mechanical eng anna university final year Project thesis of bio plastics

SYNTHESIS OF BIO-PLASTICS BY THE UTILIZATION
OF MUSACEAE FAMILY PLANTS TO INCREASE THE
HARDNESS OF THE BIO-PLASTICS BY USE OF
FILLERS
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
A.ANANTHAN 810012127002
S.ARUN 810012127004
M.PICHAIMUTHU 810012127029
A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
BHARATHIDASAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CAMPUS
ANNA UNIVERSITY, TIRUCHIRAPPALLI-620024
ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI-600025
APRIL- 2016

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “SYNTHESIS OF BIO-
PLASTICS BY THE UTILIZATION OF MUSACEAE FAMILY PLANTS
TO INCREASE THE HARDNESS OF THE BIO-PLASTICS BY USE OF
FILLERS” is a bona-fide work carried out by the following students whose names
are given below
Mr. A. ANANTHAN (Reg. No. 810012127002)
Mr. S. ARUN (Reg. No. 810012127004)
Mr.M.PICHAIMUTHU (Reg. No. 810012127029)
Who successfully completed the project work under my direct supervision.
SIGNATURE
Dr. T. SENTHIL KUMAR
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
ANNA UNIVERSITY, BIT CAMPUS
TIRUCHIRAPALLI-620024
Examined on: 13.04.2016
Internal Examiner
SIGNATURE
Dr. B. KUMARAGURUBARAN
(SUPERVISOR)
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
ANNA UNIVERSITY, BIT CAMPUS
TIRUCHIRAPALLI-620024
External Examiner

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Any piece of work that has proved its way remains incomplete if the sense of
gratitude and respect is not being deemed to those who have proved to be
supportive during its development period. Though these words are not enough,
they can at least pave way to help understand the feeling of respect and admirance.
I have for those who have helped the way through.
First and foremost we would like to thank the Nature & Society for giving us the
power to believe in our self and pursue our dreams.
We wish to express our profound thanks with gratitude to our dean & our head of
the department Dr. T. SENTHIL KUMAR M.E., Ph.D., for providing us to done
this project.
We take this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude and indebtedness
to our Project Coordinator Dr. T. PARAMESHWARAN PILLAI M.E., Ph.D.,
for His encouragements given to us to done this project successfully.
We take immense pleasure to express our sincere gratitude to our supervising
Guide and mentor Dr. B. KUMARAGURUBARAN M.E., Ph.D., for His valuable
ideas and encouragements given to us to done this project successfully.
We thank the chemistry department HOD, Dr. R. THIRU NEELAKANDAN for
providing us with the necessary help in the laboratories.
We wish to express our heart full thanks to pharmaceutical department Associate
professor Dr. A. PURATCHI KODY for providing us with the necessary help in
the laboratories.
We wish to thank the chemistry department assistant professor
Dr. V. THANGARAJ for his valuable ideas.
We would like to thanks pharmaceutical department senior research fellow
Mr. N. IRFAN for his valuable instructions and moral supports given to us to done
this project successfully.
Lastly we would special thanks to all our tamilian people who lived in all over the
world & all our family members and friends for their moral and financial support
during the tenure of our course.

ABSTRACT
The project aim is study about the method of the production of bio-plastics using
musa-acuminate and musa-balbesiana plants starch and increase the hardness of the
bio-plastics to adding plasticizer (Additives) and fillers. The filler is cocos-nucifera
shell powder. The cocus-nucifra shell powder is reinforcing filler. The plasticizer
was tri-hydric alcohol as glycerol. The bio-plastics are Poly lactic acid. It is made
aid of sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid. The bio-plastics are synthesis in
front of micro wave irradiation. The radiation time duration based on the dielectric
constant of the substance. Than plant layout for bio-plastics production are
discussed. And the hardness test was conducted as per the ASTM standards of
plastics. Compare the test analysis results between filler added bio-plastics and
normal bio-plastics.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
NO
TITLE PAGE
NO
ABSTRACT III
LIST OF TABLE X
LIST OF FIGURE XI
LIST OF SYMBOLS XIII
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION 1
1.1.1 POLYMER 1
1.1.2 PLASTICS 1
1.1.3 BIO-PLASTICS 2
1.1.4 PLASTICIZER 2
1.1.5 FILLER 2
1.1.6 HARDNESS 3
1.1.7 POLY LACTIC ACID 3
1.1.8 BIODEGRADATION 3
1.1.9 HYDROLYSIS 3
1.1.10 MICROWAVE OVEN 3
1.2 RAW MATERIALS 4

1.2.1 STARCH 4
1.2.2 HYDROCHLORIC ACID 5
1.2.3 SODIUM HYDROXIDE 5
1.2.4 GLYCEROL 5
1.2.5 COCUS-NUCIFRA SHELL POWDER 5
2 LITRERATURE REVIEW 6
3 HISTORY OF BIO PLASTICS 8
3.1 HISTORY OF PLASTICS 8
3.2 HISTORY OF BIO PLASTICS 9
4 ECONOMICS OF BIO PLASTICS 11
4.1 MARKET SIZE 11
4.2 GLOBAL PRODUCTION CAPACITIES OF BIO
PLASTICS
11
5 METHODOLOGY 14
5.1 PREPARATION OF STARCH 14
5.2 PREPARATION OF NAOH 14
5.3 PREPARATION OF STARCH 14
5.4 PREPARATION OF COCUS-NUCIFRA DUST
POWDER
16
5.5 MICROWAVE OVEN PROCEDURE 17
5.6 SYNTHESIS OF BIO PLASTICS 18

6 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 20
6.1 NUMBER OF TRIALS 20
6.1.1 TRIALS CONDUCTED ON 16.03.2016 20
7 PRELIMINARY PROCESS PLAN 23
7.1 DESCRIPTION 23
7.2 PROCESS LAY-OUT OF BIO PLASTICS
PRODUCTION
24
8 TEST OF BIO PLASTICS 25
8.1 MECHANICAL & CHEMICAL TESTS 25
8.1.1 SHORE HARDNESS TEST 25
8.1.1.1 SUMMARY OF THE SHORE HARDNESS
TEST METHOD
25
8.1.2 TENSILE TEST 27
8.1.2.1 SUMMARY OF THE TENSILE TEST
METHOD
27
8.1.2.2 CONVERSION OF WEIGHT INTO FORCE 29
8.1.2.3 CALCULATION OF TENSILE STRENGTH 29

8.1.2.4 TENSILE TEST REPORT 30
8.1.3 ACID AND ALKALINE TEST 30
8.1.3.1 ACID TEST 30
8.1.3.1.1 SUMMARY OF THE ACID TEST
METHOD
30
8.1.3.1.2 ACID TEST REPORT 31
8.1.3.1.3 WEAK ACID TEST 32
8.1.3.1.4 WEAK ACID TEST REPORT 32
8.1.3.2 ALKALINE TEST 33
8.1.3.2.1 SUMMARY OF THE ALKALINE TEST
METHOD 33
8.1.3.2.2 ALKALINE TEST REPORT 34
8.1.4 SOLUBILITY TEST 34
8.1.4.1 SUMMARY OF THE SOLUBILITY TEST
METHOD
34
8.1.4.2 SOLUBILITY TEST REPORT 35
8.1.5 FLAME TEST 36
8.1.5.1 SUMMARY OF THE FLAME TEST
METHOD
36
8.1.5.2 FLAME TEST REPORT 37

8.1.6 FOURIER TRANSFORMS INFRA RAY
SPECTROSCOPY
37
8.1.6.1 TEST RESULTS OF FTIR 38
9 ANALYSIS OF BIO PLASTICS 40
9,1 ANALYSIS OF HARDNESS VALUE 40
9.2 ANALYSIS OF TENSILE STRENGTH 41
9.3 ANALYSIS OF ACID AND ALKALINE TEST 42
9.4 ANALYSIS OF SOLUBILIYT TEST 42
9.5 ANALYSIS OF FLAME TEST 42
9.6 ANALYSIS OF FTIR TEST 42
10 APPLICATIONS OF BIO PLASTICS 43
1O.1 FLIMS & BAGS 43
10.2 FOOD PACKAGING 43
10.3 AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE
PRODUCTS
44
10.4 CONSUMER ELECTRONICS 45
10.5 CLOTHING 45
10.6 SANITARY AND COSMETIC PRODUCTS 46
10.7 TEXTILES-HOME AND AUTOMOTIVE 46
10.8 AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATION 47
11 CONCULSION 48
REFERENCES 49

LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
NUMBER
CONTENT PAGE
NO
5.5 DI – ELECTRIC CONSTANT VALUE 17
6.1 EXPERIMENTAL TRIALS 20
8.1.1.2 SHORE HARDNESS TEST REPORT 26
8.1.2.2 WEIGHT TO FORCE CONVERSION 29
8.1.2.3 CALCULATION OF TENSILE STRENGTH 29
8.1.2.4 TEST REPORT OF TENSILE STRENGTH 30
8.1.3.1.2 STRONG ACID TEST RESULTS 31
8.1.3.1.4 TEST RESULTS OF WEAK ACID 32
8.1.3.2.2 TEST RESULTS OF ALKALINE 34
8.1.4.2 TEST RESULTS OF SOLUBILITY 35
8.1.5.2 RESULT OF FLAME TEST 37

LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE
NUMBER
CONTENT PAGE
NO
1.1 MOLECULE STRUCTURE OF STARCH 4
3.2 FIRST BIO PLASTIC CAR 10
4.1 GLOBAL PRODUCTION CAPACITIES OF BIO
PLASTICS
12
4.2 GLOBAL PROTECTION CAPACITIES OF BIO
PLASTICS IN 2016 (BY REGION)
12
5.3 BANANA PEELS 14
5.3.1 BANANA PEELS PASTE 15
5.3.2 BOILING THE STARCH SOLUTION 15
5.4 COCONUT SHELL 16
5.4.1 SHELL POWDER 16
5.6 PASTE IN PETRI DISH 18
5.6.1 BIO PLASTICS FILM 19
5.6.2 BIO PLASTICS 19
7.2 PROCESS LAY-OUT OF BIO PLASTICS
PRODUCTION
24
8.1.1 SCHEMATIC TEST SETUP 26
8.1.2 TENSILE STRENGTH SCHEMATIC SETUP 28
8.1.3.1.1 BIO PLASTICS IS FULLY SOLUBLE IN
SULPHURIC ACID
31

8.1.3.1.3 BIO PLASTICS IS FULLY SOLUBLE IN WEAK
ACID
32
8.1.3.2.1 BIO PLASTICS FULLY SOLUBLE IN NaOH 33
8.1.4.1 BIO PLASTICS FULLY SOLUBLE IN WATER 35
8.1.5.1 ASH OF BIO PLASTIC POLY LACTIC ACID 36
8.1.6 FTIR SETUP 37
8.1.6.1 FTIR OF PLA WITH OUT FILLER 38
8.1.6.1 (B) FTIR TEST OF PLA WITH FILLER 39
9.1 PLOT OF SHORE HARDNESS vs VOLUME OF
FILLERS
40
9.2 PLOT OF TENSILE STRENGTH vs VOLUME
OF FILLERS
41
10.1 FLIMS AND BAGS 43
10.2 FOOD PACKAGING 43
10.3 AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE
PRODUCTS
44
10.4 CONSUMER ELECTRONICS 45
10.5 CLOTHING 46
10.6 SANTARY AND COSMETIC PRODUCTS 46
10.7 TEXTILES – HOME AND AUTOMOTIVE 47
10.8 AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATION 47

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
S NO SYMBOLS ABBREVIATIONS PAGE NO
1 HCL Hydrochloric Acid 5
2 IUPAC The International Union Of Pure And
Applied Chemistry
5
3 K Kelvin 5
4 FTIR Fourier Transforms Infra Ray
Spectroscopy
7
5 COPA Committee of Agricultural Organization
in the European Union
11
6 COGEGA General Committee for the Agricultural
Cooperation in the European Union
11
7 US United States 12
8 $ Symbol of American Dollars 13
9 % Percentage 13
10 NaOH Sodium Hydroxide 14
11 M Molarity 14
12 g/mL Gram per milli liture 14
13 g/mol Gram per mole 14

14 N Normality 18
15 PLA Poly Lactic Acid 18
16 Bcc Blind carbon copy 12
17 NNFCC The National Non-food crops centre 11
18 ASTM American standard of testing and
material
25
19 mm Milli meter 28
20 N Newton 29
21 MPa Mega pascal 29

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION
In recent years, the concept of „eco-materials‟ has gained key importance
due to the need to preserve our environment. The meaning of eco-material includes
„safe‟ material systems for human and other life forms at all times. Past experiences
have shown that it is necessary to characterize materials and determine those which
are safe for both short and long-term utilization. Selection of a material system that
satisfies not only industrial requirements but also this wider definition of eco-
materials, as described above, is an urgent necessity. The diminishing supply of
petroleum along with the pollution caused due to the non-bio degradability of
petroleum based plastics, has led to an increased interest in the field of bio plastics.
The initial sections of this report begin with the history of plastics followed by bio
plastics. A brief economic study of bio plastic has also been discussed in this report.
Applications also mentioned to give the reader a broader understanding of the
scenario.
1.1.1 POLYMER
A polymer is a large molecule built up by the repetition of small, simple
chemical units. The repeat unit of the polymer is usually equivalent or nearly
equivalent to the monomer.
1.1.2 PLASTICS
Plastics belong to the family of organic materials. Organic materials are
those materials which are derived directly from carbon. They consist of carbon
chemically combined with hydrogen, Oxygen and other non-metallic substances,
and their structures, in most cases, are fairly complex. Plastics and synthetic rubbers
are termed as „polymers‟. They are low density materials.

1.1.3 BIO-PLASTICS
Bio-Plastics, that are made from renewable resources (plants like corn,
tapioca, potatoes, sugar) and which are fully or partially bio-based, and/or
biodegradable or compostable are called bio-plastics.
1.1.4 PLASTICIZER
Plasticizer is a Material that an increase the flexibility of plastics is usually
is an Additive.
1.1.5 FILLER
Fillers are usually solid additives mixed with plastics to improve material
properties, to introduce specific characteristics, or to reduce the cost of the
compound. In the case of mass volume biodegradable polymers, cost reduction has
practical importance besides improvement in the mechanical properties. Fillers are
inorganic or organic materials, and each group consists of fibrous and non-fibrous
types. Individual fillers are available in a number of grades differing in average
particle size and size distribution, particle shape and porosity, chemical nature of the
surface, and impurities. As a result of the presence of filler, hardness and stiffness
are increased while impact and tensile strength are usually decreased. talc, which is
commonly added as a filler, also acts as a nucleating agent for poly(1actide) and
increases the number of spherulites in crystallization.
1.1.6 HARDNESS
Hardness is a characteristic of a Material, not a fundamental physical
property. It is defined as the resistance to indentation, and it is determined by
measuring the permanent depth of the indentation.

1.1.7 POLY LACTIC ACID
PLA is usually obtained from poly condensation of D- or L-lactic acid or
from ring opening polymerization of lactide, a cyclic isomer of lactic acid. Two
optical forms exist: D-lactide and L-lactide. The natural isomer is L-lactide and the
synthetic blend is D, L-lactide.
1.1.8 BIODEGRADATION
Biodegradation perhaps is a more familiar concept. When natural organic
materials go into the ground, they tend to decompose progressively, to disappear.
This phenomenon is very important for the environment, which has to get rid of
waste to make room for new life.
1.1.9 HYDROLYSIS
Usually means the cleavage of chemical bonds by the addition of water.
When a carbohydrate is broken into its component sugar molecules by hydrolysis
(e.g. sucrose being broken down into glucose and fructose), this is
termed saccharification. Generally, hydrolysis or saccharification is a step in the
degradation of a substance. Hydrolysis can be the reverse of a condensation
reaction in which two molecules join together into a larger one and eject a water
molecule.
1.1.10 MICROWAVE OVEN
The microwave oven contains a high frequency tube called a magnetron. It
converts electrical energy into electromagnetic waves called microwaves. These
microwaves are then distributed evenly throughout the oven interior and reflected by
its metal walls, which allows the microwaves to reach the food from all sides.
Distribution of the microwaves is optimized by an activated turntable. In order for
microwaves to reach the food.

1.2 RAW MATERIALS
1.2.1 STARCH
Starch or amylum is a carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose
units joined by glycosidic bonds. This polysaccharide is produced by most green
plants as an energy store. Starch consists of two different types of polymer chains,
called amylose and amylopectin, made up of adjoined glucose molecules. Starch is a
soft, white, tasteless powder that is insoluble in cold water, alcohol, or other
solvents. The basic chemical formula of the starch molecule is (C 6H 10O 5) n.
FIGURE 1.1 MOLECULE STRUCTURE OF STARCH

1.2.2 HYDROCHLORIC ACID
Hcl is an inorganic acid; Hydrochloric acid is a clear, colorless, highly
pungent solution of hydrogen chloride in water. It is a highly corrosive, strong
mineral acid with many industrial uses. Hydrochloric acid is found naturally in
gastric acid. It was using for hydrolysis purpose only.
1.2.3 SODIUM HYDROXIDE
Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye and caustic soda, is an inorganic
compound. It is a white solid and highly caustic metallic base and alkali salt of
sodium which is available in pellets, flakes. It was using neutralize the solution.
1.2.4 GLYCEROL
The compounds containing three hydroxyl groups are known as Tri hydric
alcohols. These three hydroxyl groups are attached to three different carbon atoms
for stability of the compound. The most important compound of the series is
Glycerol.
3 2 1
CH2OH – CHOH – CH2OH
This is also known as propane- 1, 2, 3-triol in IUPAC system. This was first
discovered by Scheele in 1779 who obtained it by the hydrolysis of olive oil.
It is a colourless and odourless liquid. It is a highly viscous and hygroscopic liquid
with high boiling point (536 K). The latter properties can be explained on the basis
of intermolecular hydrogen bond leading to complex polymeric structure. It is
miscible with water and alcohol in all proportions but insoluble in organic solvents.
1.2.5 COCUS-NUCIFRA SHELL POWDER
The cocus-nucifra is the large palm tree. Its shell was consist phosphorus,
carbon, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, iron, zinc, Manganese. The filler
is cocos-nucifera shell powder. The cocus-nucifra shell powder is reinforcing filler.

2. LITRERATURE REVIEW
The Royal Society of Chemistry describes the generic process for the manufacture
of starch based bio plastics. This involves hydrolysis of the starch by using an acid.
Abdorreza et al (2011) have described in their paper the physiological, thermal and
rheological properties of acid hydrolysed starch. This paper shows that the amylose
content increases initially but continuous hydrolysis causes a decrease in the
amylose content.
This fact is also corroborated in the paper by Karntarat Wuttisela et al (2008). The
amylose content is responsible for the plastic formation in starch. Plasticizers are
used to impart flexibility and mould ability to the bio plastic samples.
Thawien Bourtoom, of the Prince of Songkla University, Thailand, in his paper
(2007) discusses the effects of the common types of plasticizers used and their
effects on various properties like tensile strength, elongation at break and water
vapour permeability of the bio plastic film.
Applications of bio plastics, especially in the packaging industry have been
discussed in the paper by Nanou Peelman et al (2013) where bio based polymers
used as a component in (food) packaging materials is considered, different strategies
for improving barrier properties of bio based packaging and permeability values and
mechanical properties of multi-layered bio based plastics is also discussed.

And the pharmaceutical applications are discussed in paper by Veeran Gowda
Kadajji (2011) Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Western University of
Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA Where the water soluble polymer is use
in pharmaceutical industry.
The filler material coconut shell powder composition has been discussed in paper by
C.J. Ewansiha in (2012) Chemistry Department, College of Education, P.M.B 003,
Igueben, Nigeria, have described the chemical composition of coconut shell powder.
The proximate analysis and mineral compositions of coconut shell were carried out
in this paper.
And the shell powder added polymer matrix composite has been discussed in paper
by J.Olumuyiwa Agunsoye (2012) Department of Metallurgical and Materials
Engineering, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria. Have described the filler volume
fraction of coconut shell powder and the effect of the particles on the mechanical
properties of the composite produced was investigated. Because we selected cocous
nucifra shell powder is as reinforcing filler material.
The testing of bio plastic formation has been discussed in paper by K. Kanimozhi
(2014) department of Chemistry in Periyar University, Salem , Tamilnadu, India.
She described the analysis of bio plastics formation and its structure using FTIR
spectroscopy in various phases.

3. HISTORY OF BIO PLASTICS
3.1 HISTORY OF PLASTICS:
The development of artificial plastics or polymers started around 1860,
when John Wesley Hyatt developed a cellulose derivative. His product was later
patented under the name Celluloid and was quite successful commercially, being
used in the manufacture of products ranging from dental plates to men‟s collars.
Over the next few decades, more and more plastics were introduced, including some
modified natural polymers like rayon, made from cellulose products. Shortly after
the turn of the century, Leo Hendrik Baekeland, a Belgian-American chemist,
developed the first completely synthetic plastic which he sold under the name
Bakelite.
In 1920, a major breakthrough occurred in the development of plastic materials. A
German chemist, Hermann Staudinger, hypothesized that plastics were made up of
very large molecules held together by strong chemical bonds. This spurred an
increase in research in the field of plastics. Many new plastic products were
designed during the 1920s and 1930s, including nylon, methyl methacrylate, also
known as Lucite or Plexiglas, and poly tetra fluoro ethylene, which was marketed as
Teflon in 1950.
Nylon was first prepared by Wallace H. Carothers of DuPont, but was set aside as
having no useful characteristics, because in its initial form, nylon was a sticky
material with little structural integrity. Later on, Julian Hill, a chemist at DuPont,
observed that, when drawn out, nylon threads were quite strong and had a silky
appearance and then realized that they could be useful as a fibre.

The World Wars also provided a big boost to plastic development and
commercialization. Many countries were struck by a shortage of natural raw
materials during World War II. Germany was cut off quite early on from sources of
natural latex and turned to the plastics industry for a replacement. A practical
synthetic rubber was developed as a suitable substitute. With Japan‟s entry into the
war, the United States was no longer able to import natural rubber, silk and many
metals from most Far Eastern countries. Instead, the Americans relied on the
plastics industry. Nylon was used in many fabrics, polyesters were used in the
manufacturing of armour and other war materials and an increase in the production
synthetic rubbers occurred.
Advances in the plastics industry continued after the end of the war. Plastics were
being used in place of metal in such things as machinery and safety helmets, and
even in certain high temperature devices. Karl Ziegler, a German chemist developed
polyethylene in 1953,
And the following year Giulio Natta, an Italian chemist, developed polypropylene.
These are two of today‟s most commonly used plastics. During the next decade, the
two scientists received the 1963 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their research of
polymers.
3.2 HISTORY OF BIO PLASTICS:
In 1st Jan, 1862 At the Great International Exhibition in London,
Alexander Parkes (1813- 1890), a chemist and inventor, displayed a mouldable
material made of cellulose nitrate and wascalles called Parkesine. Parkesine was
greeted with great public interest, so Parkes began the Parkesine Company at
Hackney Wick, in London. However it wasn‟t very successful commercially.

In 8th Aug, 1869 after the fall of the Parkesine Company, a new name in bioplastics
surfaced. In 1869, John Wesley Hyatt, in an effort to find a new material for billiard
balls other than ivory, invented a machine for the production of stable bio plastic.
He was able to patent the material as Celluloid.
In, 8th Sep, 1924 Henry Ford, in an attempt to find other non-food purposes for
Agricultural surpluses. Ford began making bio plastics for the manufacturing of
automobiles. The bio plastics were used for steering wheels, interior trim and
dashboards. Ford has been using them ever since.
In 13th Aug, 1941 Henry Ford unveiled the first bio plastic car in 1941. This car had
a bio plastic body and parts consisting of 14 different bio plastics. There was a lot of
Interest , but soon after, world war two was started and attentions were diverted.
FIGURE 3.2 FIRST BIO PLASTIC CAR
Source: The collection of Henry Ford
In 9th Aug, 1990 A British Company, Imperial Chemical Industries, developed a bio
plastic, Bio polymer, which is biodegradable. This was the beginning of the bio
plastic Revolution.

4. ECONOMICS OF BIO PLASTICS
4.1 MARKET SIZE:
At one time bio plastics were too expensive for consideration as a
replacement for petroleum-based plastics. The lower temperatures needed to process
bio plastics and the more stable supply of biomass combined with the increasing
cost of crude oil make bio plastics' prices more competitive with regular plastics.
Because of the fragmentation in the market and ambiguous definitions it is difficult
to describe the total market size for bio plastics, but estimates put global production
capacity at 327,000 tonnes.
COPA (Committee of Agricultural Organisation in the European Union) and
COGEGA (General Committee for the Agricultural Cooperation in the European
Union) have made an assessment of the potential of bio plastics in different sectors
of the European economy:
 Catering products: 450,000 tonnes per year
 Organic waste bags: 100,000 tonnes per year
 Biodegradable mulch foils: 130,000 tonnes per year
 Biodegradable foils for diapers 80,000 tonnes per year
 Diapers, 100% biodegradable: 240,000 tonnes per year
 Foil packaging: 400,000 tonnes per year
 Vegetable packaging: 400,000 tonnes per year
 Tyre components: 200,000 tonnes per year
Total: 2,000,000 tonnes per year
4.2 GLOBAL PRODUCTION CAPACITIES OF BIO PLASTICS:
In the years 2000 to 2008, worldwide consumption of biodegradable
plastics based on starch, sugar, and cellulose – so far the three most important raw
materials – has increased by 600%. The NNFCC predicted global annual capacity

would grow more than six-fold to 2.1 million tonnes by 2013. BCC Research
forecasts the global market for biodegradable polymers to grow at a compound
average growth rate of more than 17 % through 2012. Even so, bio plastics will
encompass a small niche of the overall plastic market, which is forecast to reach 500
billion pounds (220 million tonnes) globally by 2010. Ceresana forecasts the world
market for bio plastics to reach 5.8 billion US dollars in 2021 - i.e. three times more
than in 2014.
FIGURE 4.1 GLOBAL PRODUCTION CAPACITIES OF BIO PLASTICS
FIGURE 4.2 GLOBAL PRODUCTION CAPACITIES OF BIO PLASTICS IN
2016 (BY REGION)

Growing demand for more sustainable solutions is reflected in growing production
capacities of bio plastics: in 2011 production capacities amounted to approximately
1.2 million tonnes. Market data of “European Bio plastics” forecasts the increase in
the production capacities by fivefold by 2016 – to roughly 6 million tonnes.
The factors driving market development are both internal and external. External
factors make bio plastics the attractive choice. This is reflected in the high rate of
consumer acceptance. Moreover, the extensively publicised effects of climate
change, price increases of fossil materials, and the increasing dependence on fossil
resources also contribute to bio plastics being viewed favourably.
Over the next eight years, shares in demand of the individual world regions will
shift significantly. Ceresana forecasts two regions to considerably influence the bio
plastics market. Because of dynamic growth in consumption and production, Asia-
Pacific will expand its share of bio plastics demand. As a result, Asia-Pacific will
almost draw level with Europe and North America. In addition, South America will
see strong growth, mainly because of massive increases in production in Brazil.
The market research institute Ceresana expects the global bio plastics market to
reach revenues of more than US$2.8 billion in 2018 - reflecting average annual
growth rates of 17.8%. Bio plastics are supposed to contribute to protecting the
climate, provide a solution for the waste issue, reduce the dependence on fossil raw
materials, and improve the image of plastic products. With a roughly 35% share,
Europe was the largest outlet for bio plastics in 2010, followed by North America
and Asia-Pacific.

5. METHODOLOGY
5.1 PREPARATION OF HCL:
Our stock solution of Hydrochloric Acid is calculated to be 12.178 M
based on a density of 1.2 g/mL, a formula weight of 36.46 g/mol, and a
concentration of 37% w/w. To make a 1 M solution, slowly add 42 mL of our stock
solution to 125 mL deionized water. Adjust the final volume of solution to 500 mL
with deionized water.
5.2 PREPARATION OF NaOH:
Our stock solution of Sodium Hydroxide is calculated to be 18.938 M based
on a density of 1.515 g/mL, a formula weight of 40 g/mol, and a concentration of
50% w/w. To make a 0.5 M solution, slowly add 26.5 mL of our stock solution to
125 mL deionized water. Adjust the final volume of solution to 500 mL with
deionized water.
5.3 PREPARATION OF STARCH:
 Musa peels and Starch are boiling with water for 60 minutes over 373K.
 The water is decanted from the beaker and the peels are now left to dry on
filter paper for about 45 minutes.
 After the peels are dried. The peels are grinding by the mixer grinder over up
to 60 minutes and Starch solution was boiled 15 minutes. Now starch paste
was ready to use.
FIGURE 5.3 BANANA PEELS

FIGURE 5.3.1 BANANA PEELS PASTE
FIGURE 5.3.2 BOILING THE STARCH SOLUTION

5.4 PREPARATION OF COCUS-NUCIFRA DUST POWDER:
 Crushing the cocus-nucifra dust with aid of knife.
 To dry the dust in front of sunlight over 48 hour.
 And washing with cold water, to remove impurities.
 Than dry the dust in front of sunlight over 48 hour.
 Now the dust is eligible for add as a filler.
FIGURE 5.4 COCONUT SHELL
FIGURE 5.4.1 SHELL POWDER

5.5 MICROWAVE OVEN PROCEDURE:
 The heating temperature of the paste of bio-plastics is depending on the di-
electric constant of the chemicals.
 Then the process depends on di-electric constant of hydro chloric acid,
sodium hydroxide and glycerol.
TABLE 5.5- DI – ELECTRIC CONSTANT VALUE
S.NO SUBSTANCE DK VALUE
1 WATER 80.3
2 GLYCEROL 47 to 68
3 HCL 2.3 to 4.6
4 SHELL DUST 1.5 to 2.3
5 NaOH 57.5
6 STARCH 3.6
o The important thing is the DK value is low the rate of heat is low and its takes
more minutes.
o The DK value is high the rate of heat is high its take less time.
o We consider only shell dust and hydro chloric acid. it have low DK value. we
put the paste in oven over 45 minutes.

5.6 SYNTHESIS OF BIO PLASTICS:
o 500gm of paste is placed in a beaker
o 60ml of (0.5 N) HCL is added to this mixture and stirred using glass
rod.
o 40ml Plasticizer is added and stirred.
o 0.5 N NaOH is added according to pH desired,
o And adding filler as per 0%, 5%, and 10% respectively.
o Then add gelatin for more adhesiveness for filler with PLA.
o The mixture is spread on a ceramic tile or petri dish and this is put in
the oven at 393K and is baked till dry.
o Than the specimen was out from oven, cool the specimen overnight.
o Now the specimen eligible for testing.
FIGURE 5.6 PASTE IN PETRI DISH

FIGURE 5.6.1 BIO PLASTICS FILM
FIGURE 5.6.2 BIO PLASTICS

6. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
6.1 NUMBER OF TRIALS:
6.1.1 TRIALS CONDUCTED ON 16.03.2016:
TABLE NO-6.1: EXPERIMENTAL TRIAL
S. No Sample pH Weight of the
paste(grams)
Weight of the
film(grams)
1 16 mar 16 – 1 Neutral 32.14 4.8
2 16 mar 16 – 2 Neutral 31.42 4.2
3 16 mar 16 – 3 Neutral 31.21 4.1
4 16 mar 16 – 4 Neutral 30.04 4.6
5 16 mar 16 – 5 Neutral 29.98 4.2
6 16 mar 16 – 6 Neutral 32.41 4.6
7 16 mar 16 – 7 Neutral 30.64 4.3
8 16 mar 16 – 8 Neutral 29.12 4.2
STATUS OF TRIAL:
 Trial 1, 2, 3 rejected due to poor formation of film.
 Trial 4, 5,6,7,8 selected for the test.

TABLE NO-6.2: EXPERIMENTAL TRIALS
S.NO Sample pH Weight of the
paste(grams)
Weight of the
film(grams)
1 17 mar 16 – 9 Neutral 33.22 4.8
2 17 mar 16 – 10 Neutral 30.51 4.2
3 17 mar 16 – 11 Neutral 31.46 4.1
4 17 mar 16 – 12 Neutral 29.84 4.6
5 17 mar 16 – 13 Neutral 30.58 4.2
6 17 mar 16 – 14 Neutral 33.62 4.6
7 17 mar 16 – 15 Neutral 31.72 4.3
8 17 mar 16 – 16 Neutral 30.55 4.2
STATUS OF TRIAL:
 All trials are selected.

TABLE NO-6.3: EXPERIMENTAL TRIALS
S.NO Sample pH Weight of the
paste(grams)
Weight of the
film(grams)
1 18 mar 16 – 17 Neutral 32.26 4.8
2 18 mar 16 – 18 Neutral 30.78 4.2
3 18 mar 16 – 19 Neutral 30.56 4.1
4 18 mar 16 – 20 Neutral 31.92 4.6
5 18 mar 16 – 21 Neutral 32.67 4.2
6 18 mar 16 – 22 Neutral 31.74 4.6
7 18 mar 16 – 23 Neutral 30.12 4.3
8 18 mar 16 – 24 Neutral 29.98 4.2
STATUS OF TRIAL:
 All trials are selected.

7. PRELIMINARY PROCESS PLAN
7.1 DESCRIPTION:
Since this form of bio plastic product does not have a fixed, defined market,
the production has to be done in a batch process. The location of the plant should be
next to a banana processing facility which makes any value added product like
banana chips, flour, puree etc. The large amount of banana peel waste generated can
be used to make bioplastics in situ. The process for manufacturing the banana based
bioplastic is as shown in the flowchart. The banana peels are gathered in a
temporary storage vessel for processing. The peels are then moved via a screw
conveyor to the washing section where the samples are sprayed with water mixed
with mild surfactant to remove the dirt and grit. The samples are then rinsed again to
remove the residual surfactants. The peels are then transferred to an agitated vessel
with a jacket for heating where the banana peels are boiled. Peels are then filtered to
remove excess water and are transferred to stacks of trays to dry on for half an hour.
The drying is done at ambient temperature at atmospheric conditions. The dried,
boiled peels are then sent to an industrial grinder where they are ground to a
paste.This paste is then sent to a reaction chamber. In it the paste is mixed with
dilute 1 N HCl and a suitable plasticizer (here Glycerol) for a residence time of 15
minutes. The reaction taking place here involves acidic hydrolysis of starch. The
addition of the plasticizer aids in plastic formation. A tank with paddle type agitator
is selected. Paddle agitator will scrape from the sides and not allow for formation of
pockets. The reaction mixture is transferred into the neutralization tank to stop the
reaction. Here calculated amounts of 1 N NaOH are added to the reaction mixture to
neutralize the acid and stop the reaction. Finally the paste is spread into a thin film
and baked in an oven at about 393K. The thin film is peeled off the base and is now
ready to use. If thick plastic is needed it was made by using slow baking.

7.2 PROCESS LAY-OUT OF BIO PLASTICS PRODUCTION:
FIGURE 7.2 PROCESSES LAY OUT OF BIO PLASTICS PRODUCTION

8. TEST OF BIO PLASTICS
8.1 MECHANICAL & CHEMICAL TESTS:
1. Shore Hardness Test
2. Tensile Test
3. Acid & Alkaline Test
4. Solubility Test
5. Flame Test
6. Fourier transforms infra ray spectroscopy
8.1.1 SHORE HARDNESS TEST:
Hardness is a characteristic of a material, not a fundamental physical
property. It is defined as the resistance to indentation, and it is determined by
measuring the permanent depth of the indentation
Durometer is one of several measures of the hardness of a material.D2240 is a
ASTM standard. The durometer scale was defined by Albert Ferdinand Shore, who
developed a device to measure Shore hardness in the 1920s. The term durometer is
often used to refer to the measurement as well as the instrument itself. Durometer is
typically used as a measure of hardness in polymers, elastomers, and rubbers.
8.1.1.1 SUMMARY OF THE SHORE HARDNESS TEST METHOD:
This indentation test method allows for hardness measurement on rubber
specimen using a specified standard indenter. ASTM D2240-00 refers several
rubber hardness measurement scales (A, B, C, D, DO,O, OO, and M). It is used to
evaluate the indentation hardness of materials such as elastomers, thermoplastic
elastomers, vulcanized rubber, cellular, gel-like, and plastics. The method consists
of indenting the specimen using a hardened steel indenter with specific geometry
and force, based on the chosen scale of measurements. The indenter tip

displacement is measured for calculating the hardness of the material. A
mathematical relation is used to convert the displacement data into hardness
number, limited within range of 0 to 100. A and D are the two most commonly used
scales. The sample thickness should be at least 6.0 mm.
FIGURE 8.1.1 SCHEMATIC TEST SETUP
8.1.1.2 SHORE HARDNESS TEST REPORT:
TABLE NO: 8.1.1.2 SHORE HARDNESS TEST REPORT
S.NO SAMPLE
DETAILS
PROPERTY STANDARD RESULTS
OBTAINED
1 Starch Hardness shore-
D
ASTM
D 2240
39 DM
2 Starch+5%Shell
Powder+ Gelatin
Hardness shore-
D
ASTM
D 2240
49.8 DM
3 Starch+10%Shell
Powder+ Gelatin
Hardness shore-
D
ASTM
D 2240
58.8 DM

8.1.2 TENSILE TEST:
A tensile test, also known as tension test, is probably the most fundamental
type of mechanical test you can perform on material. Tensile tests are simple,
relatively inexpensive, and fully standardized. It was opposed to compressive test.
The test‟s ASTM standard is D882.
Tensile strength is a measurement of the force required to pull something such as
rope, wire, or a structural beam to the point where it breaks. The tensile strength of a
material is the maximum amount of tensile stress that it can take before failure, for
example breaking.
8.1.2.1 SUMMARY OF THE TENSILE TEST METHOD:
 A 2cm by 4cm rectangular slice is cut out of the sample for testing. The slice
dimensions are kept constant for all samples to ensure uniformity in the
testing procedure.
 The slice of sample obtained is the clamped between 2 clips. One end of the
clip is attached to a support and the other end has a suspended pan for placing
weights in them.
 The clamping positions are also kept constant. The figure below shows the
sample with the clamping locations. Applying the thumb rule for tensile
strength testing, the samples are clamped such that 60% of the sample is
between the clamps and is our testing region.
 Once the sample has been clamped, weights are added in steps of 10 grams
each. A gap of 20 seconds is provided between the addition of weights to
allow the sample to stretch and tear.
 The final weight at which the sample tears is noted using an electronic
balance.
 For tensile strength calculations, we use the following formula: The weight is
calculated from the electronic balance readings.

 Now for the cross-sectional area we use a Vernier calliper Least Count =
0.02 mm to measure the thickness. The product of the sample width and the
average thickness gives us the cross-sectional area of the sample. Thus using
the above equation we calculate the tensile strength for all samples.
FIGURE 8.1.2 TENSILE STRENGTH SCHEMATIC SET UP

8.1.2.2 CONVERSION OF WEIGHT INTO FORCE:
Force (N) = Weight (gram) * 0.001*9.81
TABLE NO 8.1.2.2 WEIGHT TO FORCE CONVERSION
S.NO pH Weight(g) Force(N)
1 Neutral 400 3.924
2 Neutral 350 3.433
3 Neutral 300 2.943
8.1.2.3 CALCULATION OF TENSILE STRENGTH
Tensile strength (MPa) = Force /Thickness*Length = Force/Cross sectional Area
TABLE NO 8.1.2.3 CALCULATION OF TENSILE STRENGTH
S.NO Ph Force(N) Thickness
of sample
(mm)
Area(mm) Tensile
strength(MPa)
1 Neutral 3.924 6 300 0.01308
2 Neutral 3.433 6 300 0.01144
3 Neutral 2.943 6 300 0.00981

8.1.2.4 TENSILE TEST REPORT
TABLE NO 8.1.2.4 TEST REPORT OF TENSILE STRENGTH
S NO SAMPLE DETAILS PROPERTY RESULTS
OBTAINED
1 Starch Tensile strength 0.01308 MPa
2 Starch +5%Shell
Powder +Gelatin
Tensile strength 0.01144 MPa
3 Starch+10%Shell
Powder+ Gelatin
Tensile strength 0.00981MPa
8.1.3 ACID AND ALKALINE TEST:
Acid and alkaline test was identifying the bio plastics durability in strong and
weak acid and alkaline.
8.1.3.1 ACID TEST:
The test was to identify the Time duration of the bio plastic is fully soluble in
acid.
8.1.3.1.1 SUMMARY OF THE ACID TEST METHOD:
The acid test solvent is sulphuric acid and acetic acid, the sulphuric acid was
strong acid, the acetic acid was weak acid. Now take 0.5 M of both acids of 400ml,

Than the bio plastic was placed in the beaker. The bio plastic is start soluble in acids
now check the time duration of bio plastics is fully soluble in strong and weak acid.
FIG 8.1.3.1.1 BIO PLASTICS IS FULLY SOLUBLE IN SULPHURIC ACID.
8.1.3.1.2 ACID TEST REPORT:
TABLE NO 8.1.3.1.2 STRONG ACID TEST RESULTS
S.NO SAMPLE DETAILS PROPERTY SOLVENT TIME
DURATION
1 Starch Acid Test Sulphuric
Acid
70 Minutes
2 Starch+5%Shell Powder+
Gelatine
Acid Test Sulphuric
Acid
75 Minutes
3 Starch+10%Shell
Powder+Gelatine
Acid Test Sulphuric
Acid
75 Minutes

8.1.3.1.3 WEAK ACID TEST:
This test was conduct with use of acetic acid.
FIGURE 8.1.3.1.3 BIO PLASTIC IS FULLY SOLUBLE IN WEAK ACID
8.1.3.1.4 WEAK ACID TEST REPORT:
TABLE NO 8.1.3.1.4 TEST RESULTS OF WEAK ACID
DURATION
1 Starch Acid Test Acetic Acid 176 Minutes
Gelatine
Acid Test Acetic Acid 169 Minutes
3 Starch+10%Shell
Powder+Gelatine
Acid Test Acetic Acid 187 Minutes

8.1.3.2 ALKALINE TEST:
The test was to identify the Time duration of the bio plastic is fully soluble in
alkaline.
8.1.3.2.1 SUMMARY OF THE ALKALINE TEST METHOD:
The alkaline test solvent is sodium hydroxide, the NaOH was strong alkaline,.
Now take 0.5 M of NaOH of 400ml,
Than the bio plastic was placed in the beaker. The bio plastic is start soluble in
alkaline now check the time duration of bio plastics is fully soluble in NaOH.
FIGURE 8.1.3.2.1 BIO PLASTICS FULLY SOLUBLE IN NaOH

8.1.3.2.2 ALKALINE TEST REPORT:
TABLE NO 8.1.3.2.2 TEST RESULTS OF ALKALINE
DURATION
1 Starch Alkaline Test Sodium
Hydroxide
89 Minutes
Gelatine
Alkaline Test Sodium
Hydroxide
96 Minutes
3 Starch+10%Shell
Powder+Gelatine
Alkaline Test Sodium
Hydroxide
91 Minutes
8.1.4 SOLUBILITY TEST:
The test was to identify the Time duration of The bio plastic is fully soluble in
water.
8.1.4.1 SUMMARY OF THE SOLUBILITY TEST METHOD:
The solubility test solvent is water. We take 400 ml of de ionized water. And
place the bio plastics in beaker now the bio plastics was start the soluble now check
the time duration of bio plastic fully soluble in water.

FIGURE 8.1.4.1 BIO PLASTICS FULLY SOLUBLE IN WATER
8.1.4.2 SOLUBILITY TEST REPORT:
TABLE NO 8.1.4.2 TEST RESULT OF SOLUBILITY
DURATION
1 Starch Solubility Test Water 498 Minutes
Gelatine
Solubility Test Water 496 Minutes
3 Starch+10%Shell
Powder+Gelatine
Solubility Test Water 478 Minutes

8.1.5 FLAME TEST:
The test was to identify the Time duration of the bio plastic is fully Fired &
Asher. This test was conduct only for check the bio degradability of bio plastics.
Bio plastics is become ashes it is bio degradable. It was easiest and quickest test to
find bio degradability of bio plastics.
8.1.5.1 SUMMARY OF THE FLAME TEST METHOD:
The flame test is conduct in front of water. The bio plastics are fired use of
pun son burner. Now bio plastics was start burning, now note the time duration of
bio plastics fully burned.
FIGURE 8.1.5.1 ASH OF BIO PLASTIC POLY LACTIC ACID

8.1.5.2 FLAME TEST REPORT:
TABLE NO 8.1.5.2 RESULT OF FLAME TEST
S.NO SAMPLE DETAILS PROPERTY TIME DURATION
1 Starch Flame Test 24 Minutes
Gelatine
Flame Test 24 Minutes
3 Starch+10%Shell
Powder+Gelatine
Flame Test 24 Minutes
8.1.6 FOURIER TRANSFORMS INFRA RAY SPECTROSCOPY:
FTIR spectra reveal the composition of solids, liquids, and gases. The most
common use is in the identification of unknown materials and confirmation of
production materials (incoming or outgoing). The information content is very
specific in most cases, permitting fine discrimination between like materials. The
speed of FTIR analysis makes it particularly useful in screening applications, while
the sensitivity empowers many advanced research applications.
The total scope of FTIR applications is extensive.
FIGURE 8.1.6 FTIR SET UP

8.1.6.1 TEST RESULTS OF FTIR:
FIGURE 8.1.6.1 FTIR OF PLA WITH OUT FILLER
FTIR analyses were made to determine the functional groups of the products
obtained in order to understand more deeply what happens in the polymerization of
Poly (lactic acid). A qualitative analysis of absorption bands with reaction time
shows a decrease in the intensity of some bands and, the formation of new ones,
indicating the end groups which decrease and those formed due to the
polymerization reaction progress. Analysis of FTIR spectrum of the sample from
step obtaining lactide allows us to confirm that there was formation of the product,
verifying the characteristic bands of the material. Figure shows the spectrum
obtained compared to lactide of lactic acid. It can be seen the band around 3667 cm-
1
, which decreases the ring lactic acid, as well as the characteristic bands of the ring
indicating that there was formation of lactide, a dime of structure cyclic.
Figure shows the FTIR spectrums of the monomer and the poly (lactic acid) which
was obtained from 2 of reaction. The PLA spectrum shows the bands at 3046.98 cm-
1
and 2,821.35 cm-1
from symmetric and asymmetric valence vibrations of C-H from
CH3, respectively. It is possible to observe a band shift related to the C=O stretch in
the monomer in 1,644.02 cm-1
to 1,412.60 cm-1
in the polymer.

These bands that show shifts of monomer to polymer also show a difference in the
peak intensity which suggests the arrangement of molecules in the polymer chain.
Bands corresponding to bending vibrations of CH3 (asymmetric and symmetric)
were found in 1,412.60 cm-1
and 1,005,70 cm-1
in the polymer spectrum as greater
intensity peaks compared with those from monomer found in 1,412.60 cm-1
and
1,644.02 cm-1
. C-O-C asymmetrical and symmetrical valence vibrations were found
at 1,250.73 cm-1
and 1,200.59 cm-1
respectively; at 1,333.68 cm-1
is detected the C-
O-C stretching vibration. The band around 3046.98 cm-1
is related to the stretching
of OH group and this decreases from the monomer to the polymer due to reaction
poly esterification that consumes the OH groups when they react with the acid
groups to form the ester bond.
FIGURE 8.1.6.1 (B) FTIR TEST OF PLA WITH FILLER
The analyses of FTIR spectrum of the sample of PLA were confirmed checking the
characteristic bands of the material. The spectrum compared lactic acid and this
material indicated that was formation of PLA, a cyclic dimer structure.

9. ANALYSIS OF BIO PLASTICS
9.1 ANLYSIS OF HARDNESS VALUE:
X-Axis = Volume of fillers (%)
Y-Axis = Shore hardness (durometer)
FIGURE 9.1 PLOT OF SHORE HARDNESS vs VOLUME OF FILLERS
The hardness value is directly proportional to volume of filler. When volume
of filler amount is increased also hardness of the bio plastic is increased.

9.2 ANALYSIS OF TENSILE STRENGTH:
X-Axis = Volume of fillers (%)
Y-Axis = Tensile strength (MPa)
FIGURE 9.2 PLOT OF TENSILE STRENGTH vs VOLUME OF FILLERS
The tensile strength value is inversely proportional to the volume of fillers.
When volume of filler amount is increased but tensile strength of the bio plastics is
decreased.

9.3 ANALYSIS OF ACID AND ALKALINE TEST:
The acid and alkaline test result shows the volume of filler amount is never
change in durability of bio plastics as well as nature of solubility is never changed.
9.4 ANALYSIS OF SOLUBILITY TEST:
The bio plastics solubility test is identifies osmosis nature of bio plastics. Also
the volume of fillers is never change in solubility of bio plastics.
9.5 ANALYSIS OF FLAME TEST:
The bio plastics flame test is identifies compostable or biodegradability. The
results shows the bio plastic PLA is bio degradable one.
9.6 ANALYSIS OF FTIR TEST:
This test was finding the functional group of substance. The PLA formation is
check via FTIR spectroscopy. CH3, C-O-C, OH , C-H, C=O Functional group is
identifies via FTIR test.

10. APPLICATIONS OF BIO PLASTICS
10.1 FLIMS & BAGS:
Foils made from bio plastics can be used to produce bio-waste bags, compostable
bags, bags made from renewable resources, food wrapping and shrink films to pack
beverages and also for other applications. The main advantages of the use of bio
plastics are environmental aspects, higher consumer acceptance, increased shelf life
of the products and composting as an end of life treatment of compostable products.
FIGURE 10.1 FLIMS AND BAGS
10.2 FOOD PACKAGING:
Bio plastics food packaging can be used to pack different types of food, from
bread and bakery, to fruit and vegetables, sweets, different types of spices and teas
to different types of soft drinks. Different types of bio plastic packaging are already
available on the market. The main advantages of the use of bio plastics are
environmental aspects, higher consumer acceptance, increased shelf life of the
packaged food and composting as an end of life treatment of compostable products.
FIGURE 10.2 FOOD PACKAGING

10.3 AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE PRODUCTS:
Biodegradable plant pots, mulch films, expanded PLA trays for horticultural
applications Biodegradable plant pots are used to plant the seedlings together with
the pot. This way the roots of the plant do not get damages and additionally the pot
is then turned into compost and fertilizes the soil. Mulch films are used to suppress
weeds and conserve water and mostly are used for vegetables and crops. After the
crops are harvested the film can be ploughed in and used as a fertilizer. Ploughing-in
of mulching films after use instead of collecting them from the field, cleaning off
the soil and returning them for recycling, is practical and improves the economics of
the operation. The trays from expanded PLA can be used as conventional EPS trays
but are compostable.
FIGURE 10.3 AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE PRODUCTS

10.4 CONSUMER ELECTRONICS:
As we all already know we live in an electronic era. Today casings of
computers, mobile phones, data storages and all the small electronic accessories are
made from plastics to ensure that the appliances are light and mobile whilst being
tough and, where necessary, durable. First bio plastic products in the fast-moving
consumer electronics sector are keyboard elements, mobile casings, vacuum
cleaners or a mouse for your laptop, and with the time passing by bio plastics are
more and more present in electronic devices.
FIGURE 10.4 CONSUMER ELECTRONICS
10.5 CLOTHING:
Bio plastics in clothing sector are replacing conventional plastics or natural
materials and are used for footwear and synthetic coated material. One can find bio
plastics as a fabric for wedding dress, a jacket or an alternative to leather. The
alternative to leather is often used to produce biodegradable footwear.

FIGURE 10.5 CLOTHING
10.6 SANITARY AND COSMETIC PRODUCTS:
Sanitary and cosmetic products are a source of an unthinkable amount of
plastic waste and so the demand to use more sustainable materials is very clear.
Some producers use biodegradable materials opposite to some that have replaced the
conventional fossil based plastic packaging with more sustainable materials derived
from biomass. The disposal of those materials is very simple.
FIGURE 10.6 SANITARY AND COSMETIC PRODUCTS
10.7 TEXTILES – HOME AND AUTOMOTIVE:
Bio plastics can be used in a broad range of applications as you were able to see
to this point. One of the possible uses of bio plastics is the production of textiles.
Different types of plastics can be used to produce those textiles, but the PR

messages are promoting their content of the renewable resources, although some of
them are also biodegradable. Products made from those textiles have the
performance and quality similar to traditional carpets.
FIGURE 10.7 TEXTILES – HOME AND AUTOMOTIVE
10.8 AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATION:
As said above bio plastics are used for interior of cars, but bio plastics are
present also in other automotive applications. Those applications have very specific
requirements (as a fuel line made from renewable resources - nylon).
FIGURE 10.8 AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS

11. CONCLUSION
This project work shows synthesis of bio plastics (PLA) from musaceae family
plants and increases the hardness of the bio plastics with use of coconut shell
powder. The filler volume is increased 5% and 10% the hardness value is increased
but same time tensile strength was decreased due to porosity. Coconut shell powder
increase the hardness of the bio plastics. Than the acid and alkaline test results
shows bio plastics durability and solubility test results shows osmosis nature of bio
plastics. A flame test result shows bio degradability nature of bio plastics. The FTIR
spectroscopy results shows poly lactic acid‟s functional group the FTIR result shows
formation of PLA from starch and Hydrochloric acid with glycerol . Finally the
filler material is increase the hardness. This property is an added requirement for
automobile interior, packaging, agriculture and sports goods

REFERENCES
.
1. J. O. Agunsoye , Talabi S. Isaac, Sanni O. Samuel (2012) “Study of
Mechanical Behaviour of Coconut Shell Reinforced Polymer Matrix
Composite”. Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and
Engineering, 2012, 11, 774-779.
2. C.J. Ewansiha1, J.E. Ebhoaye, I.O. Asia, L.O. Ekebafe and C. Ehigie(2012)
“Proximate and Mineral Composition of Coconut (Cocos-Nucifera) Shell”
International Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences and Technology ISSN 2229
– 6107.
3. K. Kanimozhi, D. Gopi and L. Kavitha (2014) “Synthesis and characterization
of banana peel derived biopolymer/hydroxyapatite nano composite for
biomedical applications” International Journal of Scientific & Engineering
Research, Volume 5, ISSN 2229-5518..
4. Milena S. Lopes, André L. Jardini and Rubens M. Filho(2014) “Synthesis and
Characterizations of Poly (Lactic Acid) by Ring-Opening Polymerization for
Biomedical Applications”. ISSN 2283-9216.
5. Veeran Gowda Kadajji and Guru V. Betageri (2011) “Water Soluble Polymers
for Pharmaceutical Applications”. Polymers 2011, 3, 1972-2009;
doi:10.3390/polym3041972. ISSN 2073-4360

6. www.plastice.org
7. www.youtube.com/user/plasticeproject
8. KarntaratWuttisela, Wannapong Triampo, Darapond Triampoc,Chemical force
mapping of phosphate and carbon on acid-modified tapioca starch surface,
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 44 (2009) 86–91.
9. Kenneth G. Budinski and Michael K. budinski(2010). “Engineering Materials
Properties and Selection”.9th
edition. Pearson education Inc., ISBN-978-81-203-
3834-0
10. http://en.european-bioplastics.org
11. Guido Giachi, Marco Frediani, Luca Rosi and Piero Frediani, “Polymers by
Microwave Irradiation”, University of Florence, Italy.
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12. Seong-Kyun Lee. Principles of Microwave Oven, 0240126.
13. Murali Krishna “Studies on Hardness of Polymer Hybrid Silica/NRHA Nano
composites Burnishing Process”, ISSN-09764259.
14.Nanou Peelman et “Application of bio plastics for food packaging Trends” in
Food Science & Technology 32 (2013) 128 to 141.
15. Thawien Bourtoom (2008) “Plasticizer effect on the properties of biodegradable
blend film from rice starch-chitosan” Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol. 30 (Suppl.1),
149-165.

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