Presentation

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
DR. A.Q KHAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MIANWALI

Group Members Ali Nawaz
Ibtisam Yousaf
Roll No 08
06
Course Instructure Engr Abdul Qadir

Electric Vehicles
 Electricity has been touted for many years as the best alternative to the
use of fossil fuels in transportation. Depending on how the electricity is
produced, it can be completely renewable or more damaging to the
environment than directly burning petroleum products.
 Before looking at how electricity can be generated and the impact that
each method has on the “greenness” of an electric vehicle, it is important
to understand the design, advantages, and limitations of the vehicles
themselves.

History
 Electric cars were actually quite popular in the late 19th and early 20th
centuries. At that time, electric cars had a number of advantages over
internal combustion driven vehicles. They were less noisy, had less
vibration, and did not smell. Most importantly, gear changing was not
required, which as quite difficult at the time, and they did not require
manual cranks to start. The cars were most popular with wealthy city
dwellers. Advances in technology for internal combustion engines, such as
the electric starter, better transmissions, and growing petroleum
infrastructure soon displaced the electric car.
 During the 1970s and1980s, when the energy crisis was under way, there
was renewed interest in electric vehicles. GM produced the EV1 and S10 EV
pickup, Ford produced the Ranger EV, and Honda the EV Plushhatchback.
Many of these vehicles were quickly abandoned when the energy crisis
abated. All EV1 models were actually taken back by GM and only a few still
remain.

 Now, in the 21st century, focus on climate change, greenhouse
gas emissions, and limited oil supplies have led to renewed
interest in electric vehicles. However, the limited research and
scattered investments in electric technology in the past have
resulted in electric vehicles that are no more advanced than
they were in the last 19th century. Below is a comparison of
electric and petrol based cars in the categories that are most
important.

Types
 Hybrid electric vehicle
A hybrid electric vehicle is a type of hybrid vehicle that combines a conventional
internal combustion engine system with an electric propulsion system. The presence
of the electric powertrain is intended to achieve either better fuel economy than a
conventional vehicle or better performance

 Plug-in hybrid Vehicle
A plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) is a hybrid electric vehicle whose battery can
be recharged by plugging it into an external source of electric power, as well as by its
on-board engine and generator

Battery Electric Vehicle
A battery electric vehicle (BEV), pure electric vehicle, only-electric vehicle or all-
electric vehicle is a type of electric vehicle (EV) that uses chemical energy stored in
rechargeable battery packs. BEVs use electric motors and motor controllers instead of
internal combustion engines (ICEs) for propulsion.

Disadvantages of Petroleum Vehicle
• Its resources are limited.
• It contributes to environmental pollution.
• It produces hazardous substances.
• It is a non-renewable form of energy.
• Its transport can cause oil spills.
• It sustains growth of terrorism and violence

Benefits of Electric Vehicles (EVs)
• Cheaper to run. Owners of an EV have the advantage of much lower running
costs.
• Cheaper to maintain.
• Other savings.
• Better for the environment.
• Health benefits.
• Safety improvements.

Series Hybrid Power Train System
• Series drivetrains are the simplest hybrid configuration. In a series hybrid, the electric motor is the only
means of providing power to the wheels. The motor receives electric power from either the battery pack or
from a generator run by a gasoline engine. A computer determines how much of the power comes from the
battery or the engine/generator. Both the engine/generator and the use of regenerative braking recharge
the battery pack.
• Series hybrids perform at their best during stop-and-go traffic, where gasoline and diesel engines are
inefficient. The vehicle’s computer can opt to power the motor with the battery pack only, saving the engine
for situations where it’s more efficient.

Parallel Hybrid Power Train System
• In vehicles with parallel hybrid drivetrains, the engine and electric motor work in tandem to
generate the power that drives the wheels. Parallel hybrids tend to use a smaller battery pack
than series drivetrains, relying on regenerative braking to keep it recharged. When power
demands are low, parallel hybrids also utilize the motor as a generator for supplemental
recharging, much like an alternator in conventional cars.
• Since the engine is connected directly to the wheels in parallel drivetrains, the inefficiency of
converting mechanical power to electricity and back is eliminated, increasing the efficiency of
these hybrids on the highway. This reduces, but does not eliminate, the efficiency benefits of
having an electric motor and battery in stop-and-go traffic.

Series/Parallel Hybrid Power Train System
• Series/parallel drivetrains merge the advantages and complications of the parallel and series
drivetrains. By combining the two designs, the engine can both drive the wheels directly (as in the
parallel drivetrain), and be effectively disconnected, with only the electric motor providing power
(as in the series drivetrain).
• This system incurs higher costs than a pure parallel hybrid since it requires a generator, a larger
battery pack, and more computing power to control the dual system. Yet its efficiencies mean
that the series/parallel drivetrain can perform better—and use less fuel—than either the series or
parallel systems alone.

Adaptive Control Unit in HEVT
• A decentralized adaptive control system (ACS) for a four motor-generator four-wheel drive hybrid
electric vehicle (HEV) is designed and its ability to deal with unknown tire dynamics, changing
road surfaces, and vehicle loading is evaluated. A system composed of four separate adaptive
controllers is designed to control the vehicle's speed, steering, side slip, and energy management
system. A nonlinear simulation model for the vehicle dynamics and its power train components is
developed and used to evaluate the performance of the ACS, while the vehicle is simultaneously
turning and accelerating or braking under varying loading and icing conditions.

Price of Electric Vehicles
• Electric cars are more expensive than most gasoline or diesel powered vehicles. The most
significant expense in any electric car is the battery. Because most buyers are reluctant to
purchase electric vehicles of the lack of infrastructure and general assumption that range is
too limited for electric vehicles to be practical, electric cars cannot benefit from mass
production and the economies of size as gasoline powered vehicles do.
• A survey by Nielsen for the financial times showed that 65% of Americans and 76% of
Britons were not willing to pay more for an electric vehicle above the price of a gasoline car.
Similar studies have shown that less than 50% of individuals are willing to spend an
additional $5000 on the “green vehicle.”

Maintenance of EVs
• Electric vehicle motors have roughly 5 moving parts which makes them easy to maintain
compared to the hundreds of parts found in internal combustion engines. The major
maintenance costs in eclectic vehicles are batteries.
• Besides the high initial expense, electric cars are actually cheaper to operate than are
gasoline powered cars. Nissan estimates that the Leaf, its electric car offering, will cost about
$1,800 to operate over 5 years compared to $6,000 for a gasoline car. This, of course, does
not include the purchase of a new battery. Tesla batteries cost $12,000 are said to last for 7
years.

Images of Electric Vehicles

Summary and Conclusions
• As the most practical sustainablesolutions for tran portation, plug-in electric and hybrid
electric vehicles enable cleaner, greener, more affordable, and domestically produced elec
tricity to replace petroleum. A su tainable energy policy shou ld include integrating the
transportation i ndustry with the electric power i ndustry th rough a smart grid and gen
erating electricity from carbon-free and renewable energy sources. This is in fact the already
evolving paradigm sh i ft in transponation, accelerating our progress toward clean, safe,
renewable, and affordable domestic energy.
• As a result of this paradigm shift, hybrid electric and plug-in vehicles are emerging at a
rapidly growing rate and there will be sustained market share growth for them in the long
term. Economic issues and performance improvements. as well as environmental and energy
security concerns, are the main driving forces, and many electrical engineering-based
technologies have an unprecedented commercializa tion opportunity

• These technologies include:
• Power electronics, motor drives, and electric machines
• Advanced electromechanical power trains and sy tern integration
• Vehicle controllers and eleclronic control units
• Energy storage systems electronic control. manage ment, and packaging
• Hybrid batcery/ultracapacitor energy torage systems
• V2G, V2B, and V2H integration.

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