The document discusses electromagnetic radiation and X-rays. It describes how X-rays are produced through energy conversion when fast moving electrons are suddenly stopped in the target anode of an X-ray tube. Key parts of an X-ray tube are identified, including the tungsten filament cathode, focusing cup, and pyrex glass enclosure which allows vacuum control. X-rays are generated through two processes - Bremsstrahlung and characteristic radiation. Compton scattering is identified as the primary interaction of X-rays with matter encountered in diagnostic radiology.

1. ELECTROMAGNETIC
RADIATION
Dr Prajwith K J Rai
Dr Pooja Kulkarni

2. ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
• TRANSPORT OF ENERGY
• THROUGH SPACE
• AS A COMBINATION OF
– ELECTIRIC FIELD
– MAGNETIC FIELD

3. • Radio wave
• Microvwaves
• Infrared
• Visible spectrum
• Uv
• X ray
• Gama
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
3 * 108 = ©
↓λ ↑υ

4. -
CHARGED PARTICLE

5. MOVING CHARGE

6. ACCELERATING CHARGE

7. E
H
C
wavelength (λ).
V = λ* υ V = 3 * 108 = ©

8. Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen

9. The X-Ray Tube Development
• Dr. Roentgen used a
Crookes-Hittorf tube

10. Crookes-Hittorf tube
Nov 8 1895

11. -
-
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Crookes-Hittorf tube
Nov 8 1895

12. -
-
-
BARIUM
PLATINOCYANIDE
Nov 8 1895

13. -
-
-
BARIUM
PLATINOCYANIDE
Nov 8 1895

14. • November 8, 1895 - X
rays were discovered.
• December 28, 1895 -
Properties of x rays.
• Won the first Nobel prize
for Physics in 1901.
• World radiology day is
celebrated on November
8th.
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen

15. -
-
-
Coolidge tube

16. -
-
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Coolidge tube

18. 3600 rpm (e=3000)

19. -
-
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ANODE ROTOR
STATOR

20. -
-
-
ANODE ROTOR
STATOR

21. PYREX GLASS

22. -
-
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ANODE
ROTOR
STATOR
+75KV -75KV 10 V

23. -
-
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ANODE
ROTOR
STATOR

24. -
-
-
ANODE
ROTOR
STATOR
TRANSFORMER
OIL
PORT
WINDOW
MOLYBDINUM
GRAPHITE
(ANODE STEM)

25. -
-
-
-
-
-

26. -
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--
-
-
-
-
-

27. X-ray tube
• X rays are produced by energy conversion
caused by sudden deceleration of a fast stream of
electrons in the target anode of an x ray tube.

28. Glass Enclosure
• Pyrex glass
• Vacuum allows the number and speed of the
electrons to be controlled independently.
• High temperature  Destroys the vacuum

29. -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
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VACCUM

30. -
-
--
-
-
-
-
- -
AIR

31. AIR
e- collide with air molecule
e- loses energy 2 e- formed
X ray energy varies Tube current varies

32. VACCUM
(Number + Speed )e- Controlled

33. Glass metal
seal

34. Breaks the
glass metal seal
Vaccum destroyed
HIGH TEMP WITHIN X RAY TUBE

35. HIGH TEMP WITHIN X RAY TUBE
Wire expand >>> Pyrex glass
Breaks the glass metal seal
Vaccum destroyed

36. CATHODE
Focusing cup
Filament
~10V
~3-5 A
mA

37. Tungsten Filament
0.2cm
0.2 mm
Atleast 2200 0 C

38. Filament
Quick exposure vs high resolution

39. Filament
(Tungsten , molybdnum)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
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Space charge Space charge effect
Thermoionic emission

44. Bremsstranhlung
-
-
--
-
-
-
-
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CHARECTERISTIC

47. Five ways x-ray can interact with
matter
1.Coherent scattering
2.Photoelectric effect
3.Compton scattering
4.Pair production
5.Photodisintegration

48. Compton scattering
Almost all the scatter radiation that we encounter in diagnostic radiology comes from
Compton scattering.

49. * Photons also have a momentum, and the
higher the energy of the photon the difficult
they are to deflect.

50. THANK YOU