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1. ♦ Laws of magnetism
♦ Electromagnetism
♦ Electric bell
♦ Electric charges and
current
♦ Source of electricity
♦ Electric circuits
♦ Resistance
Josely Jose

2. INTRODUCTION
♦ Magnet is an object which attracts
objects made up of iron, steel, nickel
and cobalt.
♦ The property of magnet to attract
such objects - Magnetism
Josely Jose

3. Magnetic Materials
• Materials which are attracted towards a
magnet are called magnetic materials.
• For e.g. iron, nickel and cobalt.
Josely Jose

4. NON- MAGNETIC MATERIALS:
•Materials which
are not attracted
towards a magnet
are called non-
magnetic materials.
•For e.g. aluminium,
zinc, wood, rubber,
etc.
Josely Jose

5. Laws of Magnetism
• Attractive property of
magnets
• Like poles – repel and
Unlike poles- attract
• Directive property –
freely suspended magnets
always rest in the N-S
direction
• Poles of a magnet cannot
exist independently, they
always occur together. Josely Jose

6. • To prove : Repulsion is surest test of
magnetism
• From activity: given material is magnet or not
• If not attracted then non- magnetic
• If repels then it’s a magnet
• If attracted then magnetic material or magnet
–If attracts then magnetic material
–If repels then magnet
Test for a magnet
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7. •When current passes through coil (
insulated wire wound around soft iron
core), core behaves like magnet. This
phenomena – electromagnetism
Electromagnetism
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8. •Electromagnet is temporary magnet as its
magnetic behaviour lasts for a long as
current flows
•If material like steel or alloys are placed in
coil and strong current pass through the coil
( permanent magnet)
Electromagnetism
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9. •Electric motors, electric bell, electronic
switches
•For lifting heavy load of iron, vehicles
and scrap
•Mining industries to separate iron ores
•Deflects beam of electrons in Tv
Applications
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10. Josely Jose

11. Josely Jose

12. •Atom- objects made up of tiny particles
•Every atom consists of 2 types of charges
particles – Protons(+) and Electrons(-)
•Under normal circumstances, amount of +ve
charges and –ve charges
of an atom are equal.
•The equal and opposite charges
cancel each other and atom
remains electrically neutral.
Electric Charges
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13. •When these charges stay on an object –
Static electricity
•Moving charges – Electric current or Simple
Electricity
•The SI unit of electrical charges
is coulomb (C)
Electric Charges
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14. •Atoms of metals contains very
loosely bound –vely charged
electrons in their outermost
orbits.
•These electrons are free
electrons which moves randomly
in all directions in a material
•When free electrons are made
to flow in particular direction –
electric current
Electric Current
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15. •An electric current (I) – the
amount of charge (Q) flows
through a point in unit time(t).
•𝚰 =
𝓠
𝓽
coulombs / second
•SI unit of current (I) is
ampere (A).
•1 A = 1 coulomb / 1 second
Electric Current
Josely Jose

16. •Different sources of electricity
are cells, batteries, solar cells,
power plants, generators and so on
•Electric Cells
Produce by converting chemical
energy into electrical energy
2 types: Primary and Secondary
Sources of electricity
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17. •Cells that can be used only once
•When chemicals are used up completely, the cell
becomes dead and cannot be used.
•Most commonly primary cell is dry cell . The
chemicals in them are in form of thick paste
•Primary cells like voltaic cell, Daniel cell,
Leclanche cell contains chemicals in liquid form
Primary Cells
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18. Primary Cells
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19. Dry Cells
Plaster of Paris
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20. Dry Cells: Applications
• Available in different sizes and powers to
suit different requirements
• Unlike liquid cells, they can be fitted inside
a device without any risk
• Easy and safe for transportation
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21. Batteries
• The amt of current produced
by cells is very small
• So, 2 or more cells are
combined together to give
larger amt of current for
practical purposes
• A combination of more than
one electric cell to produce a
larger amt of current -
Battery
Josely Jose

22. Secondary Cells
• Recharged by passing current
through them
• Reverse reaction takes place
inside the cells and original
chemicals are restored
• used again and again after
recharging
• Storage cells/ Accumulators
• 2 types
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23. Lead-Acid Battery
•Used in vehicles and
inverters
•Consists of several
secondary cells connected
together
•Each cell has plate of lead
and lead oxide dipped in
an acid solution
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24. Dry Batteries
•Used in cell
phones, electronic
cameras and other
portable devices
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25. ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
•An electric circuit is a path
along which electricity can
flow.
•Circuit consists of source of
current, device, switch, wires
•The wire and bulb form a
continuous path between two
terminals of the cell for
electricity to flow through.
This path is called an electric
circuit.
Josely Jose

26. ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
•The arrangement of
electric components is
generally shown by
symbols – Circuit
Diagram
•The flow of E.C. in any
circuit is from +ve
terminal to –ve terminal.
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27. ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
•Each component of a circuit is represented by a
unique symbol.
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28. Closed And Open CIRCUIT
•The electric circuit in which
there is a gap in the connections
between the terminals of the cell,
wires and the bulb etc. – An
Open Circuit Or Incomplete
Circuit
•The electric circuit in which
there is no gap in the connections
between the terminals of the cell,
wires, bulb etc. – Complete
Circuit Or Closed Circuit.
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29. Series Circuit
•In a series circuit, each
device is connected in such a
manner that there is only one
path through which current
can flow.
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30. Series Circuit
•All device work –
Switch ON
•If any device is out of
order , stop working
•Same current flows
through all devices, if
any device is not
working then it result in
open circuit or not work.
Josely Jose

31. Parallel Circuit
•In parallel circuit, all
the electrical devices are
connected by means of
parallel connections
•There are multiple
paths through which
current can flow in
parallel circuit.
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32. Parallel Circuit
•Devices can function
independently
•If any device out of
order still works
•Each gets enough
energy so it works with
full capacity.
•Advantages: houses,
factories, offices
Josely Jose

33. Electrical Resistance
•When the electrons move from one part to other
part, they collide with each other and the walls of
the materials which acts as Obstacles
•This obstacles is nothing but Resistance
•These collisions tend to slow down the flow of
electrons and hence oppose the flow of electric
current through the material
•The property of a material due to which it
opposes the flow of current through it – Resistance
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34. Conductor, Insulator
•Conductor: Allow current
•Metals, Impure water, Salt
Solution
•Materials offer Low
resistance
•Insulator: doesn’t allow
current
•Wood, rubber, plastic
•Materials offer high
resistance
Josely Jose

35. Resistor
•A resistor is an electrical
component that limits or
regulates the flow of
electrical current in an
electronic circuit.
•Tungsten, constantan,
nichrome are resistors
used in heaters, toasters,
electric iron etc.
Resistor
Device used
to reduce
current flow.
Josely Jose

36. Josely Jose