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This document discusses key concepts in electricity and magnetism including electric charge and fields, Gauss's law, electric potential and energy, dipoles, capacitors and dielectrics, electric current and circuits, magnetic fields and forces, sources of magnetic fields, electromagnetic induction, inductance, and superconductivity.
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A good guide for personal or group/class revision. Suggestions and users comments will be appreciated, as this will help me to keep resources to a high standard. Please feedback if you have used any of the resources on sciencetutors.
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A good guide for personal or group/class revision. Suggestions and users comments will be appreciated, as this will help me to keep resources to a high standard. Please feedback if you have used any of the resources on sciencetutors.
The nature of electricity
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This document provides an overview of current electricity, including:
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- Moving a magnet near a wire or changing the magnetic field around a wire induces electric current in the wire.
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Magnets have north and south poles and like poles repel while unlike poles attract. There are permanent magnets made from iron alloys and electric magnets created by running current through a coil of wire. The magnetic field around a magnet gets weaker with distance from its poles. Electromagnets are useful because their poles can be reversed by switching current direction. Motors use electromagnets and permanent magnets to convert electrical energy to mechanical motion via electromagnetic induction. Generators operate on the same principles but convert mechanical motion to electrical energy. Transformers increase or decrease voltage in power grids to safely deliver electricity to homes.
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Electricity is a form of energy that is invisible but can be observed through its effects, such as during lightning storms. It is caused by an imbalance of electric charges within atoms. Important early discoveries about electricity were made by scientists like Benjamin Franklin and Michael Faraday. Coulomb's law describes the force of attraction or repulsion between two charged objects. Static electricity occurs when friction separates electric charges within materials, causing them to become positively or negatively charged. Current electricity involves the flow of charged particles called electrons. Ohm's law defines the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in an electrical circuit.
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This document discusses capacitors and dielectrics over three topics:
1) Capacitance and capacitors in series and parallel, including defining capacitance, deriving effective capacitance, and energy stored in capacitors.
2) Charging and discharging of capacitors, defining the time constant, and explaining the characteristics of charge-time and current-time graphs during charging and discharging.
3) Capacitors with dielectrics, how dielectrics increase capacitance by reducing the separation between plates and increasing the effective surface area. Examples are given of calculating capacitance and stored energy with dielectrics.
B.Tech sem I Engineering Physics U-I Chapter 2-Dielectrics
Dielectrics are materials that contain permanent electric dipole moments. When placed in an electric field, the dipoles in dielectrics become polarized, either through electronic, ionic, orientational, or space charge polarization. This polarization increases the electric flux density and capacitance of capacitors containing dielectric materials. Common dielectric materials include mica, glass, plastic, and polar molecules such as water and ammonia. The polarization is proportional to the electric field strength and the polarizability of the dielectric material.
Dielectrics_1
This document discusses dielectrics and their properties. It introduces dielectrics as materials that can store electric charge and energy with minimal heat loss. The document discusses how a capacitor's capacitance depends on the dielectric material between its plates, including the dielectric constant which measures a material's ability to concentrate electrostatic lines of flux. It also examines polarization in insulators when an electric field is applied and defines related terms like permittivity, dielectric constant, and loss tangent.
Dielectrics
This document discusses different types of dielectric materials including solids, liquids, and gases. Some key solid dielectrics mentioned are mica, glass, rubber, and ceramics. The main liquid dielectrics described are mineral oils, synthetic oils, and miscellaneous oils. Gaseous dielectrics include air, nitrogen, sulfur hexafluoride, and inert gases. The document also discusses specific dielectric materials like mica, glass, asbestos, and rubber. It describes the composition and properties of each and their applications, particularly in capacitors and transformers.
Dielectrics and its applications
The document is a presentation on dielectrics that covers:
- The basic terms related to dielectrics including electric field, flux, and dielectric constant.
- The different types of polarization that can occur in dielectrics including electronic, ionic, orientation, and interfacial polarization.
- How the internal electric field is calculated for a dielectric material placed between the plates of a capacitor.
- The various types of dielectric materials including solid, liquid, and gaseous dielectrics.
- The key properties desired in a good dielectric material and examples of applications for dielectrics such as in capacitors and transformers.
Dielectric Material and properties
Dielectrics are materials that have permanent electric dipole moments. All dielectrics are electrical insulators and are mainly used to store electrical energy by utilizing bound electric charges and dipoles within their molecular structure. Important properties of dielectrics include their electric intensity or field strength, electric flux density, dielectric parameters such as dielectric constant and electric dipole moment, and polarization processes including electronic, ionic, and orientation polarization. Dielectrics are characterized by their complex permittivity, which relates to their ability to transmit electric fields and is dependent on factors like frequency, temperature, and humidity that can influence dielectric losses.
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