The document summarizes a study on two experimental cover systems built over mine tailings at a gold mine site in Brazil to monitor their performance and compare field data to numerical modeling results. Instrumentation included soil moisture sensors in each layer and a weather station. Over two years of monitoring, the numerical model adequately represented field measurements in topsoil and storage layers, though differences occurred in the first dry season possibly due to immature vegetation. Comparisons of field data to modeling results for lower barrier layers showed larger variations.
This presentation reviews tailings dams and the hazardous waste contained within them. Basic design and the consequenses of design failure will also be reviewed.
- The document discusses various types of mine waste and methods for their disposal, with a focus on tailings.
- Tailings consist of finely ground rock particles in a liquid slurry that is usually stored in engineered structures called tailings storage facilities or tailings dams.
- Tailings dams aim to safely contain tailings and their chemical byproducts indefinitely while minimizing contamination of surface and groundwater.
- Alternative disposal methods directly release tailings into rivers, lakes or oceans but risk long-term pollution if not properly treated or neutralized first.
Tailings dams and rock dumps from mining operations often contain hazardous waste that can pollute the environment if released. There are over 3,500 tailings dams worldwide. Tailings dams are susceptible to failures, which have released millions of cubic meters of toxic slurries. Major documented failures include releases in China (2006), USA (2000), Spain (1998), Guyana (1995), and Italy (1985), resulting in loss of life and extensive environmental damage. Upstream construction is most prone to failure, with a 5% failure rate.
12 - NIH 2 - Groundmanagement issues of Hard rocks-Sep-16indiawrm
Groundwater availability in hard rock regions of Central and Southern India is low due to the unique nature of hard rocks, which have low primary porosity but become porous through weathering and fracturing near the surface. Groundwater occurs in weathered and fractured portions of hard rocks in shallow aquifers, and in more confined settings in deeper carbonate and vesicular rocks. Studies of hard rock aquifers have examined weathering depth, jointing patterns, hydraulic conductivity, groundwater flow and the sustainable yields of wells.
This document provides a basic overview of the fundamental rock properties. It delivers a detailed analysis of the basic reservoir rock properties like porosity, permeability, Fluid saturation , wettability, etc.
This lecture provides an overview of the issues influencing dilution in an underground production environment.
The lecture reviews the dilution problem throughout the entire mining process, and provides a rational approach to underground mine design in order to minimize dilution.
The stages contributing to dilution include orebody delineation, design and sequencing, stope development, drilling and blasting, production and mine management issues.
This lecture provides an overview of the issues influencing dilution in an underground production environment.
The lecture reviews the dilution problem throughout the entire mining process, and provides a rational approach to underground mine design in order to minimize dilution.
The stages contributing to dilution include orebody delineation, design and sequencing, stope development, drilling and blasting, production and mine management issues.
Nature of Mineralization
Geological dilution
Mining Methods and Dilution
Underground Mine Design:
Basic Input
Global (Block) Design Issues
Detailed design issues
Geotechnical Monitoring
Parameters Influencing Dilution:
Orebody delineation
Design and sequencing
Stope development
Drilling and blasting
Production stages
Issues for mine management
This document discusses borehole geophysical logging and resistivity logging. It describes:
1. The objectives of borehole logging including characterizing the borehole environment, invasion depth and profile.
2. Conditions that affect the borehole such as hole size, drilling mud, mud cake and filtrate.
3. How resistivity logs work by measuring the resistivity of formations and fluids to determine lithology, fluid content and invasion.
4. Types of resistivity logging tools like lateral logs and micro-resistivity tools and how they make measurements in the flushed, transition and undisturbed zones.
This document summarizes a study on the use of fly ash mixtures as landfill liner materials. It begins with an abstract that describes investigating the hydraulic and compressibility behavior of fly ash-bentonite mixtures under different compaction conditions. The introduction provides background on landfill liners and the need to find alternative, locally available materials when natural soils are unsuitable. The literature review covers criteria for landfill liner design and previous research on fly ash, fly ash cement mixtures, and their permeability and strength properties. The purpose is to evaluate fly ash as a liner material and identify mixtures that meet hydraulic conductivity criteria for landfill liners.
This presentation reviews tailings dams and the hazardous waste contained within them. Basic design and the consequenses of design failure will also be reviewed.
- The document discusses various types of mine waste and methods for their disposal, with a focus on tailings.
- Tailings consist of finely ground rock particles in a liquid slurry that is usually stored in engineered structures called tailings storage facilities or tailings dams.
- Tailings dams aim to safely contain tailings and their chemical byproducts indefinitely while minimizing contamination of surface and groundwater.
- Alternative disposal methods directly release tailings into rivers, lakes or oceans but risk long-term pollution if not properly treated or neutralized first.
Tailings dams and rock dumps from mining operations often contain hazardous waste that can pollute the environment if released. There are over 3,500 tailings dams worldwide. Tailings dams are susceptible to failures, which have released millions of cubic meters of toxic slurries. Major documented failures include releases in China (2006), USA (2000), Spain (1998), Guyana (1995), and Italy (1985), resulting in loss of life and extensive environmental damage. Upstream construction is most prone to failure, with a 5% failure rate.
12 - NIH 2 - Groundmanagement issues of Hard rocks-Sep-16indiawrm
Groundwater availability in hard rock regions of Central and Southern India is low due to the unique nature of hard rocks, which have low primary porosity but become porous through weathering and fracturing near the surface. Groundwater occurs in weathered and fractured portions of hard rocks in shallow aquifers, and in more confined settings in deeper carbonate and vesicular rocks. Studies of hard rock aquifers have examined weathering depth, jointing patterns, hydraulic conductivity, groundwater flow and the sustainable yields of wells.
This document provides a basic overview of the fundamental rock properties. It delivers a detailed analysis of the basic reservoir rock properties like porosity, permeability, Fluid saturation , wettability, etc.
This lecture provides an overview of the issues influencing dilution in an underground production environment.
The lecture reviews the dilution problem throughout the entire mining process, and provides a rational approach to underground mine design in order to minimize dilution.
The stages contributing to dilution include orebody delineation, design and sequencing, stope development, drilling and blasting, production and mine management issues.
This lecture provides an overview of the issues influencing dilution in an underground production environment.
The lecture reviews the dilution problem throughout the entire mining process, and provides a rational approach to underground mine design in order to minimize dilution.
The stages contributing to dilution include orebody delineation, design and sequencing, stope development, drilling and blasting, production and mine management issues.
Nature of Mineralization
Geological dilution
Mining Methods and Dilution
Underground Mine Design:
Basic Input
Global (Block) Design Issues
Detailed design issues
Geotechnical Monitoring
Parameters Influencing Dilution:
Orebody delineation
Design and sequencing
Stope development
Drilling and blasting
Production stages
Issues for mine management
This document discusses borehole geophysical logging and resistivity logging. It describes:
1. The objectives of borehole logging including characterizing the borehole environment, invasion depth and profile.
2. Conditions that affect the borehole such as hole size, drilling mud, mud cake and filtrate.
3. How resistivity logs work by measuring the resistivity of formations and fluids to determine lithology, fluid content and invasion.
4. Types of resistivity logging tools like lateral logs and micro-resistivity tools and how they make measurements in the flushed, transition and undisturbed zones.
This document summarizes a study on the use of fly ash mixtures as landfill liner materials. It begins with an abstract that describes investigating the hydraulic and compressibility behavior of fly ash-bentonite mixtures under different compaction conditions. The introduction provides background on landfill liners and the need to find alternative, locally available materials when natural soils are unsuitable. The literature review covers criteria for landfill liner design and previous research on fly ash, fly ash cement mixtures, and their permeability and strength properties. The purpose is to evaluate fly ash as a liner material and identify mixtures that meet hydraulic conductivity criteria for landfill liners.
Rosemont Copper will minimize the visual impact of its mine through the innovative use of mined rock. It will create landscaped earthen berms from the mined rock to screen the mine site while also beginning reclamation efforts in the first year of operation. The mine will have a dry tailings storage facility to maximize water conservation and allow for immediate reclamation. The operational footprint of the mine will be less than half the size of other existing Arizona mines through efficient, modern facility design.
This document discusses various techniques used in oil and gas exploration and evaluation, including:
1. Surface geology techniques like identifying oil and gas seeps at the surface.
2. Subsurface geology techniques like well cutting and coring to understand rock layers below ground.
3. Downhole logging techniques like logging while drilling (LWD), wireline logging, and formation testing to evaluate subsurface properties in real-time or after drilling.
4. Wireline logging measures properties like resistivity, density, and radioactivity to evaluate formations and fluid contents.
Reservoir types and Reservoir characterizations; Styles of Geologic Reservoir Heterogeneity; Classification of Heterogeneity; Scales of Geologic Reservoir Heterogeneity; Factors Causing Reservoir Heterogeneity; Assessing Reservoir Heterogeneity; Diagenetic and Reservoir Quality and Heterogeneity Implications in Deltaic and Marine Sandstones ; Scales of Fluvial Reservoir Heterogeneity; Impact of Bioturbation on Reservoir Heterogeneity; Carbonate Reservoir Heterogeneity
1. Researchers have classified fractured carbonate reservoirs into four types based on their intergranular porosity, permeability, and role of fractures in providing storage and fluid flow pathways.
2. Type 1 reservoirs have little natural porosity or permeability and rely entirely on fractures for storage and flow. Type 2 have some natural porosity and permeability enhanced by fractures. Type 3 have moderate natural porosity but rely on fractures for flow. Type 4 have good natural porosity and permeability but are still enhanced by fractures.
3. The intensity of fracturing depends on factors like bed thickness, lithology, and structural deformation, with thinner and more brittle beds tending to be more fractured. Fractures can be open
The document discusses various groundwater improvement techniques, including both direct and indirect artificial recharge methods. Direct surface methods like percolation tanks, flooding, stream augmentation, and ditch/furrow systems enhance groundwater infiltration. Direct subsurface methods include recharge wells, dug wells, and pits/shafts that allow direct recharge. Indirect methods are induced recharge, which uses pumping to induce surface water infiltration, and aquifer modification methods that alter characteristics to improve storage and flow. The techniques described can help maximize storage, improve water quality, and replenish overexploited aquifers.
Nurture the world of tomorrow - Maccaferri on sustainability Maccaferri World
Maccaferri's vision and mission focus on the key concept of "Nurturing the World of tomorrow", which means to care, to protect, to be responsible not only to the environment but also to our people, our stakeholders and to the world at large.
Indeed, Maccaferri solutions provide environmental, social and economic benefits mitigating natural and anthropogenic hazards, respecting the environment, enhancing people safety and improving their lives.
An open pit mine is an excavation made at the surface of the ground to extract ore throughout the life of the mine. Large quantities of waste rock must be excavated and relocated to access and mine the ore deposit. The planning of an open pit mine aims to exploit the mineral deposit at the lowest cost while maximizing profits, through optimizing the physical design and scheduling of ore and waste extraction. Ore and waste materials are removed in successive layers called benches, with several benches potentially in operation simultaneously at different elevations in the open pit mine.
Dewatering is the artificial removal of groundwater or surface water to allow for construction. It plays a vital role in excavation by controlling hydrostatic pressure and soil stability. There are three main dewatering methods: active dewatering uses pumping, interception prevents water from reaching the excavation, and isolation excludes water via cut-off walls. Proper method selection depends on soil type and desired drawdown. Without control, dewatering can cause ground subsidence, flooding, or structural collapse due to increased soil loading.
The document provides an overview of principles of well logging and formation evaluation. It discusses different well logging tools and techniques used to measure properties like resistivity, spontaneous potential, and borehole diameter. Well logging allows for determination of lithology, fluid content, porosity, and permeability of rock formations for purposes like identifying hydrocarbon bearing zones and estimating reserves. The document covers concepts such as the invaded zone, uninvaded zone, and formation resistivity factor which are important for understanding well log measurements and evaluation.
Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering Module 3Aijaz Ali Mooro
This document provides an overview of reservoir rock and fluid properties. It discusses key concepts such as porosity, permeability, fluid interactions, and reservoir drive mechanisms. Porosity refers to the void spaces in rock that can store hydrocarbons. Permeability measures how easily fluids can flow through rock. The document also examines factors that affect porosity and different types of porosity and permeability. Reservoir drive mechanisms like solution gas, gas cap, and water drives are explained. Finally, it briefly discusses secondary and tertiary recovery methods used to improve oil extraction rates.
Solution Mining; Technology of the Salt Production; Rock salt (NaCl); Sylvinite; Solution mining of carnallitite with; two wells; selective dissolution; hot leaching; Methods to control the size of the caverns; INTRODUCTION; TECHNOLOGY OF SOLUTION MINING; FRASCH PROCESS-SULFUR PRODUCTION; TECHNOLOGY OF THE SALT PRODUCTION; What is Rock salt ?; Evaporite deposits ; Rock salt; Sylvinite; Carnallite; HEAP LEACHING; Heap leach production model; Important parameters during metallurgical testing; Staged Approach to Heap Leach Testwork and Design; Uranium Heap Leaching; Uranium Ore Minerals; Basic Geochemistry of Uranium Minerals; Copper Heap Leaching; Layout of copper bio-heap pilot plant; Laterite heap leaching; Nickel Laterite Deposits; Proposed counter-current heap leach arrangement; Neutralizing potential of laterites in 6 meter column; Advantages and Problems of Solution Mining
Sand drains are vertical bore holes backfilled with sand to accelerate drainage in embankments. They work by allowing pore water pressure to dissipate horizontally through the surrounding sand and vertically towards the sand blanket on top. Spacing of drains is generally less than twice the embankment thickness to reduce drainage path lengths. Surcharge loads are applied to the sand blanket to further increase pore pressures and drive drainage. While effective, sand drains do not address secondary consolidation and may underestimate stress reductions in the soil from their presence.
This document summarizes a study characterizing a landfill in Mohammedia, Morocco. Samples were taken from 5 stations around the landfill and near the El Maleh river to analyze physical and chemical properties. Heavy metals like lead and chromium were found in high concentrations in leachates from the landfill and sediments near the river. Pollution from the landfill's discharge was impacting the river water quality. The aim was to evaluate the physico-chemical quality of El Maleh river water in relation to leachate from the converted clay quarry landfill and identify a rehabilitation plan.
This document discusses ground freezing as a method for excavation support and groundwater control. It describes how ground freezing works by circulating a refrigerant through pipes to freeze the surrounding soil, improving its strength and impermeability. The key advantages are that frozen ground can support excavations without bracing and acts as an impermeable barrier to groundwater flow. Applications mentioned include using ground freezing for shallow and deep excavations, tunneling, and creating underground cutoff walls.
High soil fertilty = high food production
Establish soil fertlity with soil tests
With only one soil test > 20 soil characteristics can be measured.
Based on a single soil test fertilzation recommendations are given, but also additional information like a soil organic matter balance, and a water retention curve is given to farmers and their extension services.
When two immiscible fluids such as oil and water are present in rock pores, interfacial tension arises at the boundary between the fluids due to imbalanced molecular forces. Wettability refers to whether the rock preferentially interacts with and spreads one fluid over the other. It is determined by measuring the contact angle between the fluids and solid surface. Wettability affects fluid distributions and flow properties in the reservoir, with water-wet rocks typically yielding more oil during waterflooding recovery than oil-wet rocks.
Reservoirs and source rock properties of petroleumgulam nabi
This document provides information on reservoir rock and source rock types including their classification, properties, and symbols. It discusses the three main sedimentary rock types that are frequently found in oil fields: shales, sandstones, and carbonates. For each rock type, the document describes their composition, texture, depositional environment, porosity, and standard geologic symbol. It also provides an example of each rock type in the form of an oil or gas field.
This document summarizes the results of using coiled tubing and a true fluidic oscillator tool to stimulate 20 low production wells in the San Jorge Gulf area of Argentina. Deposits of paraffin, asphaltene, and calcium carbonate were causing damage to the wells. The fluidic oscillator tool generated pressure waves of 300-600 Hz to weaken and remove near-wellbore damage. Treatments of solvent followed by acid were pumped selectively into zones. The approach achieved production increases in oil rates of 30-365% and total fluid rates in 75% of wells. It provides a more cost-effective alternative to conventional well interventions.
Reduce Evaporation Losses from Water ReservoirsIOSR Journals
Evaporation suppression is the reduction of evaporation bycontrolling the rate at which water vapor escapes from water surfaces. The need for water saving is greatest in areas of little rainfall and low runoff. Water losses by evaporation from storage reservoirs must be minimized for greatest utility of limitedsupplies. Using trash of polyethylene with different densities (800, 875 and 900 kg/m3) as floating cover to the water filling cylindrical container with 8 cm diameter led to reduce the evaporation rate. A suitable trash density of 800 kg/m3 gave reduction in evaporation rate of 57% from the theoretical results calculated using equation (4) which is a good result if compared with previous researches
An introduction to rainwater harvestingTaranjot Ubhi
This document provides an overview of rainwater harvesting, including the three main components: catchment areas, collection devices, and conveyance systems. Catchment areas can be rooftops or land surfaces. Rooftops are commonly used and gutters divert water into storage tanks. Land surfaces can also be used but have higher rates of water loss. Storage tanks or containers collect the rainwater and come in various materials like ferrocement or polyethylene. Conveyance systems transfer water from rooftop catchments to storage via downpipes, with methods to divert initial runoff away from storage.
03 azamat the experience of industrial processing of an uranium deposit of ak...Monatom Mgl
The document summarizes field experiments conducted at the Akdala uranium deposit in Kazakhstan, which uses in-situ leaching (ISL) methods. The objectives were to determine realistic production rates, optimize hydrodynamic processes without aquicludes, and monitor behavior of passing components. Testing of three blocks showed uranium concentrations exceeding 1 g/dm3. Commercial production began in 2006 and reached the designed capacity of 1000 tons of uranium per year, confirming experimental results. Distinctive features include high permeability, even mineralization distribution, and operation without complete aquicludes. The chosen development system and piping scheme ensured reliable rates for continued commercial operation.
This document summarizes a field study on using a liquid curable resin system to prevent proppant and formation sand production in high water cut, heavy oil wells in Argentina. The study involved hydraulic fracturing treatments using proppant coated with a low-temperature curable epoxy resin. Field results showed that the resin coating effectively stopped proppant and formation sand from being produced back while maintaining production rates. The resin treatment provided a reliable and cost-effective alternative to sand control screens for controlling solid flowback in marginal reservoirs.
Rosemont Copper will minimize the visual impact of its mine through the innovative use of mined rock. It will create landscaped earthen berms from the mined rock to screen the mine site while also beginning reclamation efforts in the first year of operation. The mine will have a dry tailings storage facility to maximize water conservation and allow for immediate reclamation. The operational footprint of the mine will be less than half the size of other existing Arizona mines through efficient, modern facility design.
This document discusses various techniques used in oil and gas exploration and evaluation, including:
1. Surface geology techniques like identifying oil and gas seeps at the surface.
2. Subsurface geology techniques like well cutting and coring to understand rock layers below ground.
3. Downhole logging techniques like logging while drilling (LWD), wireline logging, and formation testing to evaluate subsurface properties in real-time or after drilling.
4. Wireline logging measures properties like resistivity, density, and radioactivity to evaluate formations and fluid contents.
Reservoir types and Reservoir characterizations; Styles of Geologic Reservoir Heterogeneity; Classification of Heterogeneity; Scales of Geologic Reservoir Heterogeneity; Factors Causing Reservoir Heterogeneity; Assessing Reservoir Heterogeneity; Diagenetic and Reservoir Quality and Heterogeneity Implications in Deltaic and Marine Sandstones ; Scales of Fluvial Reservoir Heterogeneity; Impact of Bioturbation on Reservoir Heterogeneity; Carbonate Reservoir Heterogeneity
1. Researchers have classified fractured carbonate reservoirs into four types based on their intergranular porosity, permeability, and role of fractures in providing storage and fluid flow pathways.
2. Type 1 reservoirs have little natural porosity or permeability and rely entirely on fractures for storage and flow. Type 2 have some natural porosity and permeability enhanced by fractures. Type 3 have moderate natural porosity but rely on fractures for flow. Type 4 have good natural porosity and permeability but are still enhanced by fractures.
3. The intensity of fracturing depends on factors like bed thickness, lithology, and structural deformation, with thinner and more brittle beds tending to be more fractured. Fractures can be open
The document discusses various groundwater improvement techniques, including both direct and indirect artificial recharge methods. Direct surface methods like percolation tanks, flooding, stream augmentation, and ditch/furrow systems enhance groundwater infiltration. Direct subsurface methods include recharge wells, dug wells, and pits/shafts that allow direct recharge. Indirect methods are induced recharge, which uses pumping to induce surface water infiltration, and aquifer modification methods that alter characteristics to improve storage and flow. The techniques described can help maximize storage, improve water quality, and replenish overexploited aquifers.
Nurture the world of tomorrow - Maccaferri on sustainability Maccaferri World
Maccaferri's vision and mission focus on the key concept of "Nurturing the World of tomorrow", which means to care, to protect, to be responsible not only to the environment but also to our people, our stakeholders and to the world at large.
Indeed, Maccaferri solutions provide environmental, social and economic benefits mitigating natural and anthropogenic hazards, respecting the environment, enhancing people safety and improving their lives.
An open pit mine is an excavation made at the surface of the ground to extract ore throughout the life of the mine. Large quantities of waste rock must be excavated and relocated to access and mine the ore deposit. The planning of an open pit mine aims to exploit the mineral deposit at the lowest cost while maximizing profits, through optimizing the physical design and scheduling of ore and waste extraction. Ore and waste materials are removed in successive layers called benches, with several benches potentially in operation simultaneously at different elevations in the open pit mine.
Dewatering is the artificial removal of groundwater or surface water to allow for construction. It plays a vital role in excavation by controlling hydrostatic pressure and soil stability. There are three main dewatering methods: active dewatering uses pumping, interception prevents water from reaching the excavation, and isolation excludes water via cut-off walls. Proper method selection depends on soil type and desired drawdown. Without control, dewatering can cause ground subsidence, flooding, or structural collapse due to increased soil loading.
The document provides an overview of principles of well logging and formation evaluation. It discusses different well logging tools and techniques used to measure properties like resistivity, spontaneous potential, and borehole diameter. Well logging allows for determination of lithology, fluid content, porosity, and permeability of rock formations for purposes like identifying hydrocarbon bearing zones and estimating reserves. The document covers concepts such as the invaded zone, uninvaded zone, and formation resistivity factor which are important for understanding well log measurements and evaluation.
Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering Module 3Aijaz Ali Mooro
This document provides an overview of reservoir rock and fluid properties. It discusses key concepts such as porosity, permeability, fluid interactions, and reservoir drive mechanisms. Porosity refers to the void spaces in rock that can store hydrocarbons. Permeability measures how easily fluids can flow through rock. The document also examines factors that affect porosity and different types of porosity and permeability. Reservoir drive mechanisms like solution gas, gas cap, and water drives are explained. Finally, it briefly discusses secondary and tertiary recovery methods used to improve oil extraction rates.
Solution Mining; Technology of the Salt Production; Rock salt (NaCl); Sylvinite; Solution mining of carnallitite with; two wells; selective dissolution; hot leaching; Methods to control the size of the caverns; INTRODUCTION; TECHNOLOGY OF SOLUTION MINING; FRASCH PROCESS-SULFUR PRODUCTION; TECHNOLOGY OF THE SALT PRODUCTION; What is Rock salt ?; Evaporite deposits ; Rock salt; Sylvinite; Carnallite; HEAP LEACHING; Heap leach production model; Important parameters during metallurgical testing; Staged Approach to Heap Leach Testwork and Design; Uranium Heap Leaching; Uranium Ore Minerals; Basic Geochemistry of Uranium Minerals; Copper Heap Leaching; Layout of copper bio-heap pilot plant; Laterite heap leaching; Nickel Laterite Deposits; Proposed counter-current heap leach arrangement; Neutralizing potential of laterites in 6 meter column; Advantages and Problems of Solution Mining
Sand drains are vertical bore holes backfilled with sand to accelerate drainage in embankments. They work by allowing pore water pressure to dissipate horizontally through the surrounding sand and vertically towards the sand blanket on top. Spacing of drains is generally less than twice the embankment thickness to reduce drainage path lengths. Surcharge loads are applied to the sand blanket to further increase pore pressures and drive drainage. While effective, sand drains do not address secondary consolidation and may underestimate stress reductions in the soil from their presence.
This document summarizes a study characterizing a landfill in Mohammedia, Morocco. Samples were taken from 5 stations around the landfill and near the El Maleh river to analyze physical and chemical properties. Heavy metals like lead and chromium were found in high concentrations in leachates from the landfill and sediments near the river. Pollution from the landfill's discharge was impacting the river water quality. The aim was to evaluate the physico-chemical quality of El Maleh river water in relation to leachate from the converted clay quarry landfill and identify a rehabilitation plan.
This document discusses ground freezing as a method for excavation support and groundwater control. It describes how ground freezing works by circulating a refrigerant through pipes to freeze the surrounding soil, improving its strength and impermeability. The key advantages are that frozen ground can support excavations without bracing and acts as an impermeable barrier to groundwater flow. Applications mentioned include using ground freezing for shallow and deep excavations, tunneling, and creating underground cutoff walls.
High soil fertilty = high food production
Establish soil fertlity with soil tests
With only one soil test > 20 soil characteristics can be measured.
Based on a single soil test fertilzation recommendations are given, but also additional information like a soil organic matter balance, and a water retention curve is given to farmers and their extension services.
When two immiscible fluids such as oil and water are present in rock pores, interfacial tension arises at the boundary between the fluids due to imbalanced molecular forces. Wettability refers to whether the rock preferentially interacts with and spreads one fluid over the other. It is determined by measuring the contact angle between the fluids and solid surface. Wettability affects fluid distributions and flow properties in the reservoir, with water-wet rocks typically yielding more oil during waterflooding recovery than oil-wet rocks.
Reservoirs and source rock properties of petroleumgulam nabi
This document provides information on reservoir rock and source rock types including their classification, properties, and symbols. It discusses the three main sedimentary rock types that are frequently found in oil fields: shales, sandstones, and carbonates. For each rock type, the document describes their composition, texture, depositional environment, porosity, and standard geologic symbol. It also provides an example of each rock type in the form of an oil or gas field.
This document summarizes the results of using coiled tubing and a true fluidic oscillator tool to stimulate 20 low production wells in the San Jorge Gulf area of Argentina. Deposits of paraffin, asphaltene, and calcium carbonate were causing damage to the wells. The fluidic oscillator tool generated pressure waves of 300-600 Hz to weaken and remove near-wellbore damage. Treatments of solvent followed by acid were pumped selectively into zones. The approach achieved production increases in oil rates of 30-365% and total fluid rates in 75% of wells. It provides a more cost-effective alternative to conventional well interventions.
Reduce Evaporation Losses from Water ReservoirsIOSR Journals
Evaporation suppression is the reduction of evaporation bycontrolling the rate at which water vapor escapes from water surfaces. The need for water saving is greatest in areas of little rainfall and low runoff. Water losses by evaporation from storage reservoirs must be minimized for greatest utility of limitedsupplies. Using trash of polyethylene with different densities (800, 875 and 900 kg/m3) as floating cover to the water filling cylindrical container with 8 cm diameter led to reduce the evaporation rate. A suitable trash density of 800 kg/m3 gave reduction in evaporation rate of 57% from the theoretical results calculated using equation (4) which is a good result if compared with previous researches
An introduction to rainwater harvestingTaranjot Ubhi
This document provides an overview of rainwater harvesting, including the three main components: catchment areas, collection devices, and conveyance systems. Catchment areas can be rooftops or land surfaces. Rooftops are commonly used and gutters divert water into storage tanks. Land surfaces can also be used but have higher rates of water loss. Storage tanks or containers collect the rainwater and come in various materials like ferrocement or polyethylene. Conveyance systems transfer water from rooftop catchments to storage via downpipes, with methods to divert initial runoff away from storage.
03 azamat the experience of industrial processing of an uranium deposit of ak...Monatom Mgl
The document summarizes field experiments conducted at the Akdala uranium deposit in Kazakhstan, which uses in-situ leaching (ISL) methods. The objectives were to determine realistic production rates, optimize hydrodynamic processes without aquicludes, and monitor behavior of passing components. Testing of three blocks showed uranium concentrations exceeding 1 g/dm3. Commercial production began in 2006 and reached the designed capacity of 1000 tons of uranium per year, confirming experimental results. Distinctive features include high permeability, even mineralization distribution, and operation without complete aquicludes. The chosen development system and piping scheme ensured reliable rates for continued commercial operation.
This document summarizes a field study on using a liquid curable resin system to prevent proppant and formation sand production in high water cut, heavy oil wells in Argentina. The study involved hydraulic fracturing treatments using proppant coated with a low-temperature curable epoxy resin. Field results showed that the resin coating effectively stopped proppant and formation sand from being produced back while maintaining production rates. The resin treatment provided a reliable and cost-effective alternative to sand control screens for controlling solid flowback in marginal reservoirs.
This document discusses research into improving the mechanical properties of adobe bricks through the addition of stone dust. Tests were conducted on adobe bricks containing 5-25% stone dust additions and cement. Results showed stone dust increased compressive strength by 10-20% and slightly affected moisture content and water absorption. The optimal amount of stone dust addition was found to be 10-20% to maximize mechanical properties while minimizing material usage. In conclusion, stone dust addition can enhance the strength and performance of adobe bricks.
This document evaluates salt weathering impacts on buildings in Jazirat al Hamra, UAE. Salinity measurements and observations of building damage were recorded along four transects covering the town. There was a strong correlation between higher salinity levels, locations near beaches and sabkhas, and greater building damage. Older buildings constructed from bioclastic limestone showed less damage than modern buildings made of porous materials like concrete and bricks, which are more susceptible to salt crystallization and moisture absorption. Prevailing winds appeared to have a greater influence on results than aspect. Some damage is unavoidable in this coastal location, so preventive construction practices should be used.
This document discusses new technologies for mine tailings disposal. It begins by defining mine tailings as ore waste from mines. The most common disposal method is tailings dams, but there are environmental risks. The document then examines three disposal methods - tailings dams, surface paste disposal, and disposal using geotextile materials. It analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of each method. Cost analyses show that surface paste disposal has the lowest operation costs and is the most appropriate economically for surface disposal of tailings.
Rock Melting: A Specialty Drilling System for Improved Hole Stability in Geot...swilsonmc
A Los Alamos National Laboratory team is actively reevaluating a
drilling system that uses electrically-heated graphite, or molybdenum
penetrators to melt a hole as it is slowly pushed through rock. The
primary result of a rock melting penetrator is to form molten material
that consolidates into a rugged glass lining, thus preventing hole
collapse and minimizing the potential for cross-flow and lost
circulation. Drilling fluid requirements are reduced or eliminated,
and the penetrator does not rotate.
Laboratory bench tests are being coupled with time-dependent
thermomechanical models to understand the physics of the process
and adapt rock melting to a variety of field environments.
The potential geothermal drilling applications include a wellbore seal
in lieu of intermediate casing particularly in areas of lost circulation
or borehole wall collapse. Additionally, by modifying the penetrator
tool, the system could be designed to melt through a stuck pipe or
bit, thereby eliminating cementing and redrilling. Modification of the
rock melting drill to allow injection of reagents and thinners into the
melt to increase penetration rates, and enhance glass liner properties
is also under investigation.
A Critical Study of Water Loss in Canals and its Reduction MeasuresIJERA Editor
Water is a very precious natural resource. When this precious resource moves through the canals certain part of the water is lost by seepage, evaporation etc. This loss is known as conveyance loss. The conveyance loss was calculated experimentally by different researcher on different canals around the world. In this paper author have tried to review some of the research work and recommend an average water loss from the canal irrespective of the soil and other environmental condition. There are different materials which have been used in canal lining to reduce this water loss. No such material can be said it is the best material for reducing water loss because it depends on the site and its environmental condition. Now a days geosynthetic alone or geosynthetic with concrete or precast concrete is used to for canal lining in this paper they have tried to see the strength, durability etc. of different geosynthetic material and its application in canal lining.
Piping is used to transport liquids, gases, and solids between locations. Pipes have a nominal bore diameter and wall thickness specified by a schedule number according to standards. Piping is key infrastructure for industries like power plants, oil and gas, refineries, and more. Offshore platforms explore for and produce oil and gas from the seafloor. They operate in shallow, deep, and ultra-deep water. Offshore processes include exploration using seismic surveys, drilling wells, and production including infrastructure that withstands harsh ocean conditions.
This document provides an introduction to quarry stone dust and fly ash as alternative materials to river sand in concrete production. It discusses research showing quarry stone dust and fly ash can replace up to 40% and 20% of sand respectively while maintaining or increasing strength. The document outlines the physical requirements and benefits of using fly ash, including increased workability, strength over time, and durability. It notes fly ash reduces permeability, corrosion of steel reinforcement, efflorescence, shrinkage, and heat of hydration while increasing resistance to sulfate attack, freezing and thawing, and alkali-silica reaction.
Evaluating Interface Properties of Geomembrane and Compacted Clay Liners for ...MrEddyAsyrafSyed
Interfaces shear strength parameter evaluation for landfill liner systems have been a tedious testing process. Various testing methods and guidelines have been proposed by engineers and researchers over the years. The current testing procedures are based on ASTM testing guideline and basic fundamental engineering testing philosophies. Hence there is a need for much ideal testing equipment which can perform the entire test series required for landfill liner parameter evaluations
Piping is used to transport liquids, gases, and fluidized solids from one location to another. It forms the backbone of many industries like oil and gas, refineries, and power plants. Seismic surveys use sound waves to image underground rock structures and identify potential reservoirs of oil and gas located beneath the seafloor or land.
Efficient Way to Improve Subgrade Property of Pavement by Chemical StabilizationIJERA Editor
There are numerous soil stabilization techniques for improving the strength of the in-situ soil especially in road construction, and one of the techniques is using chemical additive. Chemical improvement is a time saving method that enables subgrade or sub-base layer and otherwise unsatisfactory materials in-situ to obtain higher density and strength, obviating the need for costly excavation and replacement with borrow material. This paper presents some results of the preliminary stages of research program carried out to explicate the mechanism and behavior between the liquid chemical and the engineering properties of three natural residual soils at laboratory scale. Liquid-formed chemical was selected in this research due to scarcity of such findings instead of the prevalent solid chemical additive such as lime, cement or fly ash. The focus on this research is on the improvement of engineering properties of two natural residual soils and mixed with different proportions of liquid chemical. Series of laboratory test on engineering properties, such as Modified Proctor Test, Consistency limits, moisture-density relationship (compaction) and California Bearing Ratio was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness and performances of this chemical as soil stabilizing agent.
Tidal Flow Constructed Wetland: An Overviewinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
The document summarizes research on manufacturing ultra-light ceramsite from slate waste in Shangri-la, China. Key findings include:
1) Through orthogonal experimentation, the optimal production parameters were determined as preheating at 300°C for 25 minutes and sintering at 1230°C for 20 minutes.
2) Analysis showed sintering temperature had the greatest influence on physical properties of the ceramsite, followed by sintering time, preheating temperature, and preheating time.
3) The optimal ceramsite had a bulk density of 729 kg/m3, water absorption of 5.1%, and expansion ratio of 50%, meeting standards for ultra-light cerams
This document summarizes research on backfilling technologies for underground oil shale mines in Estonia. It discusses how backfilling mine voids with waste rock and ash can reduce environmental impacts by decreasing surface disposal needs. Studies included modeling mine spaces, testing fill materials, and evaluating technological schemes. Laboratory tests showed lower ash mixtures had higher strength. Mine tests indicated warming from large mixtures improved hardening. Overall the research aims to determine if backfilling is technically feasible under local mining conditions.
Design of Solar Pond calculation and technique in AfricaIOSR Journals
Abstract: Extracting energy from the sun has revolutionized the global energy industry. Different literatures
have been reviewed to give an appropriate theory and mathematical model for the design of solar pond in
Africa.The location chosen is Cairo,Egypt due to high annual solar radiation,feasible land, and fresh water
conditions and cost effective. Energy balance equations have been computed from different case studies to show
the factors affecting the efficiency of the solar pond such as effect of density, temperature, solar radiation,
insulation thickness and depth of different layers .Optimum conditions for the design of a solar pond have been
determined such as the thickness of the upper layer should not be more than 0.3m whereas the optimum
thickness of gradient zone should be1-1.5m and the storage zone should be 1-4m.The main constraints in the
design of a solar pond are different heat losses.But however, different techniques have been discussed for
reducing the heat losses such as black painted concrete slab and concrete walls for minimizing the bottom
losses and using a polystyrene top cover for reducing evaporation losses during night, winters and autumn. This
technique can be very useful for the people of Africa specially dwelling in rural areas.
Keywords: Design, Solar Pond,RenewableEnergy
O documento descreve a composição e estrutura interna da Terra, incluindo a crosta terrestre. A crosta é dividida em SIAL e SIMA. O SIAL constitui a parte superior da crosta continental e é ausente na crosta oceânica, enquanto o SIMA constitui a parte inferior da crosta continental e a crosta oceânica. O documento também discute os métodos indiretos de estudar o interior da Terra usando propagação de ondas sísmicas.
Este documento fornece uma introdução à geologia, definindo-a como a ciência que estuda a origem, composição e evolução da Terra. Ele descreve as principais divisões da geologia, incluindo geologia teórica, histórica e aplicada, e fornece exemplos de como os princípios geológicos são aplicados em engenharia civil e projetos. Finalmente, traça um breve histórico do desenvolvimento da geologia como ciência.
1. O documento estabelece procedimentos para estudos de estabilidade de taludes em solo, rocha ou mistos.
2. Cobre investigações geotécnicas, diagnóstico, projeto, execução, controle e conservação de obras para estabilizar taludes.
3. Inclui anexos sobre tipos de instabilidade e obras de estabilização de taludes.
Curso básico de mecânica dos solos (16 aulas) 3º edição - (exercícios resol...Osmar Portela
A empresa está enfrentando desafios financeiros devido à queda nas vendas e precisa cortar custos. O departamento de marketing será reestruturado e alguns funcionários serão demitidos, enquanto outros serão transferidos para novas funções. Uma consulta externa foi contratada para ajudar a empresa a se reorganizar e voltar ao crescimento.
Roteiro para obtenção da concessão de lavra de água mineralOsmar Portela
O documento discute a classificação e regulamentação de águas minerais e potáveis no Brasil de acordo com o Código de Águas Minerais de 1945 e resoluções subsequentes da ANVISA. É descrito o que constitui água mineral natural, água natural e água purificada adicionada de sais segundo a legislação e quais os padrões de qualidade estabelecidos. Também são explicadas as classificações das águas segundo sua composição química e características das fontes.
(1) A mineração é considerada uma das primeiras atividades humanas juntamente com a agricultura, sendo fundamental para o desenvolvimento das civilizações. (2) Ao longo da história, vários avanços tecnológicos permitiram a extração de minérios em maior profundidade e escala, como o uso do fogo e da pólvora. (3) A revolução industrial causou um grande impacto na mineração, com aumento da demanda por minérios e avanços científicos e mecanização dos processos.
Este documento describe los conceptos básicos de la planificación minera a cielo abierto, incluyendo la consideración de modelos de bloques, costos, precios de minerales, parámetros de diseño y restricciones ambientales. Explica los métodos de cálculo de pit final como Lerch-Grossman y Whittle, que optimizan el valor neto presente mediante la generación de conjuntos de pits anidados para diferentes factores de utilidad.
(1) A mineração tem sido essencial para a existência humana desde os tempos pré-históricos, fornecendo ferramentas, armas, metais e outros recursos. (2) Ao longo da história, vários avanços tecnológicos impulsionaram o desenvolvimento da mineração, como o uso do fogo, da pólvora e da dinamite. (3) A mineração moderna envolve quatro estágios - prospecção, exploração, desenvolvimento e lavra - sendo o desenvolvimento essencial para abrir
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
AI for Legal Research with applications, toolsmahaffeycheryld
AI applications in legal research include rapid document analysis, case law review, and statute interpretation. AI-powered tools can sift through vast legal databases to find relevant precedents and citations, enhancing research accuracy and speed. They assist in legal writing by drafting and proofreading documents. Predictive analytics help foresee case outcomes based on historical data, aiding in strategic decision-making. AI also automates routine tasks like contract review and due diligence, freeing up lawyers to focus on complex legal issues. These applications make legal research more efficient, cost-effective, and accessible.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Generative AI Use cases applications solutions and implementation.pdfmahaffeycheryld
Generative AI solutions encompass a range of capabilities from content creation to complex problem-solving across industries. Implementing generative AI involves identifying specific business needs, developing tailored AI models using techniques like GANs and VAEs, and integrating these models into existing workflows. Data quality and continuous model refinement are crucial for effective implementation. Businesses must also consider ethical implications and ensure transparency in AI decision-making. Generative AI's implementation aims to enhance efficiency, creativity, and innovation by leveraging autonomous generation and sophisticated learning algorithms to meet diverse business challenges.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/generative-ai-use-cases-and-applications/
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
1. - 1337 -
Field Performance and Numerical
Analysis of Cover Systems
André Geraldo Cornelio Ribeiro
M.Sc. Civil Engineering
Federal University of Viçosa
Email: andre.ribeiro@ufv.br
Roberto Francisco de Azevedo
PhD. Civil Engineering
Federal University of Viçosa
Email: razevedo@ufv.br
Ney Rosário Amorim
D.Sc. Civil Engineering
Geostável Consultant and Projects
Email: ney.amorim@geoestavel.com.br
Izabel Duarte Azevedo
D. Sc. Civil Engineering
Federal University of Viçosa
Email: iazevedo@ufv.br
ABSTRACT
Twenty three years ago, at the district of Paracatu, in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, Rio
Paracatu Mineração (RPM) started the production of gold in an open cast mine, in a reserve
that was entirely considered to be ore. Gold is present as free leachable gold and is also
associated with pyrite, arsenopyrite and chalcopyrite. To avoid formation of acid drainage of
mines, there is a great concern related to the design of cover systems for final
decommissioning and reclamation of different mine areas. In order to acquire useful
information for these designs, two store-and-release monitored cover systems were built at a
place where RPM operated a pilot plant for approximately 10 years. The monitoring system
consists of a complete weather station and water content reflectometers in each soil layer of
the cover systems. This paper presents the performance of the cover systems during two and a
half years of monitoring, together with comparisons with numerical results obtained with
finite element analyses of the cover systems.
KEYWORDS: Cover Systems, Lysimeters, Acid Drainage of Mines.
2. Vol. 15 [2010], Bund. N 1338
INTRODUCTION
Annually the mining industry explores hundreds of millions of tons of soil and rock to extract
minerals that, after improvement, are used to produce a large amount of fundamental products for
the human life (Carrier III et al., 1983).
Frequently, most of the explored material is residue or tailings. In some cases, as in copper or
gold mining, tailings may represent more than 99% of the ore material.
One of the most serious environmental impact associated with mining activities is the
oxidation of sulfide minerals in presence of oxygen and water, generating an acid aqueous
solution denominated acid drainage of mines (ADM).
RPM operates a non-conventional open cast gold mine that essentially entails the removal of
Morro do Ouro (“Hill of Gold”) without producing waste rock. The entire reserve is considered to
be ore, and is sent to the processing plant. The mine started in 1987 producing approximately six
million tones/year and has undergone major expansions in 1995, 1997 and 1999 to achieve the
production rate of 20 million tones /year. Two years ago, an expansion project was concluded to
increase the production to 80 million tones/year and to extend the useful life of the mine for more
20 years. With this expansion, the “Hill of Gold” will become an open pit, about 350 m deep that
will demand the excavation of, at least, 200 m of soil, generating a considerable volume of waste
rock.
Gold is present in the leached ore and is also associated with arsenopyrite (FeAsS), pyrite
(FeS2) and chalcopyrite (CuFeS2).
There are two main ore types, the oxide and the sulfide. Normally there are two mine fronts
in operation, producing a blend of 50/50 oxide and sulfide ores. These ores are sent through a
crushing and grinding circuit and, to prevent acid formation in the crushed tailings, limestone is
added during grinding. The final grinding product consists of a material 80% passing the 74
microns mesh. Gold (and sulfide minerals) are concentrated in three flotation stages. The residues
from the final concentration process, a mud with 30% of solids, are pumped to “Specific Tanks”.
The final flotation tails are partly diverted to two tailings thickeners for water recovery.
Thickener underflows and the remaining tails stream gravitate to the “Main Tailings
Impoundment” at a solid content of less than 30%. The “Specific Tanks” contain approximately
30 to 40% sulfide and the tailings impoundment less than 0.4% sulfide.
The plan to close the mine involves a final decommissioning, not only necessary for the
mining area, the main tailings dam impoundment and the specific tanks, but also for the open pit
and the 200 millions tones of waste rock pile that will be generated.
There is a great concern in relation to the final decommissioning and reclamation of mine
areas to avoid formation of ADM. Soil cover systems have to minimize oxygen diffusion and
precipitation infiltration in mining area, the main tailings impoundment and the specific tanks.
Cover systems are used mainly to reduce water infiltration and to control the migration of
gases (Koerner and Daniel 1997; O'Kane and Barbour 2003; Abichou et al. 2004; etc). They are,
usually, divided in two types: prescriptives and evapotranspiratives. The prescriptive covers use
3. Vol. 15 [2010], Bund. N 1339
low hydraulic conductivity layers to minimize infiltration and to maximize runoff and
evapotranspiration. The basic components of prescriptive covers are a soil layer with high organic
matter content appropriate for planting and a barrier layer, normally made of a low hydraulic
conductivity compacted clayey soil. Vegetation, besides the aesthetic function, guarantees
protection for the barrier layer against erosion and cracking, also increasing evapotranspiration.
The barrier layer minimizes the passage of liquids.
The first layer of evapotranspiratives covers is also made of a high organic matter content
soil appropriate for planting, underlain by a low compacted soil layer that has the function of
storing infiltration during rain period and release it back to atmosphere through
evapotranspiration during the dry season (store-and-release layer, SR layer). During rainy periods
this layer, progressively, saturates without allowing a significant amount of liquids to reach the
base. As soon as precipitation ceases or decreases, evapotranspiration prevails and, progressively,
reduces the soil moisture of the SR layerl until the next rainy period, when the storage and release
process is resumed. Therefore, in this case, the soil layer instead of "preventing" the passage of
liquids works as a "water tank" that fills up during rainy periods and empties down during
drought periods. These SR layers are made with silty sands and/or clayey silts and shall be
sufficiently thick so that the humidity increment does not occur close to its base, where the
material to be protected is placed. The thickness depends on the climatic conditions
(evaporation), the vegetation type used in the topsoil layer (transpiration), and the hydraulic
properties of the SR soil layer (hydraulic conductivity and water retention functions).
Basically, there are two types of evapotranspirative covers: monolithic and capillary barriers.
The first has been described previously. Evapotranspirative covers with capillary barriers use a
system in which the SR layer overlies a coarser soil layer that increases the water storage capacity
of the SR layer due to the non-saturated hydraulic conductivity contrast between them (Figure
1a).
In Figure 1b, it is observed that for same high suction values, the SR and the barrier layers
have soil moisture equal to Ac and Af, respectively. Due to differences between the water
retention curves of the two soils, Af is much larger than Ac. Consequently, the coarser soil will
have a hydraulic conductivity significantly smaller than the one of the fine soil, Figure 1c, and it
will work almost as an impermeable boundary for the SR layer soil, therefore increasing its
storage capacity.
According to Dwyer (2003) and Carlsson (2002), two main problems exist regarding
capillary barriers. The first is the clogging of the coarse material by the fine soil. In that case, the
use of a geotextile as a separation element is advisable (Figure 1a). The second problem is related
with long and high precipitation periods. In such circumstances, the SR layer may saturate till its
bottom. Consequently, the coarse soil will also saturate and its hydraulic conductivity will
become much larger than the one of the SR layer, facilitating, instead of preventing, infiltration
("capillary barrier break").
Nyhan et al. (1990) and Khire et al. (1994) affirm that capillary barriers have been more
effective than conventional ones, besides being easier to build and cost less than prescriptive
covers.
Morris and Stormont (1997) comment on that capillary barriers are not efficient in regions
where moderate to high precipitations occur.
4. Vol. 15 [2010], Bund. N 1340
Benson and Khire (1995) mentioned that field studies have showed that capillary barriers
with two layers are effective in arid and semi-arid regions.
Figure 1: (a) Capillary Barrier, (b) Water retention curves, (c) Hydraulic
conductivity curves (adapted from Qian et al., 2002).
A number of researchers have highlighted the important role of numerical modeling in the
analysis of layered soil covers (Bussiere et al., 1995; McMullen et al., 1997; Mbonimpa et al.,
2003; Swanson et al., 2003).
McCartney and Zornberg (2003) present numerical analysis results for an evapotranspirative
cover constructed in a semi-arid climate. They observed that the numerical model provided
accurate results at the beginning of the analyses after what the results agreed only in trend but not
in magnitude. Percolation measured in the field and numerically calculated were similar.
Simulation results were sensitive to the hydraulic properties of the soil but were not influenced by
different selection of solar radiation, wind speed or hysteresis of the water retention curve. The
authors concluded that numerical modeling is an important tool to analyze the performance of
cover systems.
The RPM mine is located in the border of semi-humid and semi-arid regions in Brazil, where
annual precipitation and evaporation are almost equivalent. According to studies in the literature
shown previously, the efficiency of SR coverage system in areas with such weather conditions is
debatable. Therefore, this paper presents the construction, the instrumentation and the
performance of two experimental SR cover systems constructed at the RPM mine site. Also, in
order to verify McCartney and Zornberg (2003) conclusions, a numerical modeling of the
experiment was performed and comparisons between field performance and finite element
analyses during two and a half years of monitoring are included.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experiment described in this paper was accomplished in an area denominated
"Barraginha", used to release tailings of the mine pilot plant for 10 years. The tailings formed a
5. Vol. 15 [2010], Bund. N 1341
layer with thickness varying from 1.0 to 2.5 m, which had no bearing capacity to carry the traffic
of machines to build the cover systems. Therefore, it was necessary to built a foundation layer,
approximately 1.0 m thick, overlying the tailings. The two cover systems described below were
built on the top of the foundation layer, each one occupying, approximately, half of the area and
presenting the following characteristics:
• Cover system 1 was composed of a 0.15 m thick layer of organic soil overlying a
0.50 m thick silty soil layer, which was placed over a 50 cm thick layer of a
compacted clayey soil (hydraulic barrier).
• Cover system 2 was composed of the same 0.15 m thick organic soil and the 0.50 m
thick silty soil layers placed over a 0.50 m thick layer of gravel (capillary barrier).
On the top of the foundation layer, below the cover systems, two large lysimeters were
constructed to collect infiltration water.
Figure 2 presents a drawing of the general arrangement of the area, showing the lysimeters,
where the instrumentation of each cover system was placed, and where the systems to measure
runoff and the lysimeters percolations were installed.
Figure 3 shows the area under construction, whereas Figure 4 presents an overview of the
same place at the beginning of the experiment.
Water content reflectometers (WCR) were used to measure soil moisture in each soil layer.
The position of these instruments are shown in Figure 5.
6. Vol. 15 [2010], Bund. N 1342
Figure 2: General Arrangement of the Experiment.
Figure 3: The area under construction.
7. Vol. 15 [2010], Bund. N 1343
Figure 4: Overview of the area at the beginning of the experiment
Figure 5: Location of the WCR used in the cover systems.
A complete weather station was available at the RPM site to measure daily maximum and
minimum temperatures, precipitations and relative humidity, as well as wind velocity and net
radiation.
A 2-D finite element numerical simulation of the experiment was performed using cross
section AA’ (Figure 2). The numerical model simulates the liquid water flow using Richard’s
equation, water vapor diffusion using Flick’s law, and heat flow using the Fourier equation. At
the soil surface, actual evaporation is calculated as a function of potential evaporation, soil
8. Vol. 15 [2010], Bund. N 1344
suction and air temperature and humidity. The model considers all water balance components -
precipitation, evapotranspiration, runoff, etc. - during the specified period of analysis.
The numerical model requires extensive input data, including soil, meteorological and
vegetation data. Soil properties, water retention and hydraulic conductivity versus suction curves,
for all soils used in cover layers, were obtained in the laboratory. Climatic data were supplied by
RPM weather station.
Vegetation data, leaf area index, plant moisture limiting and root depth, were estimated
according to the species planted in cover layers.
Figure 6 presents the finite element mesh and the boundary conditions used in the numerical
analysis.
Figure 6: Finite element mesh and boundary conditions used.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Figures 7 to 14 show comparisons between the volumetric water content measured in the
field and with those obtained numerically, for each layer of the cover systems.
For the superficial and SR layers, Figures 7 to 10, the comparisons show that the numerical
model represented relatively well the results measured in the field. The differences observed
during the first dry season may be attributed to the vegetation, considered mature in the model,
and yet not mature in the field.
9. Vol. 15 [2010], Bund. N 1345
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
Jun-07
Aug-07
Oct-07
Dec-07
Feb-08
Apr-08
Jun-08
Aug-08
Oct-08
Dec-08
Feb-09
Apr-09
Jun-09
Aug-09
Oct-09
Dec-09
Time (month/year)
Vol.WaterContent(%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
Jun-07
Aug-07
Oct-07
Dec-07
Feb-08
Apr-08
Jun-08
Aug-08
Oct-08
Dec-08
Feb-09
Apr-09
Jun-09
Aug-09
Oct-09
Dec-09
Time (month/year)
Precipitation(mm)
Numerical Analisis
Field Data
Precipitation
Figure 7: Volumetric water content versus time for the superficial soil layer (Cover 1).
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Jun-07
Aug-07
Oct-07
Dec-07
Feb-08
Apr-08
Jun-08
Aug-08
Oct-08
Dec-08
Feb-09
Apr-09
Jun-09
Aug-09
Oct-09
Dec-09
Time (month/year)
Vol.WaterContent(%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
Jun-07
Aug-07
Oct-07
Dec-07
Feb-08
Apr-08
Jun-08
Aug-08
Oct-08
Dec-08
Feb-09
Apr-09
Jun-09
Aug-09
Oct-09
Dec-09
Time (month/year)
Precipitation(mm)
Numerical Analisis
Field Data
Precipitation
Figure 8: Volumetric water content versus time for the superficial soil layer (Cover 2).
10. Vol. 15 [2010], Bund. N 1346
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
Jun-07
Aug-07
Oct-07
Dec-07
Feb-08
Apr-08
Jun-08
Aug-08
Oct-08
Dec-08
Feb-09
Apr-09
Jun-09
Aug-09
Oct-09
Dec-09
Time (month/year)
Vol.WaterContent(%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
Jun-07
Aug-07
Oct-07
Dec-07
Feb-08
Apr-08
Jun-08
Aug-08
Oct-08
Dec-08
Feb-09
Apr-09
Jun-09
Aug-09
Oct-09
Dec-09
Time (month/year)
Precipitation(mm)
Numerical Analisis
Field Data
Precipitation
Figure 9: Volumetric water content versus time for the store and release soil layer
(Cover 1).
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
Jun-07
Aug-07
Oct-07
Dec-07
Feb-08
Apr-08
Jun-08
Aug-08
Oct-08
Dec-08
Feb-09
Apr-09
Jun-09
Aug-09
Oct-09
Dec-09
Time (month/year)
Vol.WaterContent(%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
Jun-07
Aug-07
Oct-07
Dec-07
Feb-08
Apr-08
Jun-08
Aug-08
Oct-08
Dec-08
Feb-09
Apr-09
Jun-09
Aug-09
Oct-09
Dec-09
Time (month/year)
Precipitation(mm)
Numerical Analisis
Field Data
Precipitation
Figure 10: Volumetric water content versus time for the store and release soil layer
(Cover 2).
For the hydraulic and capillary barrier soil layers, Figures 11 and 12, the trend showed by of
field results was well captured by the numerical model, although some differences may be
observed in the magnitude of the results. It can also be pointed out that the model was not able to
capture sharp water content variations in short time periods observed in the field during the rainy
seasons. A possible reason for this discrepancy is the different time intervals used in the field
measurements (four hours) and in the numerical analyses (one day).
11. Vol. 15 [2010], Bund. N 1347
38
39
40
41
42
Jun-07
Aug-07
Oct-07
Dec-07
Feb-08
Apr-08
Jun-08
Aug-08
Oct-08
Dec-08
Feb-09
Apr-09
Jun-09
Aug-09
Oct-09
Dec-09
Time (month/year)
Vol.WaterContent(%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
Jun-07
Aug-07
Oct-07
Dec-07
Feb-08
Apr-08
Jun-08
Aug-08
Oct-08
Dec-08
Feb-09
Apr-09
Jun-09
Aug-09
Oct-09
Dec-09
Time (month/year)
Precipitation(mm)
Numerical Analisis
Field Data
Precipitation
Figure 11: Volumetric water content versus time for the hydraulic barrier soil layer
(Cover 1).
0,0
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
6,0
7,0
8,0
Jun-07
Aug-07
Oct-07
Dec-07
Feb-08
Apr-08
Jun-08
Aug-08
Oct-08
Dec-08
Feb-09
Apr-09
Jun-09
Aug-09
Oct-09
Dec-09
Time (month/year)
Vol.WaterContent(%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
Jun-07
Aug-07
Oct-07
Dec-07
Feb-08
Apr-08
Jun-08
Aug-08
Oct-08
Dec-08
Feb-09
Apr-09
Jun-09
Aug-09
Oct-09
Dec-09
Time (month/year)
Precipitation(mm)
Numerical Analisis
Field Data
Precipitation
Figure 12: Volumetric water content versus time for the capillarity barrier soil layer
(Cover 2).
For the foundation layer, Figures 13 and 14, the scatter between the results was more
significant than in the other layers, particularly for Cover 1, where significant differences
occurred, both quantitative and qualitative, probably because reflectometer WCR 4 did not work
properly.
12. Vol. 15 [2010], Bund. N 1348
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
38
42
Jun-07
Aug-07
Oct-07
Dec-07
Feb-08
Apr-08
Jun-08
Aug-08
Oct-08
Dec-08
Feb-09
Apr-09
Jun-09
Aug-09
Oct-09
Dec-09
Time (month/year)
Vol.WaterContent(%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
Jun-07
Aug-07
Oct-07
Dec-07
Feb-08
Apr-08
Jun-08
Aug-08
Oct-08
Dec-08
Feb-09
Apr-09
Jun-09
Aug-09
Oct-09
Dec-09
Time (month/year)
Precipitation(mm)
Numerical Analisis
Field Data
Precipitation
Figure 13: Volumetric water content versus time for the foundation soil layer (Cover 1).
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
41
43
Jun-07
Aug-07
Oct-07
Dec-07
Feb-08
Apr-08
Jun-08
Aug-08
Oct-08
Dec-08
Feb-09
Apr-09
Jun-09
Aug-09
Oct-09
Dec-09
Time (month/year)
Vol.WaterContent(%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
Jun-07
Aug-07
Oct-07
Dec-07
Feb-08
Apr-08
Jun-08
Aug-08
Oct-08
Dec-08
Feb-09
Apr-09
Jun-09
Aug-09
Oct-09
Dec-09
Time (month/year)
Precipitation(mm)
Numerical Analisis
Field Data
Precipitation
Figure 14: Volumetric water content versus time for the foundation soil layer (Cover 2).
Figures 15 to 18 present water content profiles obtained numerically during the monitoring
period. As can be seen, particularly in Figures 17 and 18, humidity in the tailings decreased
during the period analyzed. Hence, it is possible to conclude that both cover systems were able to
prevent water infiltration in the tailings.
14. Vol. 15 [2010], Bund. N 1350
0,00
0,50
1,00
1,50
2,00
2,50
3,00
3,50
4,00
4,50
5,00
5,50
6,00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Vol. Water Content(%)
Depth(m)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Jun-07
Sep-07
Dec-07
Mar-08
Jun-08
Sep-08
Dec-08
Mar-09
Jun-09
Sep-09
Dec-09
(Month/Year)
Precipitation(mm)
Moisture Profile - Jun/07
Moisture Profile - Dec/09
Precipitation
Trafficability
Clay
Silty
Top Soil
Tailing
Figure 17: Volumetric water content profiles at the beginning (June/2007) and end
(December 2009) of the period analyzed (Cover system 1).
0,00
0,50
1,00
1,50
2,00
2,50
3,00
3,50
4,00
4,50
5,00
5,50
6,00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Vol. Water Content (%)
Depth(m)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Jun-07
Sep-07
Dec-07
Mar-08
Jun-08
Sep-08
Dec-08
Mar-09
Jun-09
Sep-09
Dec-09
(Month/Year)
Precipitation(mm)
Moisture Profile - Jun/07
Moisture Profile - Dec/09
Precipitation
Trafficability
Capillary Barrier
Silty
Top Soil
Tailing
Figure 18: Volumetric water content profiles at the beginning (June/2007) and end
(December 2009) of the period analyzed (Cover system 2).
CONCLUSIONS
This paper described the construction of two cover systems, their performances during two
and a half years of monitoring, and comparisons between field and numerical finite element
results. The following conclusions were drawn from this work.
15. Vol. 15 [2010], Bund. N 1351
For the superficial and SR layers the numerical model represented relatively well both the
magnitude and the trend of the results measured in the field. Differences observed on the results
for the first dry season may be attributed to the vegetation, considered mature in the model, and
yet not mature in the field.
The trend of field results was well captured by the numerical model for the hydraulic and
capillary barrier soil layers, although some differences are noted in the results magnitude. The
model was also not able to capture sharp water content variations in short time periods observed
in the field during the rainy seasons, possibly due to different time intervals in the field and used
in the numerical analyses.
The scatter between the results was more significant for the foundation layer, particularly for
Cover 1, where significant differences occurred, both quantitative and qualitative, probably
because reflectometer WCR 4 did not work properly.
Water content profiles showed that the volumetric water content in the tailings decreased
during the period analyzed. Hence, it is possible to conclude that both cover systems were able to
prevent water infiltration in the tailings. However, since to avoid oxidation of sulfide minerals it
is necessary to prevent percolation of both water and oxygen, Cover system 1 seems to be more
appropriate, once the clay layer (hydraulic barrier) stays close to saturation most of the time, thus
being also able to avoid oxygen (gas) migration.
In general, the numerical model represented relatively well the field results and provides an
important tool for the evapotranspirative cover performance assessments.
ACKNOLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to acknowledge Rio Paracatu Mineração (RPM) for the financial
support which made possible the construction of the experiment described in the paper, and also
to Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) for the scholarship
provided to the first author.
REFERENCES
1. Abichou, T. et al. (2004) Design of Cost Effective Lysimeters goes Alternative Landfill
Cover Demonstrations Projects FAMU - FSU College of Engineering State
University System of Florida, Florida Center it goes Solid and Hazardous Waste
Management, University of Florida, 88 p.
2. Benson, C. H. and Khire, M. V., (1995) "Earthen Covers goes Semiarid and Arid
Climates, " Landfill Closures - Enviromental Protection and Land Recovery, ASCE,
Geothecnical Special Publication, No. 53, R. Jeffrey Dunn and Udai P. Singh, Eds.,
New York, NY, pp. 201-217.
3. Bussiere, B., Aubertin, M., Aachib, M., Chapuis, R.P., Crespo, R.J., (1995),
Unsaturated flow modeling of covers for reactive tailings. CAMI’95, Proceedings of
the Third Canadian Conference on Computer Application in the Mineral Industry,
Montreal, Quebec.
4. Carlsson, E. (2002), Sulphide-Rich Tailings Remediated by Soil Cover, Doctoral