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1. SCIPHY
LEARNING SCIENCE .

2. Part -01
ELECTRICITY (class 10)

3. ELECTRICITY (info)
 The source of all electricity is charge.
 Electric charge may be defined as the intrinsic property of
certain fundamental particles, due to which they produce
electric and magnetic effects.
 Under ordinary conditions , a body is neutral.
 When the equity or balance is distributed by removing or
supplying electrons, the body acquires a net charge.
 The body will acquire a positive or negative charge depending
upon whether electrons are removed from it or added to it.
 Charge is measured in COULOMBS, it is the SI unit of charge
and its symbol is “C”.
 Each proton and electron have a charge of 1.6*10power-19 C
 The flow of charged particles in a particular direction is called
an Electric current.

4. POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
 The potential difference between two points A and B is the work done per unit
charge in taking a charge from point B to A.
 A B.
 The work done on charge is stored as the electric potential energy(U) Of the
group of charges. So U=qv. The unit of potential difference (potential) is the
VOLT, whose symbol is “V”, the volt is named after ITALIAN Physicist
ALESSANDRO VOLT(1745-1827).
 If 1 joule of work is done in taking 1C of charge from one point to another , the
potential difference between the point is 1 VOLT. V=W/q=I joule/1 coulomb=1
volt.(voltage)
 The potential of a positive charged body is taken as higher than that of negative
charged body.
 A free positive charge moves towards lower potential and in case of free
negative charge vice versa.

5. WHAT DOES A CELL DO?
 A cell provides a constant potential difference. Reactions
in the cell cause positive and negative charges to gather
separately, this creates a potential difference between
the terminals of the cell. The terminal at a higher
potential is called the positive terminal and one at a
lower potential is called a negative terminal.
 The cell that we commonly use are called DRY CELLS .
It provides a potential difference of 1.5V.

6. WHAT IS ELECTRIC
CURRENT?
 In a metal, the flow of charge(negative) constitutes the
current(due to free electrons) . An electric current can
also be a flow of positive charges. So , a flow of charge
is called an electric current.
 By convention, the direction of the current is taken as
the direction of flow of positive charges. Thus, the
direction of current is opposite to the direction of flow of
negative charges.
 So, when a wire is connected to a cell, the current in the
wire is from the positive terminal to the negative terminal
 The charge passing per unit time through a given place
is the magnitude of the electric current at that place.
Thus , i=Q/t. (Here Q is the charge that passes through
a place in time t).