Sigmund Freud first coined the term "defence mechanism" to describe unconscious coping strategies the mind uses to reduce anxiety from unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or external threats. Defence mechanisms can be helpful in small amounts but become maladaptive if overused. Common defence mechanisms include repression, denial, rationalization, and projection. The purpose of defence mechanisms is to protect the ego and reduce anxiety, though they can distort reality if taken to an extreme.
introduction to mental health nursing Jasleen Kaur
It explains the perspectives of mental health & mental health nursing..It define mental health,mental health nursing,components of mental health,mental health act,mental health program...
introduction to mental health nursing Jasleen Kaur
It explains the perspectives of mental health & mental health nursing..It define mental health,mental health nursing,components of mental health,mental health act,mental health program...
The basic about the principles of psychiatric nursing , what all are the basic we have to follow while providing care to the psychiatric patients in hospital and in the community area
Defense mechanisms are the behaviors people use to separate themselves from unpleasant events, actions, or thoughts. These are unconscious strategies whereby people protect themselves from anxious thoughts or feelings
The basic about the principles of psychiatric nursing , what all are the basic we have to follow while providing care to the psychiatric patients in hospital and in the community area
Defense mechanisms are the behaviors people use to separate themselves from unpleasant events, actions, or thoughts. These are unconscious strategies whereby people protect themselves from anxious thoughts or feelings
LECTURE NOTE
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
INTRODUCTION
Definitions:
Disaster:
The term disaster owes its origin to the French word “Desastre” which is a combination of
two words ‘des’ meaning bad and ‘aster’ meaning star. Thus the term refers to ‘Bad or Evil
star’.
A disaster can be defined as “A serious disruption in the functioning of the community
or a society causing wide spread material, economic, social or environmental losses
which exceed the ability of the affected society to cope using its own resources”.
A disaster is a result from the combination of hazard, vulnerability and insufficient
capacity or measures to reduce the potential chances of risk.
A disaster happens when a hazard impacts on the vulnerable population and causes
damage, casualties and disruption. Any hazard – flood, earthquake or cyclone which
is a triggering event along with greater vulnerability (inadequate access to resources,
sick and old people, lack of awareness etc) would lead to disaster causing greater
loss to life and property.
Hazards:
The word ‘hazard’ owes its origin to the word ‘hasard’ in old French and ‘az-zahr’ in Arabic
meaning ‘chance’ or ‘luck’.
Hazard may be defined as “a dangerous condition or event, that threat or have the
potential for causing injury to life or damage to property or the environment.”
Hazards can be grouped into two broad categories:
1. Natural Hazard
2. Manmade Hazard
Natural hazards are hazards which are caused because of natural phenomena (hazards
with meteorological, geological or even biological origin).
Examples of natural hazards are cyclones, tsunamis, earthquake and volcanic
eruption which are exclusively of natural origin.
Landslides, floods, drought, fires are socio-natural hazards since their causes are
both natural and manmade.
For example flooding may be caused because of heavy rains, landslide or blocking of
drains with human waste.
Manmade hazards are hazards which are due to human negligence.
Manmade hazards are associated with industries or energy generation facilities and
include explosions, leakage of toxic waste, pollution, dam failure, wars or civil strife
etc.
Various Types of Disasters:
Difference between Disaster and Hazard:
Vulnerability:
Vulnerability may be defined as “The extent to which a community, structure, services or
geographic area is likely to be damaged or disrupted by the impact of particular hazard, on
account of their nature, construction and proximity to hazardous terrains or a disaster prone
area.”
Vulnerabilities can be categorized into:
1. Physical vulnerability
2. Socio-economic vulnerability
Physical Vulnerability: It includes notions of who and what may be damaged or destroyed
by natural hazard such as earthquakes or floods. It is based on the physical condition of
people and elements at risk, such as buildings, infrastructure etc; and their proximity,
location and nature of the hazard. It also relates to the technical capability of building and
REVIEW OF DEFENSE MECHANISMS IN PSYCHOLOGY/MENTAL HEALTH NURSING. Defense mechanisms are behaviors that people use to separate themselves from unpleasant events, actions, or thoughts.
1. repression
2. regression
3. projection
4. reaction formation,
5. sublimation
6. conversion
7. undoing
8. displacement
9. denial
10. Dissociation
11 Rationalization
12. Compensation
13. Intellectualization
- The idea of defense mechanisms comes from psychoanalytic theory, a psychological perspective of personality that sees personality as the interaction between three components: id, ego, and super-ego.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. The term ‘Defence Mechanism’ was first used
by Sigmund Freud in his paper “The Neuro-
Psychoses of defense” (1894).
Meaning: - A defence mechanisms is the act
of coping mechanism that reduce anxiety
generated by treats from unacceptable or
negative impulses. The process is usually
unconscious.
3. Defence mechanisms are methods of
attempting to protect self and cope with basic
drives or emotionally painful thoughts,
feelings or events. The purpose of defense
mechanisms is to reduce or eliminate anxiety.
They can be helpful when used in very small
doses, and if over used, become ineffective
and can lead to a breakdown of the
personality. Most defense mechanisms
operate at the unconscious level of
awareness.
4. Defence mechanisms Example
Identification An attempt to manage anxiety
by imitating the behavior of someone faired or
respected.
A student nurse imitates the nurturing
behavior she observes one of her instructors
using with clients.
Introjections A form of identification that
allows for the acceptance of others norms and
values into oneself, even when contrary to
one’s previous assumptions.
A seven year old tells his little sister, “Don’t
talk to strangers” he has introjected this value
from the instruction of parents and teachers.
Minimization Not acknowledging the
significance of one’s behavior.
A person says, “don’t believe everything my
wife tells you I wasn’t so drunk I couldn’t
drive”.
5. Defence mechanisms Example
Displacement Unconsciously discharging
pent-up feelings to a less threatening object.
A husband comes home after a bad day at
work and yells at his wife.
Reaction formation Replacing unacceptable
feeling with their exact opposites.
A jealous boy who hates his elder brother
may show him exaggerated respect and
affection towards him.
Rationalization process in which an
individual justifies his failures and socially
unacceptable behavior by giving socially
approved reasons.
A student who fails in the examination may
complaint that the hostel atmosphere is not
favorable and has resulted in his failure.
6. Defence mechanisms Example
Substitution The replacement of a highly
valued, unacceptable or unavailable object
by a less valuable, acceptable or available
objects.
A woman wants to marry a man exactly like
her dead father and settles for someone who
looks a little bit like him.
Repression Unconscious and involuntary
forgetting of painful ideas, events and
conflicts.
Forgetting: a loved one’s birthday after fight.
Denial Unconscious refusal to admit an
unacceptable idea or behavior. Usually the
first defense learned and used.
The mother of a child who is fatally ill may
refuse to admit that there is anything wrong
even though she is fully informed of the
diagnosis and expected out come. It is
because she cannot tolerate the pain that
acknowledging a reality would produce.
7. Defence mechanisms Example
Sublimation consciously or unconsciously
channeling instinctual drives into acceptable
activities.
Aggressiveness might be transformed into
competitiveness in business or supports.
Compensation consciously covering up for
a weakness by over emphasizing or making
up a desirable trait.
A student who fails in his study may
compensate by becoming the collage
champion in athletics.
Projection unconsciously blaming someone
for once difficulties.
A person who blames another for his own
mistakes. A surgeon, whose patient does not
respond as he anticipated, may tend to blame
the theater nurse who’s helped that surgeon
at the time of operation.
8. Defence mechanisms Example
Intellectualization separation of the
emotion of a painful event from the facts
involved acknowledging the facts but not
the emotions.
Person shows no emotional expression
when discussing a serious car accident.
Undoing consciously doing something to
counter act or make up for a transgression or
wrong doing.
Giving a treat to a child who is being
punished for a wrong doing.
Regression unconscious return to an earlier
and more comfortable level.
An adult throws a temper tantrum when he
does not get his own way.
9. Defence mechanisms Example
Dissociation the unconscious separation of
painful feelings and emotions from an
unacceptable idea, situation, or object.
Amnesia that prevents recalls of previous
days.
Conversions the unconscious expression of
interaphysic conflict symbolically throw
physical symptoms.
A student awakens with a migraine
headache the morning of a final
examination to take the rest.
10. In psychoanalytic theory, a defence
mechanism, is an unconscious psychological
mechanism that reduces anxiety arising from
unacceptable or potentially harmful stimuli.
It may result in healthy or unhealthy
consequences depending on the
circumstances with which the mechanism is
used.