2. 2
DEFINITION OF HEALTH
“A state of complete physical,
mental and social well being and not
merely the absence of disease.”
(World Health Organization)
3. 3
PARAMETERS OF PSYCHOSOCIAL
HEALTH OR NORMALCY
1. Dynamism
2. Optimization
3. Personal Contentment
4. Social Responsibility
5. Occupational Effectiveness
6. Economical Emancipation
7. Relief from Pain and Discomfort
8. Homeostasis
9. Use of Defence Mechanisms
4. 4
DYNAMISM
■ This term refers to different roles
and functions of the human being
and his/her changing and evolving
nature e.g. one’s role as a
son/daughter, a brother/sister, a
friend, a professional, a citizen etc.
■ More roles one performs more
dynamic he/she is. Illness and
disability limit the diversity and
dynamism of a human being.
5. 5
OPTIMIZATION
■ When a person performs most of his
roles in an optimum state, he is
considered psychosocially healthy.
6. 6
PERSONAL CONTENTMENT
■ This means a sustained state of
satisfaction attained by positive
perspective of one’s achievements in
the given circumstances.
7. 7
SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
■ This is a social responsibility of
everybody to make this world a
better place by taking responsibility
of the roles and duties assigned by
the society, family, neighborhood,
town, country and the world.
8. 8
OCCUPATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS
One should be:
■ occupationally effective in terms of
knowledge, skill and wisdom.
■ helpful to society through his
occupation.
■ trying to pass his knowledge and
wisdom to others.
9. 9
ECONOMICAL EMANCIPATION
■ Being free of economic pressures in a
way that it does not hinder or inhibit
one’s goals or objectives in life.
10. 10
RELIEF FROM PAIN OR
DISCOMFORT
■ One’s relationships should be devoid
of mistrust, deceit, jealousy, greed,
prejudice, intolerance and ignorance
as they cause psychological distress
discomfort and pain.
11. 11
HOMEOSTASIS
■ One should maintain a state of
equilibration with the environment
by understanding rules of nature,
respect for right of others and
protection of the environment.
■ This means feeling in harmony with
one’s internal and external
environment.
12. 12
DEFENCE MECHANISMS
In order to acquire and maintain the
state of health and normalcy, a person
uses different psychological
mechanisms which help him endure
his course of life.
These are called Defence Mechanisms.
13. 13
SIGMUND FREUD
Sigmund Freud, an Austrian
psychiatrist, is considered the
founder of psychoanalysis.
(A perspective that emphasizes
unconscious thoughts and impulses)
14. 14
SIGMUND FREUD
Theory of Freud includes
Levels of awareness theory
Personality structure theory
Theory of Anxiety and related
defense mechanisms.
Theory of psychosexual stages of
development.
15. 15
Levels of Awareness
Conscious Mind:
Portion of mind of which one is
presently aware
Preconscious Mind:
Portion of mind containing information
that is not presently conscious but can
be easily brought to consciousness.
Unconscious Mind:
The part of never be directly aware.
16. 16
Personality Structure
Id
The inborn part of instinctual mind, which is
self serving, made up of irrational & impulsive
instinctual drives. It works on pleasure
principal
Ego
An executive that tries to find realistic means
of meeting Id demands and avoiding the
trouble caused by selfish and aggressive
behavior of Id. It works on reality principal
Superego
The part of mind that opposes the drives of Id
by enforcing moral restrictions & striving to
attain perfectionism
17. 17
EXAMPLE
Id: I will kill this man because he has
killed my sister.
Superego: you can’t do it because it
is morally bad.
Ego: Had a case on him and get him
punishment legally.
18. 18
Anxiety And Defense
Mechanisms
Anxiety is a part of living.
Moderate anxiety is an excellent
motivator.
Excessive anxiety threatens to
overwhelm a person.
Freud believed that the ego develops
defense mechanism to help protect people
from excessive anxiety.
If defense mechanisms become too
extreme it distorts reality. (thinking,
feeling, and acting)
19. 19
DEFINITION
“ Defence Mechanism is an
unconscious mental process or
response used to avoid, deny, or
distort source of threat to one’s self
image arising from external
stressors as well as anxiety arising
from internal conflict”
20. 20
CHARACTERISTICS OF
DEFENCE MECHANISMS
1. Defence mechanisms are used to
shield the ego from anxiety and
conflict.
2. They were described originally by
Sigmund Freud and later elaborated
by his daughter Anna Freud.
3. Emerging in a developmental
sequence, they may be from less
mature to more mature.
Cont…
21. 21
4. Defence mechanisms appear to
maintain a sense of well being and
safety.
5. They can be episodic or become
more habitual and pervasive.
6. They may contribute towards
development of personality traits.
Cont…
22. 22
7. Regression & dissociation, are
examples of immature defence
mechanisms.
8. Altruism, humor, sublimation, and
suppression are examples of
mature defence mechanisms.
9. Repression, denial, displacement,
projection & regression are most
frequently used defence
mechanisms
26. 26
DENIAL
Definition
Blocking out painful or anxiety
inducing events or feelings.
Example
A manager tells an employee he may
have to fire him. On the way home
the employee shops for a new car.
27. 27
DISPLACEMENT
Definition
Discharging pent-up feelings on
people less dangerous than those
who initially aroused the emotion.
Example
A student who has received a low
grade on a term test blows up on his
younger sister when she asks about
his grade.
28. 28
PROJECTION
Definition
Attributing one’s own unacceptable
feelings and thoughts to others.
Example
A man who is quite critical of others
thinks that people are joking about
his appearance.
29. 29
REGRESSION
Definition
Reverting to behavior patterns like
those seen in someone of a younger
age.
Example
A 5-year-old child who was
previously toilet-trained begins to
wet the bed when his mother has a
new baby .
30. 30
REACTION FORMATION
Definition
Unacceptable feelings disguised by
repression of the real feelings and by
reinforcement of the opposite
feelings.
Example
A woman who dislikes her mother in
law is always very nice to her.
31. 31
RATIONALIZATION
Definition
Falsification of experience through the
construction of logical or socially
approved explanations of behaviour.
Example
A man cheats on his income tax return
and tells himself its alright because
everyone does it.
34. 34
DISSOCIATION
Definition
Handling emotional conflicts or
internal or external stressors by a
temporary alteration of
consciousness or identity.
Example
A woman has amnesia for the events
surrounding a fatal automobile
accident in which she was the
speeding driver.
35. 35
INTELLECTUALIZATION
Definition
Separating an emotion from an idea or
thought because the emotional reaction
is too painful to be acknowledged.
Example
A man learns from his doctor that he
has cancer. He studies the pathology,
physiology and treatment of cancer
without experiencing any emotion.
37. 37
ACTING OUT
Definition
Avoiding personally unacceptable
emotions by behaving in an attention-
seeking, often socially inappropriate
manner.
Example
A depressed 14-year-old girl with no
history of conduct disorder, starts
indulging in drugs or rash driving after
her parents’ divorce.
38. 38
ALTRUISM
Definition
Assisting others to avoid negative
personal feelings.
Example
A man with a poor self-image, who is a
social worker during the week, donates
every other weekend to charity work.
40. 40
ISOLATION OF AFFECT
Definition
Failing to experience the feelings
associated with a stressful life event,
although logically understanding the
significance of the event.
Example
Without showing any emotion, a
woman tells her family the results of
tests which indicate that her lung
cancer has metastasized.
41. 41
UNDOING
Definition
Believing that one can magically
reverse past events caused by
“incorrect” behavior by now adopting
“correct” behavior.
Example
A woman who is terminally ill with
AIDS caused by drug abuse, stops
using drugs and alcohol and starts an
exercise and healthful diet program.
43. 43
MCQ-1
A 52-year-old man receives a letter from his
physician informing him that his level of prostate-
specific antigen (PSA) was abnormally high during
his last visit. When the man appears at his
physician's office for a follow-up visit, he
complains about a headache but does not
mention or seem to remember receiving the letter
about his PSA test.
From list given below, choose the defence
mechanism that he is most likely to be using.
A. Isolation of affect
B. Denial
C. Rationalization
D. Projection
E. Dissociation
44. 44
Answer
A 52-year-old man receives a letter from his
physician informing him that his level of prostate-
specific antigen (PSA) was abnormally high during
his last visit. When the man appears at his
physician's office for a follow-up visit, he
complains about a headache but does not
mention or seem to remember receiving the letter
about his PSA test.
From list given below, choose the defence
mechanism that he is most likely to be using.
A. Isolation of affect
B. Denial
C. Rationalization
D. Projection
E. Dissociation
45. 45
Explanation
Using denial, this patient seemingly
has forgotten an aspect of external
reality, i.e., the letter about his
problematic PSA test.
46. 46
MCQ-2
A 40-year-old man who is angry at his wife
but does not consciously acknowledge that
anger, shouts at his children as soon as he
returns home from work.
From list given below, choose the defence
mechanism that he is most likely to be
using.
A. Regression
B. Isolation of affect
C. Projection
D. Reaction formation
E. Displacement
47. 47
Answer
A 40-year-old man who is angry at his wife
but does not consciously acknowledge that
anger, shouts at his children as soon as he
returns home from work.
From list given below, choose the defence
mechanism that he is most likely to be
using.
A. Regression
B. Isolation of affect
C. Projection
D. Reaction formation
E. Displacement
49. 49
MCQ-3
A 32-year-old man who is unconsciously
attracted to his wife’s sister becomes
extremely jealous whenever his wife speaks
to another man.
From list given below, choose the defence
mechanism that he is most likely to be
using.
A. Isolation of affect
B. Rationalization
C. Reaction formation
D. Projection
E. Dissociation
50. 50
Answer
A 32-year-old man who is unconsciously
attracted to his wife’s sister becomes
extremely jealous whenever his wife speaks
to another man.
From list given below, choose the defence
mechanism that he is most likely to be
using.
A. Isolation of affect
B. Rationalization
C. Reaction formation
D. Projection
E. Dissociation
52. 52
MCQ-4
A 35-year-old lawyer scheduled for
surgery the next day insists that her
mother stay over night in the hospital
with her.
From list given below, choose the defence
mechanism that she is most likely to be
using.
A. Regression
B. Isolation of affect
C. Projection
D. Dissociation
E. Reaction formation
53. 53
Answer
A 35-year-old lawyer scheduled for
surgery the next day insists that her
mother stay over night in the hospital
with her.
From list given below, choose the defence
mechanism that she is most likely to be
using.
A. Regression
B. Isolation of affect
C. Projection
D. Dissociation
E. Reaction formation
54. 54
Explanation
Regression, going back to a less
mature way of behaving, is the
defence mechanism used by this
woman scheduled for surgery the
next day who insists that her mother
stay overnight in the hospital with
her.
55. 55
MCQ-5
A 45-year-old man who is
unconsciously afraid of flying
repeatedly states his love of airplanes.
From list given below, choose the
defence mechanism that he is most
likely to be using.
A. Isolation of affect
B. Displacement
C. Projection
D. Dissociation
E. Reaction formation
56. 56
Answer
A 45-year-old man who is
unconsciously afraid of flying
repeatedly states his love of airplanes.
From list given below, choose the
defence mechanism that he is most
likely to be using.
A. Isolation of affect
B. Displacement
C. Projection
D. Dissociation
E. Reaction formation
57. 57
Explanation
In reaction formation, the man
denies his unconscious fear of flying
and embraces the opposite idea by
stating that he loves airplanes.
58. 58
MCQ-6
A 26-year-old medical student who has
unconscious angry, violent feelings chooses
to do a surgery residency.
From list given below, choose the defence
mechanism that he is most likely to be
using.
A. Rationalization
B. Reaction formation
C. Intellectualization
D. Sublimation
E. Displacement
59. 59
Answer
A 26-year-old medical student who has
unconscious angry, violent feelings chooses
to do a surgery residency.
From list given below, choose the defence
mechanism that he is most likely to be
using.
A. Rationalization
B. Reaction formation
C. Intellectualization
D. Sublimation
E. Displacement
60. 60
Explanation
In sublimation, the surgeon reroutes
his unconscious, unacceptable wish
for committing a violent act to a
socially acceptable route.
61. 61
MCQ-7
A 34-year-old woman relates that she
wakes up fully dressed at least twice a
week but then is tired all day. She also
notes that she frequently receives phone
calls from men who say they met her in a
bar but whom she does not remember
meeting.
From list given below, choose the defence
mechanism that he is most likely to be
using.
A. Regression
B. Isolation of affect
C. Denial
D. Projection
E. Dissociation
62. 62
Answer
A 34-year-old woman relates that she
wakes up fully dressed at least twice a
week but then is tired all day. She also
notes that she frequently receives phone
calls from men who say they met her in a
bar but whom she does not remember
meeting.
From list given below, choose the defence
mechanism that he is most likely to be
using.
A. Regression
B. Isolation of affect
C. Denial
D. Projection
E. Dissociation
63. 63
Explanation
This patient who relates that she wakes up
fully dressed at least twice a week and
receives phone calls form men whom she
does not remember meeting is exhibiting
dissociative identity disorder (multiple
personality disorder). Dissociation,
separating part of one’s consciousness
form real life events, is the defence
mechanisms, used by individuals with this
disorder. It is likely that this patient met
the men who have her phone number but
does not remember meeting them
because at hat time she was showing
another personality.
64. 64
MCQ-8
A simple village girl, who always preferred
a simple life style upon getting married to
a businessman assumes the materialistic
prestige oriented values of her husband.
What mechanism has the girl adopted.
A. Regression
B. Reaction formation
C. Isolation of affect
D. Identification
E. Acting out
65. 65
Answer
A simple village girl, who always preferred
a simple life style upon getting married to
a businessman assumes the materialistic
prestige oriented values of her husband.
What mechanism has the girl adopted.
A. Regression
B. Reaction formation
C. Isolation of affect
D. Identification
E. Acting out
66. 66
MCQ-9
A 25 years old lady, married for past
five years presents with history of wrist
slashing and drug over dose after
having argument with her husband.
From list given below, choose the
defence mechanism that she is most
likely to be using
A. Regression
B. Projection
C. Reaction formation
D. Acting out
E. Displacement
67. 67
Answer
A 25 years old lady, married for past
five years presents with history of wrist
slashing and drug over dose after
having argument with her husband.
From list given below, choose the
defence mechanism that she is most
likely to be using
A. Regression
B. Projection
C. Reaction formation
D. Acting out
E. Displacement
68. 68
MCQ-10
Mr.A learns that he has cancer of prostate.
He begins to learn everything he can about
the illness, reading books, journal articles,
and the latest experimental research. His
response to his diagnosis is what type of
defence mechanism?
A. Intellectualization
B. Introjection
C. Sublimation
D. Reaction formation
E. Rationalization
69. 69
Answer
Mr.A learns that he has cancer of prostate.
He begins to learn everything he can about
the illness, reading books, journal articles,
and the latest experimental research. His
response to his diagnosis is what type of
defence mechanism?
A. Intellectualization
B. Introjection
C. Sublimation
D. Reaction formation
E. Rationalization
