This document defines and classifies various ego defense mechanisms including: denial, distortion, projection, regression, acting out, hypochondriasis, introjection, passive aggression, rationalization, intellectualization, reaction formation, repression, displacement, dissociation, inhibition, isolation, compensation, splitting, sublimation, anticipation, and altruism. It provides examples of how these defenses are used unconsciously to protect the ego from anxiety and manage internal or external conflicts and stressors.
The document discusses ego and defense mechanisms. It defines defense mechanisms as involuntary patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors that arise in response to psychic danger or unexpected changes. Some common defense mechanisms include denial, displacement, rationalization, reaction formation, regression, and identification. Understanding defense mechanisms can help nurses identify maladaptive behaviors and better understand a patient's personality development and how they cope with anxiety.
The document defines and provides examples of various ego defense mechanisms, which are psychological protective devices used by the individual to avoid psychological dangers and distress. Some of the defense mechanisms discussed include compensation, displacement, denial, fixation, substitution, conversion, identification, introjection, reaction formation, transference, suppression, sublimation, repression, regression, rationalization, and projection. The document concludes by stating that understanding these defense mechanisms has applications in nursing.
This document discusses frustration and conflict in psychology. It defines frustration as occurring when goal-directed behavior is blocked, creating unpleasant emotions. Conflict is described as a painful emotional state resulting from opposing wishes. The document outlines sources of frustration as external environmental factors or internal personal factors. Common reactions to frustration include increased effort, aggression, apathy and fantasy. It identifies different types of conflicts as interpersonal, person-environment, and internal. The document concludes by explaining ways to resolve frustration and conflict such as identifying their source, seeking advice, and learning to accept things that cannot be changed.
This document discusses the topic of frustration. It defines frustration as the emotional tension that results from blocked desires or needs. Some key points made include:
Frustration can cause negative feelings like depression, fear, anxiety or anger. It arises when a person encounters obstacles to their goals from external factors like other people or their environment, or internal factors like a lack of abilities. Frustration is an unpleasant emotional state where failures tend to outnumber successes and basic needs are left unsatisfied. The document also outlines different types and sources of frustration and common reactions people have when experiencing frustration.
This document discusses Sigmund Freud's concept of defence mechanisms, which are unconscious processes that protect a person's ego from anxiety, shame, loss of self-esteem or other uncomfortable feelings. Defence mechanisms operate at an unconscious level to resolve internal conflicts and reduce stress. They are classified as either positive or negative based on their effects. Positive mechanisms include compensation, sublimation and rationalization, while negative ones involve suppression, projection and fantasy. The document provides examples to illustrate common defence mechanisms.
Body mind relationship by s.lakshmanan psychologistLAKSHMANAN S
Body and mind are inseparable and influence each other. The health of the body depends on the health of the mind and vice versa. Any abnormalities in the physical body can impact mental functioning, and mental states can also affect the physical body. Maintaining a healthy body and active mind can help avoid illness, while mental health problems can exacerbate physical ailments. The modulation process between body and mind plays a decisive role in health and illness.
Defense mechanisms are methods used by the ego to protect itself from anxiety and maintain self-esteem. There are direct and indirect defense mechanisms. Direct mechanisms are used consciously like increasing efforts or compromising. Indirect mechanisms provide temporary adjustments unconsciously, like rationalization or projection. Defense mechanisms are classified as adaptive or maladaptive. Adaptive mechanisms like repression or sublimation enable resolution of conflicts while maladaptive ones like denial or regression do not solve problems. Moderately using defense mechanisms helps face difficulties but excessive reliance makes one unable to address issues directly. Personal and social adjustment requires satisfying needs, having realistic goals and flexibility to adapt to different environments.
This document defines and provides examples of various ego defense mechanisms. It discusses their historical origins and classification systems. Key defense mechanisms described include denial, distortion, projection, intellectualization, reaction formation, repression, rationalization, displacement, dissociation, inhibition, isolation, and sublimation. Examples are given to illustrate how each mechanism functions both normally and clinically in various psychological disorders.
The document discusses ego and defense mechanisms. It defines defense mechanisms as involuntary patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors that arise in response to psychic danger or unexpected changes. Some common defense mechanisms include denial, displacement, rationalization, reaction formation, regression, and identification. Understanding defense mechanisms can help nurses identify maladaptive behaviors and better understand a patient's personality development and how they cope with anxiety.
The document defines and provides examples of various ego defense mechanisms, which are psychological protective devices used by the individual to avoid psychological dangers and distress. Some of the defense mechanisms discussed include compensation, displacement, denial, fixation, substitution, conversion, identification, introjection, reaction formation, transference, suppression, sublimation, repression, regression, rationalization, and projection. The document concludes by stating that understanding these defense mechanisms has applications in nursing.
This document discusses frustration and conflict in psychology. It defines frustration as occurring when goal-directed behavior is blocked, creating unpleasant emotions. Conflict is described as a painful emotional state resulting from opposing wishes. The document outlines sources of frustration as external environmental factors or internal personal factors. Common reactions to frustration include increased effort, aggression, apathy and fantasy. It identifies different types of conflicts as interpersonal, person-environment, and internal. The document concludes by explaining ways to resolve frustration and conflict such as identifying their source, seeking advice, and learning to accept things that cannot be changed.
This document discusses the topic of frustration. It defines frustration as the emotional tension that results from blocked desires or needs. Some key points made include:
Frustration can cause negative feelings like depression, fear, anxiety or anger. It arises when a person encounters obstacles to their goals from external factors like other people or their environment, or internal factors like a lack of abilities. Frustration is an unpleasant emotional state where failures tend to outnumber successes and basic needs are left unsatisfied. The document also outlines different types and sources of frustration and common reactions people have when experiencing frustration.
This document discusses Sigmund Freud's concept of defence mechanisms, which are unconscious processes that protect a person's ego from anxiety, shame, loss of self-esteem or other uncomfortable feelings. Defence mechanisms operate at an unconscious level to resolve internal conflicts and reduce stress. They are classified as either positive or negative based on their effects. Positive mechanisms include compensation, sublimation and rationalization, while negative ones involve suppression, projection and fantasy. The document provides examples to illustrate common defence mechanisms.
Body mind relationship by s.lakshmanan psychologistLAKSHMANAN S
Body and mind are inseparable and influence each other. The health of the body depends on the health of the mind and vice versa. Any abnormalities in the physical body can impact mental functioning, and mental states can also affect the physical body. Maintaining a healthy body and active mind can help avoid illness, while mental health problems can exacerbate physical ailments. The modulation process between body and mind plays a decisive role in health and illness.
Defense mechanisms are methods used by the ego to protect itself from anxiety and maintain self-esteem. There are direct and indirect defense mechanisms. Direct mechanisms are used consciously like increasing efforts or compromising. Indirect mechanisms provide temporary adjustments unconsciously, like rationalization or projection. Defense mechanisms are classified as adaptive or maladaptive. Adaptive mechanisms like repression or sublimation enable resolution of conflicts while maladaptive ones like denial or regression do not solve problems. Moderately using defense mechanisms helps face difficulties but excessive reliance makes one unable to address issues directly. Personal and social adjustment requires satisfying needs, having realistic goals and flexibility to adapt to different environments.
This document defines and provides examples of various ego defense mechanisms. It discusses their historical origins and classification systems. Key defense mechanisms described include denial, distortion, projection, intellectualization, reaction formation, repression, rationalization, displacement, dissociation, inhibition, isolation, and sublimation. Examples are given to illustrate how each mechanism functions both normally and clinically in various psychological disorders.
This document provides an overview of Sigmund Freud's structural model of the mind and various ego defence mechanisms. It describes Freud's concepts of the id, ego, and superego and how they interact. It then classifies and defines different types of defence mechanisms, including pathological, immature, neurotic, and mature defences. Examples of each type of defence are given. The document concludes by assigning students the task of identifying defence mechanisms in their classmates and references an additional source for students.
Defense mechanisms are the behaviors people use to separate themselves from unpleasant events, actions, or thoughts. These are unconscious strategies whereby people protect themselves from anxious thoughts or feelings
This document discusses human development and psychology across the lifespan from infancy to late adulthood. It covers key stages of development from 0-5 years, 6-12 years, adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, and late adulthood. For each stage, it describes physical, cognitive, social, and emotional characteristics. The document also discusses theories of Erik Erikson on psychosocial development and the psychology of vulnerable groups like the sick/ailing, women, and challenged individuals.
Perception involves interpreting sensory information from our environment. Sensations from our senses are transmitted to the brain for interpretation based on past experiences. Gestalt psychologists identified principles that help organize discrete stimuli into meaningful wholes, such as figure-ground relationships, proximity, similarity, and closure. Factors like sense organs, mental sets, motives, and emotions can influence perception. Illusions involve misperceptions of real external stimuli, while hallucinations are false perceptions without an actual stimulus.
Concepts of mental health and Mental hygiene.DikshaRai24
Mental Health a person’s condition with regard to their psychological and emotional well-being. Mental hygiene, the science of maintaining mental health and preventing the development of psychosis, neurosis, or other mental disorders. Mental hygiene.
Characteristics of mentally heathy person.
This document discusses mental hygiene, mental health, and strategies for promoting mental health. It defines mental hygiene as measures to reduce mental illness through prevention and early treatment. Mental health is defined as a state of balance and harmony between oneself and others. The document outlines concepts of mental hygiene including prevention, preservation, curative measures, and balanced personality development. It describes characteristics of mentally healthy individuals and warning signs of poor mental health. Finally, it discusses strategies for primary and secondary prevention of mental illness through strengthening individuals, families, and communities.
The document discusses different types of conflicts that can occur. It defines conflict as a state of tension between opposing desires, goals, or parties. Conflicts are classified as occurring between persons, between a person and their environment, or within a person. Internal conflicts include approach-approach conflicts, avoidance-avoidance conflicts, and approach-avoidance conflicts. The document also discusses methods for resolving conflicts, including task-oriented reactions that directly address the problem, and defense-oriented reactions that aim to escape or avoid the problem.
1. The document provides an introduction to the topic of psychology, outlining its history and development as a field of scientific study.
2. Psychology was formally established as a science in 1879 by Wilhelm Wundt, who opened the first experimental laboratory in Germany. However, the roots of psychology can be traced back to early Greek philosophers like Plato and Aristotle who studied the mind and human behavior.
3. Over time, psychology evolved to become the scientific study of the mind, behavior, and mental processes. It is now a broad field that is divided into both pure and applied subfields which use scientific methods to better understand human thought and conduct.
Psychological tests are standardized measures used by psychologists to assess behavior objectively and help people make decisions about their lives and understand themselves better. There are various types of psychological tests classified based on construction, administration, tests of knowledge, skills, abilities, and more. Developing psychological tests involves several steps including analyzing situations, selecting test items, developing standardized procedures, administering tests to representative groups, selecting final test items through analysis, and evaluating the final test. Psychological tests have characteristics like standardization, objectivity, test norms, reliability, and validity. They are used by psychologists and nurses to obtain information, assist in diagnosis and assessing severity of disorders, and to measure treatment outcomes.
The document discusses different perspectives on the definition of intelligence from various psychologists and researchers. It defines intelligence as one's ability to understand the world, think rationally, use judgment, deal with situations, and use language to solve problems. It also describes intelligence as being an innate ability rather than something acquired through practice. Finally, it outlines different types of intelligence, including concrete, abstract, and social intelligence, as well as Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences.
Psychology is important for nursing as it allows nurses to understand patients and how their behaviors and mental states can be impacted by social situations. Understanding psychology helps nurses provide better care by comprehending each patient's unique attitudes, needs, and responses to treatment. It is critical for healthcare professionals to identify a patient's psychology as well as their disease in order to provide successful treatment and develop an environment that supports physical and mental healing. Knowing a patient's psychology aids nurses in communicating effectively, anticipating reactions, and determining the appropriate therapy based on each individual's lifestyle and circumstances.
This document provides an overview of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytical theory of personality, which proposes that personality is composed of three parts: the id, ego, and superego. The id is the source of basic instincts and desires, the ego operates based on reality, and the superego acts based on morals and social norms. A balanced relationship between these three parts is needed for normal personality development.
Sensation is the basic sensory experience of external stimuli, while perception is the interpretation and organization of sensory information. Perception occurs through several principles, including figure-ground relationship, closure, grouping, simplicity, contour, context, and contrast. It is influenced by memory, interests, needs, and cultural and contextual factors. Errors in perception can occur due to defects in sense organs or brain functioning, inadequate or excessive stimuli, or limitations in attention.
This document defines ego defense mechanisms and lists common types. Ego defense mechanisms are unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce anxiety and defend against conflicts between the id, ego, and superego. They involve denying or distorting reality. The document categorizes defenses as primitive, less primitive/neurotic, or mature, and provides examples for each type, including denial, repression, rationalization, and sublimation. It concludes that defenses are always operating to some extent to reduce anxiety from internal conflicts.
7. role of nurse in psychological assessment S.Lakshmanan PsychologistLAKSHMANAN S
Nurses should become familiar with standardized psychological tests to enhance nursing assessments and care. These tests can provide baseline measures of a patient's symptoms, like depression scales, and confirm diagnoses. Nurses must understand psychological tests to clarify any doubts patients have about procedures and reassure them that tests are safe and confidential. Test results give nurses additional data to plan effective care for patients.
This document discusses attitudes, including definitions, characteristics, formation, factors influencing formation, and implications for nursing. It defines attitude as an enduring organization of processes regarding an aspect of one's world. Attitudes are learned and range from positive to negative, consisting of affective, behavioral, and cognitive components. They serve knowledge, self-expression, adaptation, and ego-defensive functions. Attitudes are formed through family, social norms, peers, school, experiences, and media, and can be changed through education, propaganda, fear, modeling, experiences, and changing beliefs/values. Nursing implications include avoiding prejudiced attitudes, understanding patient attitudes, and cultivating a professional attitude.
3. characteristics of mentally healthy person by S.Lakshmanan PsychologistLAKSHMANAN S
A mentally healthy person:
1. Knows their strengths and weaknesses and has the ability to adjust to changing circumstances.
2. Is emotionally mature and stable, able to healthily express and control their emotions.
3. Is socially well-adjusted and able to get along with others.
4. Thinks independently, can make decisions, and lives in reality rather than fantasy.
This document defines restraint as the intentional restriction of a person's movement and discusses its purpose, indications, principles, types, risks, guidelines, orders, assessment, required behavior for release, and monitoring and documentation procedures for pediatric patients. The key points are that restraints should only be used to protect safety, reduce necessary movement, avoid injury, and allow medical procedures, following principles of least restriction, padding, and frequent monitoring for complications.
This document defines stress and discusses its causes, effects, and coping mechanisms. It states that stress is the body's nonspecific response to demands for change and can be caused by life events, physical/psychological/social factors, and environmental/internal stressors. Both short-term and long-term effects of stress are outlined, affecting physical and mental health. Adaptation and coping strategies like problem-focused coping, social support, and relaxation techniques are recommended to manage stress. Nurses are encouraged to help patients identify stressors and adopt healthy coping behaviors.
Erik Erikson proposed eight stages of psychosocial development across the human lifespan. Each stage presents a developmental crisis centered around a key conflict that helps shape a person's identity. The stages include trust vs mistrust in infancy, autonomy vs shame and doubt in toddlerhood, initiative vs guilt in preschool years, industry vs inferiority in elementary school years, identity vs identity confusion in adolescence, intimacy vs isolation in early adulthood, generativity vs stagnation in middle adulthood, and integrity vs despair in late adulthood. Successful resolution of earlier crises helps individuals navigate later stages of development.
This document provides an overview of Sigmund Freud's structural model of the mind and various ego defence mechanisms. It describes Freud's concepts of the id, ego, and superego and how they interact. It then classifies and defines different types of defence mechanisms, including pathological, immature, neurotic, and mature defences. Examples of each type of defence are given. The document concludes by assigning students the task of identifying defence mechanisms in their classmates and references an additional source for students.
Defense mechanisms are the behaviors people use to separate themselves from unpleasant events, actions, or thoughts. These are unconscious strategies whereby people protect themselves from anxious thoughts or feelings
This document discusses human development and psychology across the lifespan from infancy to late adulthood. It covers key stages of development from 0-5 years, 6-12 years, adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, and late adulthood. For each stage, it describes physical, cognitive, social, and emotional characteristics. The document also discusses theories of Erik Erikson on psychosocial development and the psychology of vulnerable groups like the sick/ailing, women, and challenged individuals.
Perception involves interpreting sensory information from our environment. Sensations from our senses are transmitted to the brain for interpretation based on past experiences. Gestalt psychologists identified principles that help organize discrete stimuli into meaningful wholes, such as figure-ground relationships, proximity, similarity, and closure. Factors like sense organs, mental sets, motives, and emotions can influence perception. Illusions involve misperceptions of real external stimuli, while hallucinations are false perceptions without an actual stimulus.
Concepts of mental health and Mental hygiene.DikshaRai24
Mental Health a person’s condition with regard to their psychological and emotional well-being. Mental hygiene, the science of maintaining mental health and preventing the development of psychosis, neurosis, or other mental disorders. Mental hygiene.
Characteristics of mentally heathy person.
This document discusses mental hygiene, mental health, and strategies for promoting mental health. It defines mental hygiene as measures to reduce mental illness through prevention and early treatment. Mental health is defined as a state of balance and harmony between oneself and others. The document outlines concepts of mental hygiene including prevention, preservation, curative measures, and balanced personality development. It describes characteristics of mentally healthy individuals and warning signs of poor mental health. Finally, it discusses strategies for primary and secondary prevention of mental illness through strengthening individuals, families, and communities.
The document discusses different types of conflicts that can occur. It defines conflict as a state of tension between opposing desires, goals, or parties. Conflicts are classified as occurring between persons, between a person and their environment, or within a person. Internal conflicts include approach-approach conflicts, avoidance-avoidance conflicts, and approach-avoidance conflicts. The document also discusses methods for resolving conflicts, including task-oriented reactions that directly address the problem, and defense-oriented reactions that aim to escape or avoid the problem.
1. The document provides an introduction to the topic of psychology, outlining its history and development as a field of scientific study.
2. Psychology was formally established as a science in 1879 by Wilhelm Wundt, who opened the first experimental laboratory in Germany. However, the roots of psychology can be traced back to early Greek philosophers like Plato and Aristotle who studied the mind and human behavior.
3. Over time, psychology evolved to become the scientific study of the mind, behavior, and mental processes. It is now a broad field that is divided into both pure and applied subfields which use scientific methods to better understand human thought and conduct.
Psychological tests are standardized measures used by psychologists to assess behavior objectively and help people make decisions about their lives and understand themselves better. There are various types of psychological tests classified based on construction, administration, tests of knowledge, skills, abilities, and more. Developing psychological tests involves several steps including analyzing situations, selecting test items, developing standardized procedures, administering tests to representative groups, selecting final test items through analysis, and evaluating the final test. Psychological tests have characteristics like standardization, objectivity, test norms, reliability, and validity. They are used by psychologists and nurses to obtain information, assist in diagnosis and assessing severity of disorders, and to measure treatment outcomes.
The document discusses different perspectives on the definition of intelligence from various psychologists and researchers. It defines intelligence as one's ability to understand the world, think rationally, use judgment, deal with situations, and use language to solve problems. It also describes intelligence as being an innate ability rather than something acquired through practice. Finally, it outlines different types of intelligence, including concrete, abstract, and social intelligence, as well as Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences.
Psychology is important for nursing as it allows nurses to understand patients and how their behaviors and mental states can be impacted by social situations. Understanding psychology helps nurses provide better care by comprehending each patient's unique attitudes, needs, and responses to treatment. It is critical for healthcare professionals to identify a patient's psychology as well as their disease in order to provide successful treatment and develop an environment that supports physical and mental healing. Knowing a patient's psychology aids nurses in communicating effectively, anticipating reactions, and determining the appropriate therapy based on each individual's lifestyle and circumstances.
This document provides an overview of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytical theory of personality, which proposes that personality is composed of three parts: the id, ego, and superego. The id is the source of basic instincts and desires, the ego operates based on reality, and the superego acts based on morals and social norms. A balanced relationship between these three parts is needed for normal personality development.
Sensation is the basic sensory experience of external stimuli, while perception is the interpretation and organization of sensory information. Perception occurs through several principles, including figure-ground relationship, closure, grouping, simplicity, contour, context, and contrast. It is influenced by memory, interests, needs, and cultural and contextual factors. Errors in perception can occur due to defects in sense organs or brain functioning, inadequate or excessive stimuli, or limitations in attention.
This document defines ego defense mechanisms and lists common types. Ego defense mechanisms are unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce anxiety and defend against conflicts between the id, ego, and superego. They involve denying or distorting reality. The document categorizes defenses as primitive, less primitive/neurotic, or mature, and provides examples for each type, including denial, repression, rationalization, and sublimation. It concludes that defenses are always operating to some extent to reduce anxiety from internal conflicts.
7. role of nurse in psychological assessment S.Lakshmanan PsychologistLAKSHMANAN S
Nurses should become familiar with standardized psychological tests to enhance nursing assessments and care. These tests can provide baseline measures of a patient's symptoms, like depression scales, and confirm diagnoses. Nurses must understand psychological tests to clarify any doubts patients have about procedures and reassure them that tests are safe and confidential. Test results give nurses additional data to plan effective care for patients.
This document discusses attitudes, including definitions, characteristics, formation, factors influencing formation, and implications for nursing. It defines attitude as an enduring organization of processes regarding an aspect of one's world. Attitudes are learned and range from positive to negative, consisting of affective, behavioral, and cognitive components. They serve knowledge, self-expression, adaptation, and ego-defensive functions. Attitudes are formed through family, social norms, peers, school, experiences, and media, and can be changed through education, propaganda, fear, modeling, experiences, and changing beliefs/values. Nursing implications include avoiding prejudiced attitudes, understanding patient attitudes, and cultivating a professional attitude.
3. characteristics of mentally healthy person by S.Lakshmanan PsychologistLAKSHMANAN S
A mentally healthy person:
1. Knows their strengths and weaknesses and has the ability to adjust to changing circumstances.
2. Is emotionally mature and stable, able to healthily express and control their emotions.
3. Is socially well-adjusted and able to get along with others.
4. Thinks independently, can make decisions, and lives in reality rather than fantasy.
This document defines restraint as the intentional restriction of a person's movement and discusses its purpose, indications, principles, types, risks, guidelines, orders, assessment, required behavior for release, and monitoring and documentation procedures for pediatric patients. The key points are that restraints should only be used to protect safety, reduce necessary movement, avoid injury, and allow medical procedures, following principles of least restriction, padding, and frequent monitoring for complications.
This document defines stress and discusses its causes, effects, and coping mechanisms. It states that stress is the body's nonspecific response to demands for change and can be caused by life events, physical/psychological/social factors, and environmental/internal stressors. Both short-term and long-term effects of stress are outlined, affecting physical and mental health. Adaptation and coping strategies like problem-focused coping, social support, and relaxation techniques are recommended to manage stress. Nurses are encouraged to help patients identify stressors and adopt healthy coping behaviors.
Erik Erikson proposed eight stages of psychosocial development across the human lifespan. Each stage presents a developmental crisis centered around a key conflict that helps shape a person's identity. The stages include trust vs mistrust in infancy, autonomy vs shame and doubt in toddlerhood, initiative vs guilt in preschool years, industry vs inferiority in elementary school years, identity vs identity confusion in adolescence, intimacy vs isolation in early adulthood, generativity vs stagnation in middle adulthood, and integrity vs despair in late adulthood. Successful resolution of earlier crises helps individuals navigate later stages of development.
Social Group Work with Educational Setting Solomon Raj
Group work is an effective method for working with children, youth, and the elderly in educational institutions. It can be used for remedial, supportive, and psychoeducational purposes. Common goals of group work in educational settings include helping slow learners, mainstreaming out-of-school youth, addressing dropout issues, developing life skills, and generating awareness around health issues. The social group worker's roles include facilitating the group, advocating for members, educating, and interpreting communications to help address issues like academic stress, relationship problems, and mental health concerns faced by students.
This document discusses language ego and learning a second language. It defines language ego as developing a new way of thinking, feeling, and acting when learning a second language. Learning a new language can have side effects like fragility when making mistakes and feeling silly. The document provides applications for teachers, such as supporting students and determining appropriate techniques. It also discusses letting go of your native language identity and making space for your new language identity when learning a second language. The conclusion is that learning a new language is an adventure that allows you to form a new identity and explore new parts of yourself.
This document discusses the history and definitions of social group work. It describes how social group work began in the early 1900s with psychotherapy groups for tuberculosis patients and an English class focused on life skills. The document then provides six definitions of social group work from various scholars that emphasize helping groups achieve goals, enhancing social functioning, and facilitating interactions between members. It also outlines the rationale for social group work, including how groups provide mutual aid and help reduce isolation. Finally, the document lists seven basic assumptions and principles of social group work, such as how the group experience is universal and can create more permanent changes.
Recognizing ego states (Transactional analysis / TA is an integrative approac...Manu Melwin Joy
Eric Berne listed four ways of recognizing ego states. He called them as Behavioral diagnosis, Social diagnosis, Historical diagnosis and Phenomenological diagnosis.
This document discusses the concept of self-concept. It provides a brief history, noting that William James in 1890 distinguished between the subjective sense of self ("I") and objective sense ("me"). Self-concept is then defined as the totality of an individual's thoughts and feelings about themselves. The cognitive, affective, and behavioral components of self-concept are introduced. Eastern and Western cultural perspectives on the self are contrasted. The document also discusses how the looking-glass self and cognitive dissonance theory relate to threats to self-concept.
Learning resources compiled by S.Rengasamy for Social Group Work for the students doing their graduation course in Social Work in the colleges affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University
This document discusses self-concept and self-esteem. It defines self-concept as an individual's perception of themselves, which is shaped by internal and external factors from childhood onward. Self-esteem refers to the value one places on their self-concept and is determined by comparing one's self-concept to their ideals. The document outlines several components of self-concept, including identity, body image, self-esteem, and role performance. It notes that self-concept and self-esteem can impact behaviors and relationships.
Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality consists of the id, ego, and superego. The id operates based on the pleasure principle and seeks to satisfy basic desires, the ego mediates between the id and reality, and the superego incorporates societal morals. The three structures are often in conflict, creating anxiety, which the ego defends against using mechanisms like repression, rationalization, and displacement. Defense mechanisms distort reality to reduce anxiety from conflicts between the id, ego, and superego.
The document summarizes Sigmund Freud's structural theory of personality, which proposes that personality is composed of three interacting systems: the id, ego, and superego. The id operates on the pleasure principle to satisfy basic instincts like sex and aggression. The ego acts as a mediator between the id and reality. The superego incorporates social norms and morals learned from parents and society to control the id's impulses.
This document classifies and describes various defense mechanisms used by the ego to manage internal conflicts and modulate drive expression. It categorizes defenses as narcissistic-psychotic, immature, neurotic, or mature. Narcissistic-psychotic defenses like projection, denial, and distortion grossly reshape reality. Immature defenses seen in adolescents include acting out, blocking, hypochondriasis, and passive-aggressive behavior. Neurotic defenses like rationalization, displacement, dissociation, and repression help control anxiety in a socially acceptable way. Mature defenses such as anticipation, humor, sublimation, and suppression promote healthy adaptation and integration of needs.
This document provides an overview of defense mechanisms. It defines defense mechanisms as unconscious psychological strategies used to cope with reality and maintain a positive self-image. The document then discusses Sigmund Freud's theory of defense mechanisms and the structural model of the mind consisting of the id, ego, and superego. It describes different types of anxiety and various defense mechanisms classified by developmental stage or level of maturity. Examples are given of how specific defenses like denial, distortion, and projection function. The document concludes by outlining defenses commonly used in certain psychiatric disorders and substance abuse.
This document discusses Freud's structural model of the psyche and various defense mechanisms. It explains that Freud believed the psyche is composed of the id, ego, and superego. The id operates on the pleasure principle, the ego operates on the reality principle, and the superego contains our moral values. It then defines and provides examples of common defense mechanisms like repression, regression, displacement, denial, projection, rationalization, and sublimation that the ego uses to reduce anxiety. The document concludes with an activity instructing groups to create and act out a scenario demonstrating different defense mechanisms.
The document outlines and describes various ego defense mechanisms or mental mechanisms that individuals use to protect themselves from psychological dangers and distress. These mechanisms include repression, rationalization, intellectualization, compensation, substitution, sublimation, suppression, reaction formation, displacement, denial, isolation, projection, regression, conversion, and undoing. While well-adjusted individuals use these mechanisms sparingly, maladjusted individuals like psychotics and neurotics rely on them frequently and inappropriately. Examples are provided to illustrate how each mechanism functions.
- Freud's model of personality includes the id, ego, and superego. The id operates on the pleasure principle and contains basic urges. The ego and superego work to control the id.
- Defence mechanisms reside in the unconscious ego and help reduce anxiety from conflicts between the id, ego, and superego. They include denial, projection, and distortion which are considered narcissistic defences.
- Other defences include acting out, hypochondriasis, rationalization, repression, and displacement which are considered immature and neurotic defences that people use under stress.
The document discusses theories of personality, including psychodynamic perspectives put forth by Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, and Alfred Adler. Freud believed personality is governed by unconscious forces and is shaped by childhood experiences. He proposed that personality consists of the id, ego, and superego. Jung focused on the collective unconscious and archetypes. Adler emphasized the drive for superiority and importance of birth order. While psychodynamic theory contributed ideas about unconscious forces and defense mechanisms, it has also received criticism for being difficult to test and lacking evidence.
The document discusses different theories of personality including trait, psychoanalytic, humanistic, and social-cognitive theories. Trait theory describes personality in terms of traits like extraversion and neuroticism. Psychoanalytic theory proposes that personality is determined by unconscious forces and defense mechanisms. Humanistic theory views people as inherently good and striving for self-actualization. Social-cognitive theory emphasizes how personal histories and interpretations shape unique personalities.
The document discusses different theories of personality including trait, psychoanalytic, humanistic, and social-cognitive theories. Trait theory describes personality in terms of traits like extraversion and neuroticism. Psychoanalytic theory proposes that personality develops from unconscious forces and defense mechanisms. Humanistic theory views people as inherently good and striving for self-fulfillment. Social-cognitive theory emphasizes how personal histories and interpretations shape unique personalities.
This document discusses disorders of thought and delusions. It defines thought and describes different types of thinking. It then discusses disorders of thought content, specifically delusions. It defines delusions and differentiates them from overvalued ideas. It describes different types of primary and secondary delusions, including delusions of persecution, jealousy, love, grandiosity, and health. It discusses theories about the origins of delusions and how their content is influenced by social and cultural factors.
The document discusses various defense mechanisms used by the ego to protect itself from anxiety and unconscious impulses. It categorizes defenses into narcissistic, immature, neurotic, and mature types. Narcissistic defenses include denial, distortion, and projection used by psychotic individuals. Immature defenses such as acting out, hypochondriasis, passive aggression, regression and somatization are used by adolescents and non-neurotic patients. Neurotic defenses like displacement, intellectualization, rationalization, reaction formation, and repression are used by patients with OCD and hysteria under stress. More mature defenses are altruism, humor, suppression, sublimation, and compensation.
The document discusses defense mechanisms, which are unconscious mental processes that help reduce anxiety and internal conflict. Defense mechanisms were first studied comprehensively by Anna Freud in her work expanding on her father Sigmund Freud's research. The document defines defense mechanisms as unconscious coping strategies used by the ego to reduce internal stress arising from conflicts between the id, ego, and superego. Various common defense mechanisms are described, including denial, projection, distortion, splitting, displacement, reaction formation, dissociation, somatization, introjection, hypochondriasis, blocking, compensation, sublimation, rationalization, repression, undoing, identification, and transference. While defense mechanisms can help with adjustment, overreliance on them is
This document discusses defense mechanisms according to Sigmund Freud and later theorists. It begins by defining defense mechanisms as unconscious mental processes that the ego uses to reduce anxiety. It then outlines Freud's concepts of the ego, id, and superego and how they relate to anxiety. The document proceeds to summarize different theorists' contributions, including Anna Freud's focus on defenses operating against anxiety and George Vaillant's classification system. It provides examples and descriptions of different defense mechanisms, grouping them into narcissistic-psychotic, immature, neurotic, and mature categories. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of psychoanalytic theories and classifications of defense mechanisms.
Psychological models of depression include psychodynamic, interpersonal, behavioral, and cognitive theories. Psychodynamic theories view depression as resulting from unresolved conflicts around loss, impaired self-esteem, and inadequate early caregivers. Interpersonal theories link mood to disruptions in relationships and social support. Behavioral theories explain depression as learned through reinforcement and social interactions. Cognitive theories emphasize negative thought patterns and schemas involving negative views of self, world, and future as central to depression.
This document summarizes Freud's theories of anxiety and defense mechanisms. It explains that anxiety arises from unacceptable impulses approaching consciousness. The ego uses defense mechanisms like denial, repression, and rationalization to reduce anxiety by distorting or transforming threatening thoughts and desires. Freud identified three types of anxiety - reality anxiety from real threats, neurotic anxiety from unconscious fears, and moral anxiety from violating social codes.
This document discusses various defense mechanisms described by Freud. It defines fear as a response to real danger while anxiety is a subjective feeling of discomfort caused by threats to self-esteem. Defense mechanisms are unconscious ways of dealing with anxiety, such as repression of unpleasant memories, rationalization by making excuses, and intellectualization of addressing problems logically rather than emotionally. Both successful mechanisms like sublimation and unsuccessful ones like denial are explained with examples.
The document discusses several theories of personality:
1. Trait theory proposes that personalities can be described based on stable personality traits. Researchers have identified several key traits including the "Big Five".
2. Psychoanalytic theory proposed by Freud suggests personality is formed by unconscious mental processes and defense mechanisms. It includes concepts like the id, ego, and superego.
3. Humanistic theory views people as inherently good and striving for self-actualization. It focuses on developing a positive self-concept.
4. Social-cognitive theory emphasizes how personal histories and interpretations shape unique personalities through concepts like self-efficacy and locus of control.
The document discusses Sigmund Freud's structural model of the psyche and various defence mechanisms. Freud proposed that the psyche is composed of the id, ego, and superego. The id operates based on the pleasure principle, the ego mediates between the id and reality, and the superego incorporates moral standards. Defence mechanisms function to reduce anxiety by distorting or blocking unconscious impulses. The document classifies defences into narcissistic-psychotic, immature, neurotic, and mature categories and provides examples to illustrate different defences such as projection, rationalization, and sublimation.
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The document discusses several psychological theories and therapies. It covers Freud's psychoanalytic theory including the structural model of the mind comprising the id, ego, and superego. It also discusses defense mechanisms, transference reactions, and learning theories including classical and operant conditioning. Regarding assessment, it covers intelligence testing and the Wechsler scales as well as achievement tests. Therapies covered include psychoanalysis using free association, behavioral therapy, group therapy, and family therapy.
The document summarizes several major theories of personality including psychoanalytic theory, humanistic theory, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs. It provides an overview of Freud's psychoanalytic concepts including the id, ego, superego, and defense mechanisms. It also discusses Carl Jung's contributions and revisions to psychoanalytic theory. For humanistic theory, it outlines Rogers' concept of self-concept and Maslow's hierarchy of needs which positions self-actualization at the top level of human motivation.
This document describes various symptoms that may be part of a behavioral pattern exhibited by clients experiencing mental conflicts or distress. Some key symptoms discussed include withdrawal, aggression, compulsions like repetitive behaviors, disorientation, blunted or labile affect, suspiciousness, and distractibility. The symptoms are defensive responses to anxiety and internal conflicts that provide clues about a person's underlying emotional experiences and struggles.
This document discusses the endocannabinoid system. It outlines the history of discoveries related to endocannabinoids including the identification of cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 in the 1990s. It describes the endogenous cannabinoids anandamide and 2-AG and their roles in neurotransmission, analgesia, anxiety, mood, addiction, psychosis, and other processes. The document also discusses the CB1 antagonist Rimonabant and the potential therapeutic applications of targeting the endocannabinoid system for conditions like obesity, anxiety, addiction, brain injury, pain, and Alzheimer's disease.
1) Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is caused by exposure to highly stressful or dangerous events and symptoms must last over a month.
2) It has been referred to by different names in different eras reflecting traumatic events of those times like shell shock or combat stress syndrome.
3) PTSD is associated with changes in neurobiology including increased noradrenergic activity and alterations in the hippocampus and amygdala.
4) Symptoms include re-experiencing the traumatic event, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, and increased arousal and anxiety.
Psychotherapy involves establishing a professional relationship between a trained therapist and a patient to address emotional problems. There are various approaches including psychoanalysis, humanistic, learning-based, and eclectic therapies. Techniques may include talk therapy, behavioral experiments, and group sessions. The goal is to help patients reduce symptoms, improve behaviors and relationships, and promote personal growth.
Parapsychology is the scientific study of paranormal phenomena and experiences. The most studied areas are extrasensory perception (ESP) and psychokinesis (PK). ESP includes clairvoyance, telepathy, and precognition. Parapsychological research has explored topics like telepathy, clairvoyance, precognition, psychokinesis, reincarnation, possession, alien abduction, near-death experiences, and more. Research methods have included experiments, surveys, hypnotic regression, and analyses of case studies in an attempt to understand paranormal experiences and determine whether anomalous effects exist. However, many paranormal claims remain controversial and difficult to study scientifically.
The document discusses attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), including:
1) ADHD is characterized by diminished sustained attention and high impulsivity compared to others of the same age. It has three main types and affects 5-10% of the US population, predominantly males.
2) ADHD has genetic and neurological causes like central nervous system insults and dysfunction of the noradrenergic and dopamine systems. Stimulant medications are the first-line treatment as they target these systems.
3) Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, impairment, history, and ruling out other conditions. Treatment includes medication, behavioral modifications, and accommodations at home and school to help manage symptoms.
The document provides information about the frontal lobe:
1. It introduces the frontal lobe as the emotional control center and personality center that is prone to injury.
2. It describes the anatomy of the frontal lobe including lobes, gyri, sulci and blood supply on different surfaces.
3. It outlines some of the major functional areas of the frontal lobe including motor control, language, decision making, memory, and social behavior.
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116. Core aspect of various religious traditions for the welfare of others
117.
118.
119. It is nothing but channelizing rather than blocking or diverting a unacceptable infantile or impulse into personally satisfying and socially valuable behavior pattern
Healthy persons normally use different defenses throughout life. An ego defense mechanism becomes pathological only when its persistent use leads to maladaptive behavior such that the physical and/or mental health of the individual is adversely affected. The purpose of the Ego Defense Mechanisms is to protect the mind/self/ego from anxiety, or to provide a refuge from a situation with which one cannot currently cope
Anna Freud created the field of child psychoanalysis and her work contributed greatly to our understanding of child psychology. She also developed different techniques to treat children. Freud noted that children’s symptoms differed from those of adults and were often related to developmental stages. She also provided clear explanations of the ego's defense mechanisms in her book The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense in1936.In this book Anna Freud introduced the concept of signal anxiety; she stated that it was ‘not directly a conflicted instinctual tension but a signal occurring in the ego of an anticipated instinctual tension’. The signalling function of anxiety is thus seen as a crucial one and biologically adapted to warn the organism of danger or a threat to its equilibrium. The anxiety is felt as an increase in bodily or mental tension and the signal that the organism receives in this way allows it the possibility of taking defensive action towards the perceived danger. Defense mechanisms work by distorting the id impulses into acceptable forms, or by unconscious blockage of these impulses
Id refers to reservoir of unorganized instinctual drives.Id lacks the capacity to delay the instinctual drives as like an newborn. According to this theory, id impulses are based on the pleasure principle: instant gratification of one's own desires and needs.It is totally unconscious primary process where the thoughts are not organized in a coherent way, the feelings can shift, contradictions are not in conflict or are just not perceived that way, and condensations arise. There is no logic and no time line. Lust is important for this process. Id represents biological instinctual impulses in ourselves, such as aggression and sexuality
Internalized societal and parental standards of "good" and "bad", "right" and "wrong" behavior. It concerned with moral standards,predominantlyunconscious,derived from the parental influence and surrounding environment.Children internalize parental values and standards at about the age of 5-6 yrs. The superego consists of two structures: the conscience, which stores information about what is "bad" and what has been punished and the ego ideal, which stores information about what is "good" and what one "should" do or be.
The moderator between the id and superego which seeks compromises to pacify both. It can be viewed as our "sense of time and place" it was determined by experience of reality therefore guided by reality principle.Predominantly conscious somepart is unconscious. Defense mechanisms reside in the unconscious domain of ego.For example, when the id impulses (e.g. desire to have sexual relations with a stranger) conflict with the superego (e.g. belief in societal conventions of not having sex with unknown persons), unsatisfied feelings of anxiousness or feelings of anxiety come to the surface. To reduce these negative feelings, the ego might use defense mechanisms (conscious or unconscious blockage of the id impulses).
The mechanisms on this level, when predominating, almost always are severely pathological. These are the "psychotic" defenses, common in overt psychosis. However, they are found in dreams and throughout childhood as well
These mechanisms are often present in adults and more commonly present in adolescents. People who excessively use such defenses are seen as socially undesirable in that they are immature, difficult to deal with and seriously out of touch with reality. These are the so-called "immature" defenses and overuse almost always leads to serious problems in a person's ability to cope effectively.
These mechanisms are considered neurotic, but fairly common in adults. Such defenses have short-term advantages in coping, but can often cause long-term problems in relationships, work and in enjoying life when used as one's primary style of coping with the world.
These are commonly found among emotionally healthy adults and are considered mature, even though many have their origins in an immature stage of development. They have been adapted through the years in order to optimize success in life and relationships. The use of these defenses enhances pleasure and feelings of control
Where denial occurs in mature minds, it is most often associated with death, dying and rape. Denial as the first of five stages in the psychology of a dying patient, and the idea has been extended to include the reactions of survivors to news of a death. Thus, when parents are informed of the death of a child, their first reaction is often of the form, "No! You must have the wrong house, you can't mean our child.The kid caught with his hand in the cookie jar will say, when confronted, something like "I was just seeing if any cookies were left" or "No, my hand wasn't in the cookie jar."Understanding and avoiding denial is also important in the treatment of various diseases. The American Heart Association cites denial as a principal reason that treatment of a heart attack is delayed. It is common for patients to delay mammograms or other tests because of a fear of cancer, even though this is clearly maladaptiveThe concept of denial is particularly important to the study of addiction. In addiction, denial gets stronger and more rigid. Alcoholics and addicts consciously believe their own denial to avoid the painful reality that addiction controls their life. We can think of denial as a way of telling the truth about a small part of reality as if it were all of reality. For example, the person who has not had a drink in two hours might focus on those two hours and assert, "I haven't been drinking" leaving out "for the last two hours." Denial blinds addicts to the cause of their problem ,their dependence on drugs or alcohol. It allows them to pretend that their using is not destructive. Denial is so powerful that addicts are often the last to recognize their disease.
Denial of factIn this form of denial, someone avoids a fact by lying. This lying can take the form of an outright falsehood (commission), leaving out certain details to tailor a story (omission), or by falsely agreeing to something (assent, also referred to as "yessing" behavior). Denial of responsibilityThis form of denial involves avoiding personal responsibility by:blaming - a direct statement shifting culpability and may overlap with denial of factminimizing - an attempt to make the effects or results of an action appear to be less harmful than they may actually be, orjustifying - when someone takes a choice and attempts to make that choice look okay due to their perception of what is "right" in a situation.For example:Babu breaks up with his girlfriend because he is unable to control his anger, and then blames her for everything that ever happened.Denial of impactDenial of impact involves a person's avoiding thinking about or understanding the harms his or her behavior has caused to self or others, i.e. denial of the consequences. Doing this enables that person to avoid feeling a sense of guilt and it can prevent him or her from developing remorse or empathy for others. Denial of awarenessThis type of denial is best discussed by looking at the concept of state dependent learning. People using this type of denial will avoid pain and harm by stating they were in a different state of awareness (such as alcohol or drug intoxication or on occasion mental health related). Denial of cycleMany who use this type of denial will say things such as, "it just happened." Denial of denialThis can be a difficult concept for many people to identify with in themselves, but is a major barrier to changing hurtful behaviors. Denial of denial involves thoughts, actions and behaviors which bolster confidence that nothing needs to be changed in one's personal behavior..
On a psychotic level, this defense mechanism takes the form of frank delusions about external reality (usually persecutory) and includes both perception of one's own feelings in another and subsequent acting on the perception (psychotic paranoid delusions). The impulses may derive from the id or the superego but may undergo transformation in the process. Thus, according to Freud's analysis of paranoid projections, homosexual libidinal impulses are transformed into hatred and then projected onto the object of the unacceptable homosexual impulse.The theory was developed by Sigmund Freud and further refined by his daughter Anna Freud; for this reason, it is sometimes referred to as Freudian Projection.According to Sigmund Freud, projection is a psychologicaldefense mechanism whereby one "projects" one's own undesirable thoughts, motivations, desires, and feelings onto someone else. 'Emotions or excitations which the ego tries to ward off are "spit out" and then felt as being outside the ego...perceived in another person. It is a common process that every person uses to some degree. The related defense of projective identificationdiffers from projection in that the impulse projected onto an external object does not appear as something alien and distant from the ego because the connection of the self with that projected impulse continues.Delusions and halluciationsConsider a person in a couple who has thoughts of infidelity. Instead of dealing with these undesirable thoughts consciously, they unconsciously project these feelings onto the other person, and begin to think that the other has thoughts of infidelity and may be having an affair. Thus one can obtain 'acquittal by his conscience - if he projects his own impulses to faithlessness on to the partner to whom he owes faithProjection is an especially commonly used defense mechanism in people with certain personality disorders: Patients with paranoid personalities, for example, use projection as a primary defense because it allows them to disavow unpleasant feelings and attribute them to others.
The acting done is usually anti-social and may take the form of acting on the impulses of an addiction (eg. drinking, drug taking or shoplifting) or in a means designed (often unconsciously or semi-consciously) to garner attention (eg. throwing a tantrum or behaving promiscuously).In general usage, the action performed is destructive to self or others and may inhibit the development of more constructive responses to the feelings.
According to Freud, the ego and the superego are constructed by introjecting external behavioral patterns into the subject's own person. Although vital to development, introjection also serves specific defensive functions. When used as a defense, it can obliterate the distinction between the subject and the object. Through the introjection of a loved object, the painful awareness of separateness or the threat of loss may be avoided. Introjection of a feared object serves to avoid anxiety when the aggressive characteristics of the object are internalized, thus placing the aggression under one's own control. A person who picks up traits from their friends (i.e. If I say 'Ridiculous!' all the time and my best friend starts saying it too) is participating in introjection. A classic example is identification with the aggressor. An identification with the victim may also take place, whereby the self-punitive qualities of the objects are taken over and established within one's self as a symptom or character trait-Stockholm Syndrome, a hostage or kidnap victim 'falls in love' with the feared and hated person who has complete power over them.
Regression, according to Sigmund Freud, is a defense mechanism leading to the temporary reversion of the ego to an earlier stage of development rather than handling unacceptable impulses in a more adult way. It reflects the basic tendency to gain instinctual gratification at a less-developed period. Regression is a normal phenomenon as well, as a certain amount of regression is essential for relaxation, sleep, and orgasm in sexual intercourse. Regression is also considered an essential concomitant of the creative process.Regressive behavior can be simple and harmless. A person may revert to an old, usually immature behavior to ventilate feelings of frustration. Regression only becomes a problem when it is used frequently to avoid adult situations and causes problems in the individual's life.
Reaction formation depends on the hypothesis that the instincts and their derivatives may be arranged as pairs of opposites: life versus death, construction versus destruction, action versus passivity, dominance versus submission, and so forth. When one of the instincts produces anxiety by exerting pressure on the ego either directly or by way of the superego, the ego may try to sidetrack the offending impulse by concentrating upon its opposite. For example, if feelings of hate towards another person make one anxious, the ego can facilitate the flow of love to conceal the hostility.Where reaction-formation takes place, it is usually assumed that the original, rejected impulse does not vanish, but persists, unconscious, in its original infantile form. Thus, where love is experienced as a reaction formation against hate, we cannot say that love is substituted for hate, because the original aggressive feelings still exist underneath the affectionate exterior that merely masks the hate to hide it from awareness.Obsessional characterReaction formation is characteristic of obsessional neurosis, but it may occur in other forms of neuroses as well. If this mechanism is frequently used at any early stage of ego development, it can become a permanent character trait, as in an obsessional character. A man who is overly aroused by pornographic material who utilizes reaction formation may take on an attitude of criticism toward the topic. He may end up sacrificing many of the positive things in his life, including family relationships, by traveling around the country to participate anti-pornography rallies. This view may become an obsession, whereby the man eventually does nothing but travel from rally to rally speaking out against pornography. He continues to do this, but only feels temporary relief, because the deeply rooted arousal to an unacceptable behaviour such as watching pornography is still present, and underlying the implementation of the defense. At that point he can be said to have developed an obsessional personality above and beyond the defense mechanism
Types:Primary repressionRefers to the curbing of ideas and feelings before they have attained consciousness. Primary Repression then is the process of determining what is self, what is other; what is good, and what is bad.Secondary repressionExcludes from awareness what was once experienced at a conscious level. The repressed is not really forgotten in that symbolic behavior may be present. Secondary repression begins once the child realizes that acting on some desires may bring anxiety. This anxiety leads to repression of the desire. The threat of punishment related to this form of anxiety, when internalized becomes the superego, which intercedes against the desires of the id (which works on the basis of the pleasure principle) without the need for any identifiable external threat. This conflict manifests itself with egoThis defense differs from suppression by effecting conscious inhibition of impulses to the point of losing and not just postponing cherished goals. Conscious perception of instincts and feelings is blocked in repression.Repression, is the psychological attempt by an individual to repel its own desires and impulses towards pleasurable instincts. Such desires, impulses, wishes, fantasies or feelings can be represented in the mind as thoughts, images and memories. The repression is caused when an external force puts itself in contrast with the desire, threatening to cause suffering if the desire is satisfied, thereby posing a conflict for the individual;the repressive response to the threat is to exclude the desire from one's consciousness and hold or subdue it in the unconscious.
Denial: Refusing to admit or acknowledge that our drinking or using has become a problem. (I can quit any time I want to. My using isn't that bad.)Isolation: Removing ourselves from the company of family and friends for the purpose of maintaining a chemical habit.Rationalization: Giving reasons to explain why we drink or use. (I drink because I hate my job.)Blaming: Transferring responsibility for our behavior to other people. (I wouldn't drink if my spouse treated me right.)Projection: Rejecting our own feelings by ascribing them to someone else. (Why is that stupid idiot being so hostile?)Minimizing: Refusing to admit the magnitude of the amount used. (I only have a couple of drinks. It's not a problem
Undoing:This is an attempt to 'undo' the threatening or negative thoughte.g., compulsive handwashing after touching something 'dirty'.Reaction Formation:This is taking a radically opposite point of view to one's negative impulsese.g., an OCD sufferer who has sexual thoughts takes up an obsessively puritan stanceIsolation (intellectualisation):This is isolating thoughts from emotions, keeping the focus on facts and reason in order to protect oneself from something that is upsettinge.g., a person who suffers from OCD may learn a great deal of facts and statistics about something that causes them anxiety.