, therapist, dentist, pharmacist, or chiropractor, or it could be someone who works as a medical secretary, hospital administrator, or in medical billing.) This interview can be accomplished either in person or by phone.
Clearly state the worker’s job description, the type of facility or organization in which he or she works, a summary of his or her training and experience, whether her or she performs administrative duties or are involved in finances, and whether he or she provides direct patient care or works closely with other care professionals.
Elicit this individual’s overall perceptions of and general satisfaction with our current health care system and the facility where they work. Ask him or her to identify a key issue or concern, either with our health care system or in his or her particular setting, and the solutions this worker would propose to address this particular issue.
Interview part is done
Alanna Falk is a Medical office manager for an endocrinologist.
She has a bachelor’s degree in business administration and is a trained medical assistant for over twenty years.
She has direct contact with the three providers in her office as well as the patients on a daily basis.
She performs the administrative aspect of the office and fills in where needed.
Overall she enjoys her office but at times feel that it is overwhelming with the amount of patients and being her doctor is one of two in the area for this specialty.
One problem that she is having is getting the patients to get onboard with the use of technology to simplify and reduce the amount of time spent filling paperwork out to include the cost in staff printing, ink and filing space. This often delays the patients getting in the back office to see the physicians on time even after they are checked in on time and it throws the whole schedule off for the day.
She would like to go paperless as possible and being that their scheduling team gets their information for the most part over the phone she would like to utilize tablets or a computer program that will help them become more efficient in the practice and maintain patient privacy.
Part II: Discussion
Elaborate and discuss the health care issue identified by your interviewee, demonstrating your understanding of both the problem raised and their prop.
This is a 250 word minimum forum post. How do different types o.docxEvonCanales257
This is a 250 word minimum forum post.
How do different types of cultures impact HRIS implementation and acceptance? What are some of legal and regulatory issues that were discussed in our reading material this week that could impact HRIS? Provide an overview of one of the regulations discussed in our reading material. What was the purpose of the regulation? Are there HRIS systems that could help with compliance of these regulations? (Search the Internet for software and post links here). Lastly, what are some of the future technologies discussed in our reading material? Are any of these being offered right now? Again, this will require you to research for software that fits future trends. Discuss your finding with each other and how they relate to our reading material this week.
References
Torres, T. (2004). E-Human Resources Management
.
Hershey
,
PA
: ICI Global
Gueutal, H. (2005). The Brave New World of EHR
.
Hoboken
,
NJ
: Wiley
.
This homework is for the outline ONLY of a research paper. The outli.docxEvonCanales257
This homework is for the outline ONLY of a research paper. The outline will be submitted first and later on in the course the final essay will be submitted, therefore the same person that does the outline will also do the essay. In this way, the person would be familiar with the assignment. The outline should follow this template: http://www2.ivcc.edu/rambo/eng1001/outline.htm
The topic shall be chosen from the following list:
allure of scent
androgyny
Attachment theory
beauty pageants
behaviorism
bipolar disorder
birth order
body modification
borderline personality disorder
bullies
child prodigies
communication differences - male/female
complaining behavior
concept of self
coping c.a.t. program
corporal punishment
cross-dressing
cults
cyberbullying
deja vu
developmental psychology
dreams
family therapy
fear of flying
guilt
hirsuit--attractive?
histrionic personality disorder
how music affects learning
humor
id
Indigo children
jealousy
laughter
megalomania
memory
mind-body connection
mindfulness
multiple personalities
occultism
optimism/pessimism
peer pressure
phobias
postnatal (postpartum) depression
private vs. public self
psychology of music
"retail therapy" / "shopaholism"
resilience
revenge
rumors
sadism
self esteem
senses & the psyche
short-term memory
sibling rivalry
sleeping disorders
social anxiety disorder
somnambulism
stereotyping
subliminal advertising
super-ego
twins
visual perception
.
this homework for reaserch methods class I have choose my topic for .docxEvonCanales257
this homework for reaserch methods class I have choose my topic for the introdiction of study I will upload my paper, and the instrctor of how u do the survey qustion, also example of a good work is attached, so then u will know how to do it.
Use the Table from the Colloquium Study that links: Hypotheses, Variable Definition, and Measures (Survey Questions) as a model.
NOTE: You do NOT have to develop a Likert scale questions (unless one makes sense for your study).
Develop your own version of this for at least 2-3 survey questions or interview questions YOU will ask for you Draft and Final Research Design assignment.
In other words, and just to be clear, pick a question that would work for you. The Likert scale question below is just an example of a question I used to measure one variable. You need to pick a question that will work for you - it will measure your variables in your hypotheses.
If you don’t want to mess with formatting a table for this assignment (keep in mind you may want to for your Draft and Final Research Design assignment) you can just do it bulleted, for example:
Hypotheses: Policy actors within a coalition will show substantial consensus on deep core and policy core beliefs, less so on secondary aspects.
Concept Definition: Deep core beliefs: “General normative and ontological assumptions about human nature…the proper role of government vs. markets in general…” (Sabatier and Weible 2007).
Measures (Survey Questions):
“How liberal or conservative do you consider yourself to be on fiscal policy?” (Likert scale 1-5): 1) strongly disagree, 2) disagree, 3) neutral, 4) agree, 5) strongly agree
“How liberal or conservative do you consider yourself to be on social policy?” (Likert scale 1-5): 1) strongly disagree, 2) disagree, 3) neutral, 4) agree, 5) strongly agree
Table 3: Chapter Three Hypotheses, Key Variables / Concepts, and Measures
RQ3: What role do coalition membership and organizational affiliation have in shaping policy actor and coalition members’ belief change and reinforcement in a local and state level energy and climate policy subsystem?
Hypotheses
Key Variable / Concept & Definition
Measures:
Survey Questions
(Typically agree / disagree likert scale 1-5)
H1. Policy actors within a coalition will show substantial consensus on deep core and policy core beliefs, less so on secondary aspects.
1. Advocacy coalitions & Coalition affiliation
“A group of legislators, agency officials, interest group leaders, and researchers with similar policy core beliefs who share resources and “engage in a nontrivial degree of coordination” (Sabatier and Weible 2007 p.196)
2: Deep core beliefs
“General normative and ontological assumptions about human nature...the proper role of government vs. markets in general...” (Sabatier and Weible 2007).
1: Responses to survey questions, which are already collected, pertaining to deep core, policy core, and secondary beliefs will determine which advocacy coalition respondents are .
This is a business information System project (at least 3 pages AP.docxEvonCanales257
This is a business information System project (at least 3 pages APA format)
A retention MIS (management Information System) for colleges to track and retain students. 1)
Introduction (describes the business and its objectives)
2) Statement of Problem or /Business Opportunity.
.
This is a 2 part assignment. You did the last one now we need to.docxEvonCanales257
This is a 2 part assignment. You did the last one now we need to do an outline and then the final draft. I have copied the last assignment we did and enclosed the abstract for part one. If it needs to be changed then please change this. I need this by Sunday afternoon.
Assignment 2: Identifying Themes
For this assignment, you will develop a Title page, Abstract, and a References page. Articulate your main research/focal question as the opening for your paper. Be sure it is specific, researchable, and important to the field. Then go on to list a detailed outline of the body of the paper, (including all headings and subheadings). Be sure to format your entire paper, including the headings and subheadings according to APA style.
Also include ten references with this outline.
Abstract
The Relation between Heredity and Suicidal Behavior has many different experiments to use as examples. Some say that most individuals inherit the suicidal behavior and other does not. This paper will examine different experiments on the outcome of this topic and what might be influenced by genes that might run in a family. Then again there are the other factors that might show the influence of other suicidal behaviors. The outcome will provide different articles that will provide information on the behavior characteristics of suicidal behavior and what the interpersonal psychology theory of suicidal behavior just might be.
Assignment 2: LASA 1: Writing a Brief Draft
The Relation between Heredity and Suicidal Behavior
Patricia Vela
Dr.: Edith Nolan
Writing in Psychology | PSY250 A02
21 June 2017
The Relation between Heredity and Suicidal Behavior
Introduction
The paper will focus on examining the relation between heredity and suicidal behavior and also look into the interpersonal psychology theory of suicidal behavior.
The paper will seek to affirm that suicidal behavior is influenced by genes that run in the family lineage and as such it could be inherited. Various theories can be used to explain the relationship between hereditary and suicidal behavior.
One these theories are Interpersonal psychology theory of suicidal behavior.
This theory provides
that, acquired capability, belongingness and burdensome are the 3 main determinants of suicidal behavior.
The paper will also provide articles review on the interpersonal psychology theory of suicidal behavior.
The Research questions
This paper is guided by the research question; what does the research show about the relation between heredity and suicidal behavior. This will help in formulating the best research methods and topics for the study.
Article review
Article 1
In the International
Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology
a meta-analysis research paper on the Brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene in suicidal behavior is presented. This is a meta-analysis work that looks into the brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene in suicidal behavior. The analysis links the BDNF (brain deriv.
This hoework assignment course is named Operations Management.The .docxEvonCanales257
This hoework assignment course is named Operations Management.
The warehouse manager asked you to create an example inventory list for his staff. The inventory list is a comprehensive chart that lists all of the company’s internal resources: equipment, machines, technology, furniture, office supplies, etc.
.
This handout helps explain your class project. Your task is to d.docxEvonCanales257
This handout helps explain your class project. Your task is to develop a creative project that demonstrates/comments on one of the social psychological phenomena we have covered in class (attitudes, attitude change, conformity, obedience, compliance). I encourage to you to scan through the chapters and explore different social theories, concepts, famous experiments, etc. Find some area of social psychology you have an interest in and further explore that area (i.e. Milgram’s experiment, cognitive dissonance, implicit bias, altruism, Prisoner’s Dilemma, etc). Projects that bring together multiple phenomena are especially encouraged.
You should use any artistic medium you wish (photography, video, graphic design, prose, poetry, electronic art/design, visual art, etc). The goal is to have you merge your creative side with your scholarly side and integrate social psychology into your everyday life.
PROPOSAL (Due 9/10): Please submit a
1-2 page paper describing your project in detail. Address the medium you will be using, the phenomena you will be examining and the general concept of the project. You may
submit HERE in canvas your proposal early to get a jump start on the project.
.
This for my reflection paper 1-2 pagesIt is due Friday at midnigh.docxEvonCanales257
This for my reflection paper 1-2 pages
It is due Friday at midnight
Here is what needs to be in the reflection paper
It needs to have my own learning styles throughout this course:
Which those are just pretty
•Not waiting til the last minute for my readings each week
•asking questions
•Group discussions
Understanding the Christian Worldview for me
• we all need to look through our spiritual goggles in life
•understanding the fundamental purpose in the world we live in
•understanding the use to make sense of our world
•Worldview is what we presuppose
Personal development
•improve awareness & indenting
•become more proactive
•become more confident
•release the past
Professional Development
• plan,plan,plan& prepare
• allow choices
•Attend to my environment
•celebrate
.
This first briefing should be an introduction to your AOI(Area of In.docxEvonCanales257
This first briefing should be an introduction to your AOI(Area of Interest). I'm Looking for basic information; govt system, population, social system, religion(s), economics [imports and exports], and a map. After that, I want to know what is my AOI known for? Plus, any notable current events. This should be one page, two page maximum 300 words, double spaced, size 14 font.
.
This discussion will allow you to examine several different prev.docxEvonCanales257
This discussion will allow you to examine several different preventive guidelines related to men's health. Please include at least three scholarly sources within your initial post.
Topic 1: Colorectal Cancer Screening
A 47-year-old man presents to your clinic for a routine physical. He considers himself to be “fairly healthy” and doesn’t routinely go to the doctor. His last physical was five years ago. In reviewing his chart, you see that his BMI is 30, he exercises twice a week at the local gym, and he does not take any medication. Part of your discussion during today’s visit is about screening for colorectal cancers. He did endorse some constipation in the review of systems. He noted an uncle in his family history who was diagnosed at age 54 with colon cancer. You begin to talk about colorectal screening, and the patient interrupts you and tells you that he is only 47 and that he should not have to worry about it until he is 50.
What are the recommendations and source(s) for the colorectal cancer screening test?
The patient thinks he does not have to worry about “being screened” until age 50. Is he correct? Why or why not? What age would you recommend screening for this patient and why? Does his family history come into play here?
What age would you recommend screening for this patient and why? Does his family history come into play here?
What are the screening options for this patient, and which would you recommend? Why?
Discussion Question Rubric
Note:
Scholarly resources are defined as evidence-based practice, peer-reviewed journals; textbook (do not rely solely on your textbook as a reference); and National Standard Guidelines. Review assignment instructions, as this will provide any additional requirements that are not specifically listed on the rubric.
Discussion Question Rubric – 100 PointsCriteriaExemplary
Exceeds ExpectationsAdvanced
Meets ExpectationsIntermediate
Needs ImprovementNovice
InadequateTotal PointsQuality of Initial PostProvides clear examples supported by course content and references.
Cites three or more references, using at least one new scholarly resource that was not provided in the course materials.
All instruction requirements noted.
40 points
Components are accurate and thoroughly represented, with explanations and application of knowledge to include evidence-based practice, ethics, theory, and/or role. Synthesizes course content using course materials and scholarly resources to support importantpoints.
Meets all requirements within the discussion instructions.
Cites two references.
35 points
Components are accurate and mostly represented primarily with definitions and summarization. Ideas may be overstated, with minimal contribution to the subject matter. Minimal application to evidence-based practice, theory, or role development. Synthesis of course content is present but missing depth and/or development.
Is missing one component/requirement of the discussion instructions.
Cit.
A Free 200-Page eBook ~ Brain and Mind Exercise.pptxOH TEIK BIN
(A Free eBook comprising 3 Sets of Presentation of a selection of Puzzles, Brain Teasers and Thinking Problems to exercise both the mind and the Right and Left Brain. To help keep the mind and brain fit and healthy. Good for both the young and old alike.
Answers are given for all the puzzles and problems.)
With Metta,
Bro. Oh Teik Bin 🙏🤓🤔🥰
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
How to Setup Default Value for a Field in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, we can set a default value for a field during the creation of a record for a model. We have many methods in odoo for setting a default value to the field.
How to Download & Install Module From the Odoo App Store in Odoo 17Celine George
Custom modules offer the flexibility to extend Odoo's capabilities, address unique requirements, and optimize workflows to align seamlessly with your organization's processes. By leveraging custom modules, businesses can unlock greater efficiency, productivity, and innovation, empowering them to stay competitive in today's dynamic market landscape. In this tutorial, we'll guide you step by step on how to easily download and install modules from the Odoo App Store.
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
1. Electronic Commerce
Tenth Edition
Chapter 5
Business-to-Business Activities: Improving Efficiency and
Reducing Costs
1
1
1
Electronic Commerce, Tenth Edition
2
Learning Objectives
In this chapter, you will learn about:
How businesses use the Internet to improve purchasing,
logistics, and other support activities
Electronic data interchange and how it works
How businesses have moved some of their electronic data
interchange operations to the Internet
2
2
3
Learning Objectives (cont’d.)
Supply chain management and how businesses are using Internet
technologies to improve it
2. Electronic marketplaces and portals that make purchase-sale
negotiations easier and more efficient
Electronic Commerce, Tenth Edition
3
3
3
4
Purchasing, Logistics, and
Business Support Processes
Recap
Strategy issues arise when providing information to potential
customers
Value chain model’s primary activities
Identify customers, market and sell, and deliver
Many business models for selling on the Web
Used in B2B e-commerce
Apply to B2C e-commerce
Electronic Commerce, Tenth Edition
4
4
Electronic Commerce, Tenth Edition
5
Purchasing, Logistics, and
Business Support Processes (cont’d.)
Companies use electronic commerce to:
Improve purchasing and logistics
Improve all support activities
Provide potential cost reductions, business process
3. improvements
Necessary characteristic: flexibility
Economic organizations evolving from hierarchical structures to
new, more flexible network structures
Reduced transaction cost through Internet and Web technologies
for business processes
5
Purchasing, Logistics, and
Business Support Processes (cont’d.)
Outsourcing: use of other organizations to perform specific
activities
Typically manufacturing
Offshoring: outsourcing done by organizations in other
countries
Internet-enabled activities: purchasing, research and
development, record keeping, information management
Business process offshoring
Impact sourcing or smart sourcing: offshoring done by or
through not-for-profit organizations
Electronic Commerce, Tenth Edition
6
6
Purchasing Activities
Identify and evaluate vendors, select specific products, place
orders, resolve any issues after receiving ordered goods or
services
Supply chain
Part of industry value chain preceding a particular strategic
4. business unit
Includes all activities undertaken by every predecessor in the
value chain to:
Design, produce, promote, market, deliver, support each
individual component of a product or service
Electronic Commerce, Tenth Edition
7
7
Electronic Commerce, Tenth Edition
8
Purchasing Activities (cont’d.)
Traditionally
Purchasing department buys components at lowest price
possible
Bidding process focus: individual component cost
Procurement includes:
All purchasing activities
Monitoring all purchase transaction elements
Managing and developing supplier relationships
8
Electronic Commerce, Tenth Edition
9
Purchasing Activities (cont’d.)
Procurement also called supply management
Procurement staff have high product knowledge
Identify and evaluate appropriate suppliers
Sourcing procurement activity
Identifying suppliers, determining qualifications
6. Electronic Commerce, Tenth Edition
12
Direct vs. Indirect Materials Purchasing
Direct materials
Become part of finished product
Direct materials purchasing: two types
Replenishment purchasing (contract purchasing)
Company negotiates long-term material contracts
Spot purchasing
Purchases made in loosely organized market (spot market);
demand exceeds estimates made for contract purchasing
Indirect materials
All other materials company purchases
12
Electronic Commerce, Tenth Edition
13
Direct vs. Indirect Materials Purchasing (cont’d.)
Maintenance, repair, and operating (MRO) supplies
Indirect materials purchased on a recurring basis
Standard items (commodities) with price as main criterion
Purchasing cards (p-cards) provide:
Managers ability to make multiple small purchases
Cost-tracking information to procurement
Leading Suppliers:
MRO: McMaster-Carr, W.W. Grainger,
Office Depot, Staples, Digi-Key, Newark.com
13
8. Third-party logistics (3PL) provider
Operates all (large portion) of customer’s materials movement
activities
Examples: Ryder and Whirlpool
Excellent example of second-wave e-commerce
Marriage of GPS and portable computing technologies with the
Internet (Examples: Fed Ex and UPS)
Third-wave e-commerce supported by smart phones
16
Electronic Commerce, Tenth Edition
16
16
Electronic Commerce, Tenth Edition
17
Business Process Support Activities
General categories
Finance and administration, human resources, technology
development
FIGURE 5-3 Categories of support activities
17
18
Business Process
Support Activities (cont’d.)
Human resources and /or payroll functions often outsourced by
small/midsized companies
Common support activity: training
Underlies multiple primary activities
9. Putting training materials on company intranet
Can distribute materials to many different sales offices
Can coordinate materials in corporate headquarters
Knowledge management
Intentional collection, classification, dissemination of
information about a company, its products and processes
(Examples: Ericsson, KMWorld)
Electronic Commerce, Tenth Edition
18
18
Electronic Commerce, Tenth Edition
19
E-Government
E-Government
Use of electronic commerce by governments and government
agencies
Enhances functions performed for stakeholders
Enhances businesslike activity operations
U.S. government examples
Financial Management Service (FMS): Pay.gov site
Bureau of Public Debt: TreasuryDirect site
Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
Internet technology use initiatives to enable information sharing
among agencies
19
Electronic Commerce, Tenth Edition
20
E-Government (cont’d.)
11. To negotiate with suppliers and form strategic alliances
Network model of economic organization
Other firms perform various support activities
Supply Web: term replacing “supply chain”
Due to parallel lines interconnected in a Web or network
configuration
Electronic Commerce, Tenth Edition
22
22
Electronic Commerce, Tenth Edition
23
Electronic Data Interchange
Computer-to-computer business information transfer
Between two businesses using a standard format
Trading partners
Two businesses exchanging information
EDI compatible
Firms exchanging data in specific standard formats
Reasons to be familiar with EDI
Most B2B e-commerce adapted from EDI or based on EDI
principles
Dominant technology for electronic B2B transactions
23
Electronic Commerce, Tenth Edition
24
Early Business Information
Interchange Efforts
1800s and early 1900s
12. Need to create formal business transactions records
1950s
Computers store, process internal transaction records
Information flows: printed on paper
1960s: large volume transactions
Exchanged on punched cards or magnetic tape
1960s and 1970s
Transferred data over telephone lines
Efforts increased efficiency, reduced errors
24
Electronic Commerce, Tenth Edition
25
Early Business Information
Interchange Efforts (cont’d.)
Issue: incompatible data translation programs
1968: freight, shipping companies joined together
Created standardized information set
Used a computer file
Transmittable to any freight company adopting the standard
Benefits limited to members of industries that created standard-
setting groups
Full realization of EDI economies and efficiencies
Required standards for all companies in all industries
25
Electronic Commerce, Tenth Edition
26
Emergence of Broader Standards:
The Birth of EDI
13. American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
United States coordinating body for standards
Accredited Standards Committee X12 (ASC X12)
Develops and maintains EDI standards
Data Interchange Standards Association (DISA)
Administrative body coordinating ASC X12 activities
Transaction sets: names of the formats for specific business data
interchanges
EDI for Administration, Commerce, and Transport (EDIFACT,
or UN/EDIFACT)
26
Electronic Commerce, Tenth Edition
27
FIGURE 5-5 Commonly used EDI transaction sets
Click to edit Master text styles
Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level
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How EDI Works
Basic idea: straightforward
Implementation: complicated
Example:
Company replacing metal-cutting machine
18. Value-Added Networks (cont’d.)
Disadvantages: In the past, cost (fees)
Today, affordable even for small companies
Internet presents low-cost communications medium used by
VAN services
EDI on the Internet: Internet EDI, Web EDI, open EDI (Internet
is open architect network)
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Value-Added Networks (cont’d.)
EDIINT (Electronic Data Interchange-Internet Integration, EDI-
INT)
most common protocol for Internet EDI transaction sets
EDI exchanges encoded using
AS2 (Applicability Statement 2) or AS3 (Applicability
Statement 3)
Secure electronic receipts returned to senders for every
transaction, help establish repudiation
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EDI Payments
EDI transaction sets
Provide instructions to trading partner’s bank
19. Negotiable instruments
Electronic equivalent of checks
Electronic funds transfers (EFTs)
Movement of money from one bank account to another
Automated clearing house (ACH) system
Service banks use to manage accounts with each other
Operated by U.S. Federal Reserve Banks, private ACHs
40
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Supply Chain Management Using Interne t Technologies
Supply chain management
Job of managing integration of company supply management
and logistics activities
Across multiple participants in a particular product’s supply
chain
Ultimate goal
Achieve higher-quality or lower-cost product at the end of the
chain
41
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Value Creation in the Supply Chain
Firms engaging in supply chain management
Reaching beyond limits of their own organization’s hierarchical
structure
Creating new network form of organization among members of
supply chain
20. Originally developed to reduce costs
Today: value added in the form of benefits to the ultimate
consumer
Requires more holistic view of the entire supply chain
42
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Value Creation in the Supply Chain (cont’d.)
Tier-one suppliers
Small number of very capable suppliers
Original business establishes a long-term relationship
Tier-two suppliers
Larger number of suppliers who tier-one suppliers develop long-
term relationships with for components, raw materials
Tier-three suppliers
Next level of suppliers
Key element: trust
43
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Value Creation in the Supply Chain (cont’d.)
Supply alliances
Long-term relationships among participants in the supply chain
Major barrier
Level of information sharing
Example: Dell Computer
Reduced supply chain costs by sharing information with
suppliers
21. Buyers expect annual price reductions, quality improvements
from suppliers
44
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Value Creation in the Supply Chain (cont’d.)
Marshall Fisher 1997 Harvard Business Review article
Described two types of organization goals
Efficient process goals
Market-responsive flexibility goals
Successful supply chain management key elements
Clear communications
Quick responses to those communications
Internet and Web technologies
Effective communications enhancers
45
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FIGURE 5-10 Advantages of using Internet technologies in
supply chain management
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Increasing Supply Chain Efficiencies
Internet and Web technologies managing supply chains can:
Yield increases in efficiency throughout the chain
Increase process speed, reduce costs, increase manufacturing
flexibility
Allows response to changes in quantity and nature of ultimate
consumer demand
Example: Boeing
Invested in new information systems increasing production
efficiency of the supply chain
Also launched spare parts Web site
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Increasing Supply Chain Efficiencies (cont’d.)
Example: Dell Computer
Famous for use of Web to sell custom-configured computers
Also used technology-enabled supply chain management
Give customers exactly what they want
Reduced inventory amount (three weeks to two hours)
Top suppliers have access to secure Web site
Tier-one suppliers can better plan their production
Dell accesses suppliers’ information
48
24. Technologies (cont’d.)
Real-time location systems (RTLS)
Bar code tracking system
Used by fulfillment centers
Radio Frequency Identification Devices (RFIDs)
Small chips using radio transmissions to track inventory
RFIDs read much more quickly, higher degree of accuracy than
bar codes
Important development: passive RFID tag
Made cheaply and in very small sizes
No power supply required
51
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Materials-Tracking
Technologies (cont’d.)
Example: 2003 (Wal-Mart)
Tested RFID tag use on merchandise for inventory tracking and
control
Initiated plan to have all suppliers install RFID tags in shipped
goods
Reduced incidence of stockouts
Retailer loses sales because it does not have specific goods on
its shelves
General acceptance of RFID tagging will not occur in most
industries until 2015
52
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FIGURE 5-12 Passive RFID tag
Courtesy, Moeller-Horcher. Source: Metro
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Creating an Ultimate Consumer Orientation in the Supply Chain
Ultimate consumer orientation
Customer focus difficult to maintain
Michelin North America
Pioneered use of Internet technology
To go beyond next step in its value chain
1995: launched electronic commerce initiative
BIB NET extranet
Allowed dealer access to tire specifications, inventory status,
and promotional information
Through simple-to-use Web browser interface
54
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Building and Maintaining Trust in
the Supply Chain
26. Major issue: developing trust
Key elements
Continual communication and information sharing
Internet and the Web
Provide excellent ways to communicate and share information
Offer new avenues for building trust
Maintain contact with their customers
Afford buyers instant access to their sales representatives
Provide comprehensive information quickly
55
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Electronic Marketplaces and
Portals
Vertical portals (vortals)
Industry-focused hubs
Offer marketplaces and auctions for contact and business
transactions
Doorway (or portal) to the Internet for industry members
Vertically integrated: each hub services just one industry
56
Independent Industry Marketplaces
First vertical portals
Trading exchanges focused on a particular industry
Independent industry marketplaces
Industry marketplaces: focused on a single industry
Independent exchanges: not controlled by established buyer or
seller in the industry
27. Public marketplaces: open to new buyers and sellers just
entering the industry
Ventro opened industry marketplace Chemdex
Trade in bulk chemicals
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Independent Industry Marketplaces (cont’d.)
SciQuest founded industry marketplace in life science chemicals
By mid-2000: more than 2200 independent exchanges
By 2010: fewer than 70 industry marketplaces still operating
Due to lack of venture capital and profits
B2B marketplace models gradually replaced independent
marketplaces
58
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Private Stores and Customer Portals
Large established sellers feared industry marketplaces diluting
power
Large sellers have customer portal B2B sites
Offer private stores along with services
B2B private store has password-protected entrance
Offers negotiated price reductions on limited product selection
If large established sellers participated in industry marketplaces
Services would have been needlessly duplicated
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Private Company Marketplaces
Large companies purchasing from relatively small vendors
Exert power in purchasing negotiations
Using e-procurement software
Allows companies to manage purchasing function through Web
interface
Automates authorizations, other steps
Includes marketplace functions
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Private Company Marketplaces (cont’d.)
Larger companies:
Reluctant to abandon investments in e-procurement software
Make software work with industry marketplaces’ software
Private company marketplace
Marketplace providing auctions, request for quote postings,
other features
For companies that want to operate their own marketplaces
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Industry Consortia-Sponsored Marketplaces
Companies with strong negotiating positions in their industry
supply chains
Not enough power to force suppliers to deal with them through
a private company marketplace
Industry consortia-sponsored marketplace
Marketplace formed by several large buyers in a particular
industry
Characteristics of five general marketplace forms in B2B
electronic commerce today (Figure 5-13)
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FIGURE 5-13 Characteristics of B2B marketplaces
Adapted from: Raisch, W. 2001. The eMarketplace, p. 225.
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Summary
Using Internet and Web technologies
Improves purchasing and logistics primary activities
Improves support activities
Companies and other large organizations extending reach of
30. enterprise planning and control activities
Beyond organization’s legal definitions
Emerging network model of organization
Describes growth in interorganizational communications and
coordination
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Summary (cont’d.)
History of EDI and how it works
Freight companies first introduced electronic commerce
Spread of EDI to virtually all large companies
Requires smaller businesses to seek an affordable way to
participate in EDI
Internet providing inexpensive communications channel EDI
lacked
Important force driving supply chain management technique
adoption
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Summary (cont’d.)
Supply chain management
Incorporates several elements
31. Implemented, enhanced through Internet and Web use
Industry electronic marketplaces led to B2B electronic
commerce models
Private stores
Customer portals
Private marketplaces
Industry consortia-sponsored marketplace
Models coexist with industry marketplace model
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Electronic Commerce
Tenth Edition
Chapter 6
Social Networking, Mobile Commerce, and Online Auctions
1
1
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Learning Objectives
In this chapter, you will learn:
How social networking emerged from virtual communities
How social networking tools such as blogs are used in online
business activities
About mobile technologies that are now used to do business
online
32. How online auctions and auction-related businesses have
become a major new commercial activity introduced as part of
electronic commerce
2
2
3
3
From Virtual Communities to Social Networks
Online Web communities
Not limited by geography
Individuals and companies with common interests
Meet online and discuss issues, share information, generate
ideas, and develop valuable relationships
Companies make money by serving as relationship facilitators
Combine Internet’s transaction cost-reduction potential with a
communication facilitator role
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3
3
4
Virtual Communities
Virtual community (Web community, online community)
Gathering place for people and businesses
No physical existence
Early virtual communities
Bulletin board systems (BBSs)
Revenue source: monthly fees and selling advertising
33. Usenet newsgroups
Message posting areas on usenets
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Virtual Communities (cont’d.)
Current forms
Web chat rooms
Sites devoted to specific topics or general exchange of
information, photos, videos
People connect and discuss common issues, interests
Considerable social interaction
Relationship-forming activities
Similar to physical communities
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5
6
Early Web Communities
1985: WELL (“whole earth ‘lectronic link”)
Monthly fee to participate in forums and conferences
1999 bought by Salon.com
1995: Beverly Hills Internet virtual community site
Offered webcams, free Web site space
Grew into GeoCities
Revenue source: advertising, pop-up pages
34. 1999: purchased by Yahoo! ($5 billion)
Closed in 2009
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Early Web Communities (cont’d.)
1995: Tripod virtual community
Offered free Web page space, chat rooms, news, weather
updates, health information pages
Revenue source: sold advertising
1995: Theglobe.com Cornell University class project
Included bulletin boards, chat rooms, discussion areas, personal
ads
Added more features
Revenue source: sold advertising
Most early Web community businesses closed
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Social Networking Emerges
As the Internet and Web grew:
Experience of sharing new online communication faded
New phenomenon in online communication began
Multiple common bonds joined people with all types of common
interests
Social networking sites
35. Allow individuals to create and publish a profile, create a list of
other users with whom they share a connection (or connections),
control that list, and monitor similar lists made by other users
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8
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Social Networking Emerges (cont’d.)
Social networking sites
Six Degrees (1997)
Friendster (2002)
Had features found in today’s social networking sites
LinkedIn: devoted to business connections
Tribe.net
YouTube: popularized video inclusion
MySpace: popular with younger Web users
Twitter
Users can send short messages to other users who sign up to
follow their messages (tweets)
Google+
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9
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Social Networking Emerges (cont’d.)
Basic idea behind social networking
People invited to join by existing members
Site provides directory
37. Twitter: microblog
Very informal; tweets limited to 140 characters
Early blogs focused on technology topics
2004: blogs used as political networking tool
2008: all major candidates using blogs
Communicating messages, organizing volunteers, raising
money, meetups
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Social Networking Emerges (cont’d.)
Retailers embracing blogs
Way to engage visitors not ready to buy from site
Marketing and supply managers saw social networking benefits
of enhancing B2B relationships
Business uses
CNN
Blog information included in television newscasts
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Social Networking Emerges (cont’d.)
Business uses (cont’d.)
Newspapers
Inviting information and opinion contributions
38. Targeting 18- to 35-year-old generation
Participatory journalism
Trend toward having readers help write the online newspaper
Blogs can become businesses in themselves
Must generate financial support (fees, advertising)
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Social Networking Emerges (cont’d.)
Social networking Web sites for shoppers
Social shopping
Practice of bringing buyers and sellers together in a social
network to facilitate retail sales
Example: craigslist
Operated by not-for-profit foundation
All postings free (except help wanted ads)
Example: Etsy Web site
Marketplace for selling handmade items
We Love Etsy: Etsy buyers, sellers share information
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Social Networking Emerges (cont’d.)
Idea-based social networking
Social networking sites form communities based on connections
among people
39. Idea-based virtual communities
Communities based on connections between ideas
Idea-based networking
Participating in idea-based virtual communities
Examples: del.icio.us site, 43 Things site
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Social Networking Emerges (cont’d.)
Virtual learning networks
Distance learning platforms for student-instructor interaction
(Blackboard)
Tools include:
Bulletin boards, chat rooms, drawing boards
Moodle and uPortal
Open-source software projects devoted to virtual learning
community development
Open source software
Developed by a programmer community
Software available for download at no cost
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Revenue Models for
Social Networking Sites
Late 1990s
40. Revenue created by selling advertising
Used by virtual communities, search engine sites, Web
directories
1998
Purchases and mergers occurred
New sites still used advertising-only revenue-generation model
Included features offered by virtual community sites, search
engine sites, Web directories, other information-providing and
entertainment sites
Web portal goal: every Web surfer’s doorway to Web
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Revenue Models for
Social Networking Sites (cont’d.)
Advertising-supported social networking sites
Smaller sites with specialized appeal
Can draw enough visitors to generate significant advertising
revenue
Example: I Can Has Cheezburger site
Recall from Chapter 3
Sites with higher number of visitors can charge more
Stickiness: important element in site’s attractiveness
Rough measure of stickiness
Time user spends at the site
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FIGURE 6-3 Popularity and stickiness of leading Web sites
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Revenue Models for
Social Networking Sites (cont’d.)
Advertising-supported social networking sites (cont’d.)
Social networking sites
Members provide demographic information
Potential for targeted marketing: very high
High visitor counts
Can yield high advertising rates
Second-wave advertising fees
Based less on up-front site sponsorship payments
Based more on revenue generation from continuing
relationships with people who use the social networking sites
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Revenue Models for
Social Networking Sites (cont’d.)
Mixed-revenue and fee-for-service social networking sites
Most social networking sites use advertising
42. Some charge a fee for some services
Examples: Yahoo! All-Star Games package, Yahoo! premium e-
mail service
Monetizing
Converting site visitors into fee-paying subscribers or
purchasers of services
Concern: visitor backlash
More examples: The Motley Fool and TheStreet.com
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Revenue Models for
Social Networking Sites (cont’d.)
Fee-based social networking
Google Answers site
Early attempt to monetize social networking
Questions answered for a fee
Google operated service from 2002 to 2006
Similar free services
Yahoo! Answers, Amazon (Askville)
Uclue (paid researchers earn 75 percent of total fee)
Advocates claim better quality
Fee-based Web sites can generate revenue by providing virtual
community interaction
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43. 25
Revenue Models for
Social Networking Sites (cont’d.)
Microlending sites
Function as clearinghouses for microlending activity
Microlending
Practice of lending very small amounts of money
Lend to people starting or operating small businesses
(especially in developing countries)
Microlending key element
Working within social network of borrowers
Provide support, element of pressure to repay
Examples: Kiva and MicroPlace
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Revenue Models for
Social Networking Sites (cont’d.)
Internal social networking
Provide social interaction among organization’s employees
Run on organization’s intranet
Save money (less paper)
Provide easy access to employee information
Good for geographically dispersed employees
Adding wireless connectivity
Combine second-wave technology with first-wave business
strategy
Wireless communications with internal Web portals
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44. 26
27
Mobile Commerce
Short messaging service (SMS)
Allows mobile phone users to send short text messages to each
other
2008: United States developments allowing phones as Web
browsers
High-speed mobile telephone networks grew dramatically
Manufacturers offered range of smart phones with Web browser,
operating system, applications
Potential for mobile commerce (m-commerce)
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Mobile Operating Systems
Japan and Southeast Asia mobile commerce
Much larger online business activity
Had high-capacity networks before U.S.
NTT DoCoMo, Japan’s largest phone company
Pioneered mobile commerce in 2000
U.S. mobile commerce beginning in 2008
Introduction of smart phones and high-capacity networks
Smart phone examples: Apple iPhone, Palm Pre, several
BlackBerry models
Android operating system
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FIGURE 6-4 Smart phones come in a range of different styles
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Mobile Operating Systems (cont’d.)
Mobile commerce browser display options
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)
Allows Web pages formatted in HTML to be displayed on
small-screen devices
Display a normal Web page on the device
Made possible by increased screen resolution
Example: Apple iPhone
Design Web sites to match specific smart phones
Much more difficult to accomplish
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Mobile Operating Systems (cont’d.)
46. Mobile commerce browser display options (cont’d.)
Apple, BlackBerry, Palm
Use proprietary operating systems
HTC, Motorola, Nokia
At one time created their own operating systems and software
applications
Now use a standard operating system provided by a third party
Most common third-party operating systems
Android, Windows Mobile, Symbian
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Mobile Operating Systems (cont’d.)
Android operating system
Most popular and fastest growing third-party operating system
Developed by Google
Open source
Smart phone operating system
Cannot be deleted/switched by user
Operating system modifications
Jailbreaking (Apple iphone’s operating system)
Rooting (Android operating system)
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47. FIGURE 6-5 Smart phones operating systems: U.S. market
shares
33
Mobile Apps
Common operating systems emergence
Occurred due to a change in the way software applications
developed and sold
Old U.S. mobile phone company revenue strategy
Control application software (apps)
Apple turned old revenue strategy on its head
AT&T agreed to be sole carrier for iPhone
Apple Apps for iPhone online store
Independent developers create apps and sell them
BlackBerry and Palm followed Apple’s lead
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Mobile Apps (cont’d.)
Recap from Chapter 4
Some mobile app sellers include advertising element
Messages displayed from advertisers
Part of the app screen or in a separate screen
Mobile apps’ advertising space marketed in same way as Web
sites’ banner advertising
48. Companies moving to mobile commerce
Determine suitability of Web site to mobile devices
May be pertinent to develop separate Web site optimized for
mobile users
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Mobile Apps (cont’d.)
Mobile phones for online banking
In early stages in the United States
Physicians using smart phones
Read EKGs, managing diabetic patients
Medical students: Epocrates (drug information database)
Phones’ global positioning satellite (GPS) service capabilities
Allow mobile business opportunities
Apps tools/resources
Swebapps, App Inventor, TaskCity
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Tablet Devices
Tablet devices
2010: Apple’s iPad introduced
Smaller than laptop computer; larger than smart phone
Wireless phone carrier’s service or local wireless network
Internet connection
Larger screen size better suited for online consumer products
49. purchases
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Mobile Payment Apps
Mobile wallets
Mobile phones functioning as credit cards
Japan’s NTT DoCoMo phones combined capabilities
Generate significant business
Widespread credit card use in U.S. has limited use of mobile
phone payments
2011: Phone readers offered by American Express, Visa,
MasterCard
Google Wallet for Android phones introduced
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Online Auctions
Business opportunity perfect for the Web
Auction site revenue sources
Charging both buyers and sellers to participate
Selling advertising
Targeted advertising opportunities available
Online auctions capitalize on Internet’s strength
Bring together geographically dispersed people sharing narrow
50. interests
39
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Auction Basics
From Babylon to the Roman Empire to Buddhists
Common activity of 17th century England
Sotheby’s (1744), Christie’s (1766), colonial auctions
Auction: seller offering item for sale
Bids: price potential buyer willing to pay
Bidders: potential buyers
Private valuations: amounts buyer willing to pay
Auctioneer: manages auction process
Shill bidders: work for seller or auctioneer
May artificially inflate price
40
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Auction Basics (cont’d.)
English auctions
Bidders publicly announce successively higher bids
Item sold to highest bidder (at bidder’s price)
Also called ascending-price auction
Open auction (open-outcry auction)
Bids publicly announced
Minimum bid
Beginning price
If not met, item removed (not sold)
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Auction Basics (cont’d.)
English auctions (cont’d.)
Reserve price (reserve)
Seller’s minimum acceptable price
Not announced
If not exceeded, item withdrawn (not sold)
Yankee auction
Multiple item units offered for sale (bidders specify quantity)
Highest bidder allotted bid quantity
Remaining items allocated to next highest bidders until all items
distributed
Bidders pay lowest successful bidder price
42
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Auction Basics (cont’d.)
English auctions (cont’d.)
Seller drawback
May not obtain maximum possible price
Buyer drawback
Winner’s curse psychological phenomenon
Bidder gets caught up in competitive bidding excitement
Bids more than their private valuation
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Auction Basics (cont’d.)
Dutch auctions
Open auction
Bidding starts at a high price
Drops until bidder accepts price
Also called descending-price auctions
Seller offers number of similar items for sale
Common implementation
Use a clock (price drops with each tick)
Bidders stop clock and take items at the given price
If items remain, clock restarted
44
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Auction Basics (cont’d.)
Dutch auctions (cont’d.)
Often better for the seller
Quickly move large numbers of commodity items
Successful examples:
Google initial public offering stock sale (2004)
LookSmart stock repurchase
45
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Auction Basics (cont’d.)
First-price sealed-bid auctions
Sealed-bid auctions
Bidders submit bids independently
Prohibited from sharing information
First-price sealed-bid auction
Highest bidder wins
If multiple items auctioned, next highest bidders awarded
remaining items at their bid price
46
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Auction Basics (cont’d.)
Second-price sealed-bid auction
Same as first-price sealed-bid auction
Except highest bidder awarded item at second-highest bidder
price
Commonly called Vickrey auctions
William Vickrey: 1996 Nobel Prize in Economics
Findings:
Yields higher seller returns
Encourages all bidders to bid private valuation amounts
Reduces tendency for bidder collusion
47
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Auction Basics (cont’d.)
54. Open-outcry double auctions
Example: Chicago Board of Trade auctions of commodity
futures and stock options
Buy and sell offers shouted by traders in trading pit
Each commodity, stock option traded in own pit
Quite frenzied
Double auctions (either sealed bid or open outcry)
Good for items of known quality traded in large quantities
No item inspection before bidding
48
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Auction Basics (cont’d.)
Double auctions
Buyers, sellers submit combined price-quantity bids
Auctioneer
Matches sellers’ offers
Starts with lowest price and then goes up
To buyers’ offers
Starts with highest price and then goes down until all quantities
offered are sold
Operation format: Sealed bid or open-outcry
Example: New York Stock Exchange
49
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Auction Basics (cont’d.)
Reverse (seller-bid) auction
55. Multiple sellers submit price bids
Auctioneer represents single buyer
Bids for given amount of specific item to purchase
Prices go down as bidding continues
Until no seller willing to bid lower
Occasionally operated for consumers
Most involve businesses as buyers and sellers
50
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FIGURE 6-6 Key characteristics of seven major auction types
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Online Auctions and
Related Businesses
Online auction business: rapidly changing
Three auction Web site categories
General consumer auctions
Specialty consumer auctions
Business-to-business auctions
Varying opinions on categorizing consumer auctions
56. Business-to-consumer
Consumer-to-consumer
Consumer-to-business
52
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Online Auctions and
Related Businesses (cont’d.)
General consumer auctions
eBay: registration required, seller fees, rating system
Seller’s risk: buyer uses stolen credit card; buyer fails to
conclude transaction
Buyer’s risk: no item delivery; misrepresented item
Most common auction format: English auction
Seller may set reserve price
Bidders listed: bids not disclosed (until auction end)
Continually updated high bid amount displayed
Private auction option available
53
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Online Auctions and
Related Businesses (cont’d.)
General consumer auctions (cont’d.)
Another eBay auction format: Dutch auction
Both formats require minimum bid increment
Amount by which one bid must exceed previous bid
Proxy bid
57. Bidder specifies maximum bid
May cause bidding to rise rapidly
eBay stores
Integrated into auction site
Sellers generate additional profits
54
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Online Auctions and
Related Businesses (cont’d.)
Competition in general consumer auctions
eBay’s success due to unspecified audience
Also spends $1 billion per year to market and promote Web site
Major determinants of Web auction site success
Attracting enough buyers and sellers
Yahoo! Auction operation closed in 2007
Amazon.com with “Auctions Guarantee”
Offered buyer protection through escrow service
Closed in 2006
55
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Future challengers to eBay
Must overcome lock-in effect
New auction participants inclined to patronize established
marketplaces
Example: Japanese general consumer auction
Yahoo! first to enter market
58. Now dominates (more than 90% market share)
eBay maintains low market share (less than 3%)
Online Auctions and
Related Businesses (cont’d.)
56
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Specialty consumer auctions
Identify special-interest market targets
Create specialized Web auction sites
No need to compete with eBay
Examples:
JustBeads.com, Cigarbid.com, Winebid
Online Auctions and
Related Businesses (cont’d.)
57
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Consumer reverse auctions
Reverse bid
Visitor describes desired items or services
Site routes visitor to participating merchants
Reply to visitor by e-mail
Offer item at particular price
Buyer accepts
Lowest offer
Offer best matching buyer’s criteria
All these types of sites now closed
59. Online Auctions and
Related Businesses (cont’d.)
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Consumer reverse auctions (cont’d.)
Priceline.com
Considered a seller-bid auction site
Visitor states desired airline ticket, car rental, hotel room price
If sufficiently high price: transaction completed
Many transactions come from inventory
Priceline operates more as a liquidation broker
Online Auctions and
Related Businesses (cont’d.)
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Group shopping sites
Also known as group purchasing site
Seller posts item with tentative price
Individual buyers enter bids
Agreement to buy one unit (no price provided)
Site negotiates with seller for lower price
Posted price decreases
As number of bids increases (only if number of bids increases)
Result: buyers force seller to reduce price
Similar to consumer reverse auction
Online Auctions and
60. Related Businesses (cont’d.)
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Group shopping sites (cont’d.)
Well-suited product types
Branded products, well-established reputations
Produces buyer confidence of good bargain
High value-to-size ratio, non-perishable
Disadvantages
Difficulty attracting sellers’ interest
Well-suited companies
Find no advantage, fear sites cannibalize product sales,
reluctant to offend current distributors
Mercata and LetsBuyIt sites closed
Successful sites: Groupon, LivingSocial, Gilt
Online Auctions and
Related Businesses (cont’d.)
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Business-to-business auctions
Evolved to meet specific existing need
Excess inventory disposal (manufacturing)
Two methods
Liquidation specialists: find buyers for unusable items
Liquidation brokers: firms that finds buyers for items
Online auctions
61. Logical extension of these inventory liquidation activities to a
new and more efficient channel (Internet)
Online Auctions and
Related Businesses (cont’d.)
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63
Business-to-business auctions (cont’d.)
Emerging business-to-business Web auction models
Large-company model: creates own auction site
Small-company model: uses third-party Web auction site instead
of liquidation broker
Both are direct descendants of traditional methods
Online Auctions and
Related Businesses (cont’d.)
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Business-to-business auctions (cont’d.)
Third emerging business-to-business Web auction model
New business entity enters market lacking efficiency and
creates a site at which buyers and sellers who have not
historically done business with each other can participate in
auctions
Resembles consumer online auctions
Example: hospitals using online auctions to fill temporary
employment openings
62. Online Auctions and
Related Businesses (cont’d.)
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Business-to-business reverse auctions
Example: Owens Corning purchases
Examples: Agilent, Bechtel, Boeing, Raytheon, Sony
Potential disadvantage
Suppliers compete on price alone
Cut corners on quality or miss scheduled delivery dates
Potential advantage
Useful for nonstrategic commodity items with established
quality standards
Online Auctions and
Related Businesses (cont’d.)
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66
Business-to-business reverse auctions (cont’d.)
Companies opting out
Cisco, Cubic, IBM, Solar Turbines
If suppliers do not participate:
Impossible to conduct reverse auctions
If competition high among suppliers:
Reverse auctions provide efficient way to conduct, manage
price bidding
Online Auctions and
Related Businesses (cont’d.)
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FIGURE 6-7 Supply chain characteristics and reverse auctions
Click to edit Master text styles
Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level
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Auction-Related Services
Entrepreneurs encouraged by eBay and other auction site growth
Provide various kinds of auction-related services
Escrow services
Auction directory and information services
Auction software (for sellers and buyers)
Auction consignment services
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Auction-Related Services (cont’d.)
Auction escrow services
Buyers’ common concern: seller reliability
Buyers protect interests in high-value items
Independent party holds payment until:
Buyer receives item
Buyer satisfied item is as expected
May take delivery of item from seller
Perform buyer inspection (qualified to do so)
Charge fees
Percent of item’s cost, subject to minimum fee
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Auction-Related Services (cont’d.)
Auction escrow services (cont’d.)
Examples: Escrow.com, eDeposit
May sell auction buyer’s insurance
Protect buyers from nondelivery and quality risks
Avoid escrow fraud
Determine if licensed, bonded (licensing agency)
Avoid offshore escrow companies entirely
Other buyer protections
Check seller’s rating
Use Web site listings of unreliable sellers
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Auction-Related Services (cont’d.)
Auction directory and information services
Example: AuctionBytes
Publishes e-mail newsletter
Online auction industry articles
Example: Price Watch
Advertiser-supported site
Advertisers post current selling prices
Computer hardware, software, electronics
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Auction-Related Services (cont’d.)
Auction software
Target: sellers
Helps manage online auctions
Example: AuctionHawk and Vendio
Seller management software and services
Automate tasks
Create attractive page layouts
Manage hundreds of auctions
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Auction-Related Services (cont’d.)
Auction software (cont’d.)
66. Target: buyers
Helps manage online auctions
Sniping software
Observes auction progress until last second
As auction expires: places bid high enough to win (unless bid
exceeds sniping software owner’s limit)
Snipe: act of placing winning bid at the last second
Almost always wins out over human bidder
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Auction-Related Services (cont’d.)
Auction software (cont’d.)
Example: Cricket Sniping Software site
Created in 1997 by David Eccles
Companies offer sniping service
Sniping software runs on company Web site
Customer enters instructions on site
Company may offer subscriptions
Company may offer mixed-revenue model
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Auction-Related Services (cont’d.)
Auction consignment services
Target: people and small businesses
Want to use online auction
Do not have skills, time to become a seller
67. Auction consignment services
Take item and create online auction for that item
Handle transaction
Remit proceeds balance (after deducting fee)
Main auction consignment businesses
ePowerSellers, iSold It
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Summary
Companies using the Web for entirely new things
Creating social networks
Using mobile technologies to make sales and increase
operational efficiency
Operating auction sites
Conducting related businesses
Businesses creating online communities to connect with
customers and suppliers
Individuals using social networking sites
Personal and business-related interactions
Mobile commerce opportunities emerging
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Summary (cont’d.)
Companies’ internal social networking sites
Facilitate employee communication
Online auctions used to sell goods to customers and buy from
68. suppliers
Seven major auction types
Consumer online auction business dominated by eBay (United
States)
Ancillary service businesses support auctions
B2B auctions and reverse auctions
New methods of inventory disposal, procurement
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