The document discusses electron theory and static electricity. It defines key terms like matter, energy, atoms, ions, conductors, and insulators. It explains that atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons, and that static electricity occurs when electrons are transferred between materials that are rubbed together, resulting in one material gaining a positive charge and the other a negative charge. It also provides examples of static electricity like rubbing a balloon on wool to make it stick to a wall.

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ELECTRON THEORY

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• We will start our discussion of electron
theory with a few definitions.
is anything that has mass and takes
up space.
• Matter-
The basic unit of matter is the atom.

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0011001010101101000101001011Energy- is the ability to do work.
There are two forms of Energy.
1. Heat Energy
2. Light Energy
When we apply heat or light to an object
we are able to make it work for us.
Another Definition

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The Atom is made up of:
The Nucleus- which is made up of
protons and neutrons
Electrons- which revolve around the
nucleus in paths called
orbits or shells.
As I said, the basic unit of matter is the Atom.

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The Atom

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A substance that is made of atoms that are
all the same, is called an Element.
A substance that is made up of two or
more different elements is called a
Compound.
A substance that is the smallest particle of a
compound and still contains all the
characteristics of that compound is called a
Molecule.

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Electric Charges
Electrons-
Protons-
Neutrons-
have a negative charge.
have a positive charge.
have a no charge.
An Electrically Neutral atom has the same
number of Protons and Electrons.

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0011001010101101000101001011The number of Protons plus the number
of Neutrons is the Atomic Weight.
The number of Protons is the
Atomic Number.

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The negatively charged ELECTRONS are held in
their orbits by their attraction to the positively
charged PROTONS.

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Electrons in the outermost shell are called
Valence Electrons.
Valence Electrons that leave
the outermost shell are called
Free Electrons.

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When an atom loses electrons it
becomes a positively charged Ion.
When an atom gains electrons it
becomes a negatively charged Ion.
The process by which atoms gain or
lose electrons is called Ionization.

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Some materials hold their electrons very
tightly. Electrons do not move through them
very well. These things are called Insulators.
Plastic, cloth, glass and dry air are good
insulators.
Like aluminum, gold, silver and copper.
Other materials have some loosely held
electrons, which move through them very
easily. These are called Conductors. Most
metals are good conductors.

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The simplest form of electricity is
called Static Electricity.

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Static electricity is usually caused when
certain materials are rubbed against each
other, like wool on plastic or the soles of your
shoes on the carpet. The process causes
electrons to be pulled from the surface of one
material and relocated on the surface of the
other material.
Cause of Static Electricity

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Rubbing a balloon on a wool sweater creates
charges on the surfaces. The material that
loses electrons ends up with an excess of
positive (+) charges. The material that gains
electrons ends up an excess of negative (-)
charges on its surface.

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Charges on Surface
Note that the charged atoms are on the
surface of the material. Static electricity is
different than regular electricity that
flows through metal wires. Most of the
time the materials involved in static
electricity are nonconductors of
electricity.
If electrical charges build up on the
outside of a metal, most of them will
dissipate into the metal, similar to an
electrical current.

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Rub a balloon on a wool sweater. The
balloon collects negative electrical
charges on its surface and the wool
collects positive charges. You can then
stick the balloon to the wall, which does
not have an excess of either charge. The
balloon will also stick to the wool,
although the charges may jump back to
the original material in a short time.

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You can also run a comb through
your hair to charge the comb with
static electricity. The comb can then
be used to attract neutral pieces of
tissue.

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How a Battery Works

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A basic law of the universe is that like charges
repel and unlike attract.
Two negatives will repel each other.
A negative and a positive will attract each other.
An electron has a negative charge.
The negative terminal of a battery will push
negative electrons along a wire.
The positive terminal of a battery will attract
negative electrons along a wire.
Electric current will therefore flow from the
negative terminal of a battery, through the lamp, to
the positive terminal.