The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Dental arch forms /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The development of human dentition from adolescence to adulthood has been the subject of extensive study by numerous dentists, orthodontists and other experts in the past. While prevention and cure of dental diseases, surgical reconstitution to address teeth anomalies and research studies on teeth and development of the dental arch during the growing up years has been the main concerns across the past decades, in recent years, substantial effort has been evident in the field of mathematical analysis of the dental arch curve, particularly of children from varied age groups and diverse ethnic and national origins. The proper care and development of the primary dentition into permanent dentition is of major importance and the dental arch curvature, whose study has been related intimately by a growing number of dentists and orthodontists to the prospective achievement of ideal occlusion and normal permanent dentition, has eluded a proper definition of form and shape. Many eminent authors have put forth mathematical models to describe the teeth arch curve in humans. Some have imagined it as a parabola, ellipse or conic while others have viewed the same as a cubic spline. Still others have viewed the beta function as best describing the actual shape of the dental arch curve. Both finite mathematical functions as also polynomials ranging from 2nd order to 6th order have been cited as appropriate definitions of the arch in various studies by eminent authors. Each such model had advantages and disadvantages, but none could exactly define the shape of the human dental arch curvature and factor in its features like shape, spacing and symmetry/asymmetry. Recent advances in imaging techniques and computer-aided simulation have added to the attempts to determine dental arch form in children in normal occlusion. This paper presents key analysis models & compares them through some secondary research study.
Arch forms 1 /orthodontics course training by Indian Dental Academy /certifie...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
dentists, orthodontists and other experts in the past. While prevention and cure of dental diseases, surgical reconstitution to address teeth anomalies and research studies on teeth and development of the dental arch during the growing up years has been the main concerns across the past decades, in recent years, substantial effort has been evident in the field of mathematical analysis of the dental arch curve, particularly of children from varied age groups and diverse ethnic and national origins. The proper care and development of the primary dentition into permanent dentition is of major importance and the dental arch curvature, whose study has been related intimately by a growing number of dentists and orthodontists to the prospective achievement of ideal occlusion and normal permanent dentition, has eluded a proper definition of form and shape. Many eminent authors have put forth mathematical models to describe the teeth arch curve in humans. Some have imagined it as a parabola, ellipse or conic while others have viewed the same as a cubic spline. Still others have viewed the beta function as best describing the actual shape of the dental arch curve. Both finite mathematical functions as also polynomials ranging from 2nd order to 6th order have been cited as appropriate definitions of the arch in various studies by eminent authors. Each such model had advantages and disadvantages, but none could exactly define the shape of the human dental arch curvature and factor in its features like shape, spacing and symmetry/asymmetry. Recent advances in imaging techniques and computer-aided simulation have added to the attempts to determine dental arch form in children in normal occlusion. This paper presents key analysis models & compares them through some secondary research study.
Keywords
Dental Arch, Curve,Normal Occlussion
Arch Form in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Dental arch forms /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The development of human dentition from adolescence to adulthood has been the subject of extensive study by numerous dentists, orthodontists and other experts in the past. While prevention and cure of dental diseases, surgical reconstitution to address teeth anomalies and research studies on teeth and development of the dental arch during the growing up years has been the main concerns across the past decades, in recent years, substantial effort has been evident in the field of mathematical analysis of the dental arch curve, particularly of children from varied age groups and diverse ethnic and national origins. The proper care and development of the primary dentition into permanent dentition is of major importance and the dental arch curvature, whose study has been related intimately by a growing number of dentists and orthodontists to the prospective achievement of ideal occlusion and normal permanent dentition, has eluded a proper definition of form and shape. Many eminent authors have put forth mathematical models to describe the teeth arch curve in humans. Some have imagined it as a parabola, ellipse or conic while others have viewed the same as a cubic spline. Still others have viewed the beta function as best describing the actual shape of the dental arch curve. Both finite mathematical functions as also polynomials ranging from 2nd order to 6th order have been cited as appropriate definitions of the arch in various studies by eminent authors. Each such model had advantages and disadvantages, but none could exactly define the shape of the human dental arch curvature and factor in its features like shape, spacing and symmetry/asymmetry. Recent advances in imaging techniques and computer-aided simulation have added to the attempts to determine dental arch form in children in normal occlusion. This paper presents key analysis models & compares them through some secondary research study.
Arch forms 1 /orthodontics course training by Indian Dental Academy /certifie...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
dentists, orthodontists and other experts in the past. While prevention and cure of dental diseases, surgical reconstitution to address teeth anomalies and research studies on teeth and development of the dental arch during the growing up years has been the main concerns across the past decades, in recent years, substantial effort has been evident in the field of mathematical analysis of the dental arch curve, particularly of children from varied age groups and diverse ethnic and national origins. The proper care and development of the primary dentition into permanent dentition is of major importance and the dental arch curvature, whose study has been related intimately by a growing number of dentists and orthodontists to the prospective achievement of ideal occlusion and normal permanent dentition, has eluded a proper definition of form and shape. Many eminent authors have put forth mathematical models to describe the teeth arch curve in humans. Some have imagined it as a parabola, ellipse or conic while others have viewed the same as a cubic spline. Still others have viewed the beta function as best describing the actual shape of the dental arch curve. Both finite mathematical functions as also polynomials ranging from 2nd order to 6th order have been cited as appropriate definitions of the arch in various studies by eminent authors. Each such model had advantages and disadvantages, but none could exactly define the shape of the human dental arch curvature and factor in its features like shape, spacing and symmetry/asymmetry. Recent advances in imaging techniques and computer-aided simulation have added to the attempts to determine dental arch form in children in normal occlusion. This paper presents key analysis models & compares them through some secondary research study.
Keywords
Dental Arch, Curve,Normal Occlussion
Arch Form in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Orthodontic records /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Cephalometrics for orthognathic surgery1 /certified fixed orthodontic courses...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Surgical orthodontics diagnosis /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Case documentation and discussion for functional orthodontic case.
First step is very important step, for all colloquies the best prognosis and treatment plan obtained by perfect case preparation, documentation done in Almalak Dental and orthodontic polyclinic by Dr.Auday Mansour Altaai
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Orthodontic records /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Cephalometrics for orthognathic surgery1 /certified fixed orthodontic courses...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Surgical orthodontics diagnosis /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Case documentation and discussion for functional orthodontic case.
First step is very important step, for all colloquies the best prognosis and treatment plan obtained by perfect case preparation, documentation done in Almalak Dental and orthodontic polyclinic by Dr.Auday Mansour Altaai
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
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Serial extraction /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Extraction in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian den...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Extraction controversies in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Eruption problems /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Preventive orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Effect of lacebacks in maxillary canine retraction /certified fixed orthodont...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Subjective classification and objective analysis of the mandibular dental arc...EdwardHAngle
Our objective was to evaluate the relationship between subjective classification of dental-arch shape, objective analyses via arch-width measurements, and the fitting with the fourth-order polynomial equation.
Asymmetric maxillary expansion (AMEX) appliance for treatment of true unilat...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
En masse retraction and two step retraction of maxillary /certified fixed ort...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Mandibular arch form the relationship between dental and basal anatomyEdwardHAngle
We investigated mandibular dental arch form at the levels of both the clinically relevant application points of the orthodontic bracket and the underlying anatomic structure of the apical base. The correlation of both forms was evaluated and examined to determine whether the basal arch could be used to derive a standardized clinical arch form.
Angles classification and cephalometric /certified fixed orthodontic courses ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Dental and Skeletal changes after intraoral molar distalization with sectiona...Maen Dawodi
Dental and Skeletal changes after intraoral molar distalization with sectional jig
The present study as conducted on 10 subjects to evaluate dental and skeletal changes after intraoral molar distalization. The maxillary molars were distalized with a sectional jig assembly. Sentalloy open coil springs were used to exert 150gm of force for a period of 12 weeks . A modified Nance appliance was the main source of anchorage. The pre-and postdistalization records included dental study casts clinical photographs and cephalograms.
A total of 665 readings recorded from lateral cephalograms and dental casts were subjected to statistical analysis . The mean distal movements of the 1st molar was 2.78mm, which was highly significant (p<0.001). It moved distally at the rate of 0.86mm/month. There was clinically some distal tipping (3.50degree) and distopalatal rotation (2.40 degree). These changes were statistically significant. This was the result of molar extrusion
(AJODO 1998 Vol 114: 319-27)
Class II malocclusion with mild to moderate space deficiency in the upper jaw can be treated in many different ways. One possibility is to distalize the maxillary 1st molars and to create space in the buccal segments for retraction of cuspids and anterior teeth.
Conventionally, extraoral traction has been used successfully for the correction of Class II malocclusion by restraining the forward growth of the maxilla, threby correcting the skeletal discrepancy.
These extraoral appliances are also capable of distalizing the maxillary molars to correct the dental discrepancies. These methods require considerable patient compliance. The forces exerted by this appliance are intermittent and hence require a prolonged treatment time.
In recent years , intraoral techniques have been found to be successful for maxillary molar distalization. Gianelly et al. reported distalization of maxillary molars using repelling magnet along with modified Nance appliance for anchorage control .He reported a rate of molar movement of 0.75 to 1mm./month.
Gianelly et al. also used Japanese Niti open coil spring in continuous arch wires and reported a mean molar movement of 1 to 1.5mm/month.
The demands for orthodontic treatment are in continuous increasing, hence producing an ideal treatment plan need to cover all stages of the treatment carefully, especially the retention and stabilization stage. As, any changing in the arch width through changing the inter-molar width will lead to impair the stabilization of the arch and will lead to relapse. Due to that, the present study performed to evaluate the inter-molar width of the mandible using three different commercial orthodontic wires. Thirty patients had been allocated in this study, using a cone beam computed tomography to create an assessment for the inter-molar width. It concluded that there is an increase in the inter-molar width between pre-treatment and after finishing of aligning stage, also there is a highly significant increase in post-aligning stage between the three groups.
transverse dentoskeletal features of anterior open bite in the mixed dentitio...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Opportunity for Dentists (BDS/MDS )to relocate to United kingdom -Register as a DENTAL HYGIENIST/ DENTAL THERAPIST without Board exams and after approval you can register in GDC as a DH/DT and start working as a DH/DT Immediately and get paid.
You can complete the whole process in 3-4 months.Salary range for DH/DT is around 2500-3500 Pounds per month.
Eligibility / requirements-
1. An International English Language Testing System (IELTS) certificate
at the appropriate level.(Within 2 yrs of application date )
2: A recent primary dental qualification that has been taught and examined in English..(Within 2 yrs of application date )
3: A recent pass in a language test for registration with a regulatory authority in a country where the first language is English.
If you are interested Please contact us for more details.
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry,
Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
I –Aligners are made with FDA approved transparent thermoplastic materials using 3D scanning, 3D Printing and finally Trays with Pressure vacuum formers.
Dear Doctor,
Indian Dental Academy Now offers comprehensive online Orthodontics course.
Course includes:
1.whiteboard lecture presentations
2.Case Discussions
3.with hundreds of pictures.
4.Demo on Models
5.Demo on Patients
6. subtitles in your own language
12 months unlimited access and support @350 USD only.
For Demo please visit :www.idalectures.com/preview/
For more details visit: www.idalectures.com
Please contact us for any clarifications:
idalectures@gmail.com
indiandentalacademy@gmail.com
Thanks & Regards
Indian Dental Academy
--
Indian Dental Academy
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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Effects on the dental arch form using a /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy
1. Effects on the Dental Arch Form
Using a Preadjusted Appliance
with
Premolar Extraction in Class I
Crowding
INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com
2. In the cases of malocclusion with anterior crowding
premolar extractions are often indicated.
Studies which have been done earlier show that the
dental arch dimensions before and after treatment were
maintained, while morphological changes were few in
the lower dental arch and the area of the upper anterior
teeth increased.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
3. There is no report on the effects of premolar extraction
on positional changes of the anterior teeth and dental
arch form with use of a preadjusted appliance.
A preadjusted appliance uses a preformed wire to
perform treatment with sliding mechanics; thus, it is
considered important to describe its effects on the dental
arch form.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
4. Objective
The aim of this study was to determine effects of
treatment with a preadjusted appliance after extraction
of premolars on the positional relationships of the upper
and lower anterior teeth, as well as the dental arch form
in patients with Class I crowding.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
5. Materials and methods
The subjects were 26 patients with Class I crowding
(20.17 SD 12.15 years ) who under went treatment
using a preadjusted appliance (MBT system, 0.022
slot) and attained a favorable occlusion.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
6. They were divided into the nonextraction (n 10,
25.66 SD 17.0 years) and extraction (n 16, 16.75 SD
6.3 years) groups. The inclusion criteria were as follows:
Skeletal structure rated as Skeletal I and demonstrating
Angle Class I malocclusion.
No abnormality in the dental crown morphology.
No restorative materials or occlusal wear that could
have an effect on the measurements.
No temporomandibular joint derangement.
Patients who had not undergone lateral expansion or
distal movement of the molars.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
7. Cast models and lateral cephalometric radiographs
before and after treatment were used as study
materials. For measuring the three-dimensional
coordinates of the FA point of each tooth, a three-
dimensional coordinate measuring device was used.
The three-dimensional coordinate values were obtained
according to Otani’s method,then projected to the
reference plane and converted into two-dimensional
coordinates.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
8. The dental arch configuration was expressed by a
quartic polynominal expression, y =ax2 + bx4, using
Mathematica 5.1 (Wolfram Research, Champaign, Ill) to
calculate the log F value (F a3/b) from the coefficients
of the quadratic and quartic terms, which represented
the dental arch configuration.
A dental arch configuration with a smaller log F value
indicated a squared type, while that with a larger log F
value indicated a tapered type.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
9. For analysis of lateral
cephalometric
radiographs, SNA, SNB,
facial angle, and
mandibular plane were
measured as well as U1-
FH, L1-Mand, U1-APo,
and L1-APo
www.indiandentalacademy.com
10. The maximum width of
the crown, anterior and
posterior lengths and
widths of the dental arch,
and archlength
discrepancy between the
upper and lower arch
were determined using
cast models prepared at
the time of the first
examination
www.indiandentalacademy.com
11. Each item was measured three times by the same
examiner using a digital micrometer caliper and a model
measuring instrument .To determine the mean of the
three measurements, the mean and standard deviation
were calculated for each of the subjects in the extraction
and nonextraction groups
www.indiandentalacademy.com
12. Statistical Analysis
The log F values for the extraction and nonextraction
groups were compared using a Mann-Whitney U test,
while those before and after treatment were compared
using a Wilcoxon signed-ranks test
For cephalometric analysis, radiographs obtained before
and after treatment were compared between the
extraction and nonextraction groups.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
13. For comparisons between groups, an unpaired t-test was
used, while a paired ttest was used to compare
radiographs obtained before and after treatment in each
group
For model analysis, comparisons were made between
the extraction and nonextraction groups using an
unpaired t-test
www.indiandentalacademy.com
14. Protocol for Preadjusted Appliance Technique
The subjects examined in the present study were treated
using a preadjusted appliance (0.022 0.028 inch slot,
MBT set up) according to the following procedure. The
bracket height was set using the Mc- Laughlin and
Bennett method for performing indirect bonding.
The arch form (tapered, ovoid, square) was selected in
accordance with the dental arch form, which was
determined at the time of the first examination.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
15. After completing leveling and alignment of the lateral
teeth using a 0.016-inch round heat-activated Ni-Ti wire
and a 0.019 *0.025 inch heat-activated Ni- Ti wire, a
0.019 * 0.025 inch stainless steel wire was attached for
performing distal movement of the canine, followed by
leveling and alignment of the incisor
www.indiandentalacademy.com
16. Results
dental arch configuration
For the upper dental arch configuration, no statistically
significant differences were observed before treatment
between the extraction and nonextraction groups
for the upper dental arch form after treatment, the log F
values of the extraction group were significantly larger
(P >0.05), as the median was -0.33 and interquartile
range was 2.29, compared with -2.76 and 3.07,
respectively, for the nonextraction group
www.indiandentalacademy.com
17. In contrast, no statistically significant difference was
observed for the lower dental arch configuration before
and after treatment or between the extraction and
nonextraction groups
www.indiandentalacademy.com
18. Analysis of cephalometric radiology
the extraction and nonextraction groups before
treatment demonstrated that the mean U1- APo of the
extraction group (9.71 mm) was significantly larger than
that of the nonextraction group
However, no statistically significant differences were
observed for other measurements obtained using the
skeletal and dental measurements.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
20. As for the dental arch configuration after treatment, the
mean L1-APo of the extraction group (4.40 mm) was
significantly smaller than that of the nonextraction group
(6.56 mm) (P < .01).
However, no statistically significant differences were
observed for the other measurements.
When the quantity of changes before and after
treatment were compared, a statistically significant
difference was observed between the extraction and
nonextraction groups for U1-APo, which was decreased
by 1.31 mm in the extraction group and increased by
1.43 mm in the nonextraction group
www.indiandentalacademy.com
21. Analysis of cast models
comparisons of the cast models before treatment
between the extraction and nonextraction groups
revealed statistically significant differences in the upper
posterior width (UPW) and lower posterior width (LPW).
The intermolar widths of the upper and lower arches of
the extraction group were smaller
www.indiandentalacademy.com
23. Comparisons of the models after treatment
revealed statistically significant differences in
UPW, LPW, upper posterior length (UPL), and
lower posterior length (LPL) between the
groups. Also, the intermolar width and length of
the upper and lower arches were smaller in the
extraction group
In the extraction group, comparisons of the
models before and after treatment revealed a
significant difference in UPW, while the
intermolar width of the upper arch was
decreased.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
24. Statistically significant differences were observed for
upper arch length (UAL) and lower arch length (LAL)
before and after treatment, while the upper and lower
anterior lengths were increased.
Statistically significant differences were also observed for
UPL and LPL; the UPL and LPL were decreased.
In the nonextraction group, comparisons of the models
before and after treatment revealed significant
differences in UAL and UPL, while the upper anterior and
posterior lengths were increased.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
25. As for maximum crown width, the extraction group
showed significantly greater widths for all teeth except
the second molar in the upper arch. In the lower arch,
the width of the canine, as well as the first and second
premolars, was significantly greater
www.indiandentalacademy.com
26. In addition, the arch length discrepancy (ALD) at the
time of the first examination in the extraction group was
significantly greater for both the upper (8.16 mm) and
lower arches (6.54 mm) compared with those (1.29 mm
and 1.82 mm, respectively) in the nonextraction group
www.indiandentalacademy.com
27. Discussion
In the present study of Class I crowding patients, no
statistically significant differences were observed for the
configuration of the upper and lower arches at the time
of the first examination between the extraction and
nonextraction groups. These results suggest that the
dental arch form might be determined irrespective of the
amount of discrepancy.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
28. The dental arch form for the lower arch between
Japanese and Indian females with normal occlusion was
studied by Ukere et al, they reported that Japanese
females had a smaller and more squared dental arch
form, and showed more considerable variation than the
Indian subjects
In the present study, the log F value for the upper
dental arch was significantly increased from -1.35 before
treatment to -0.33 after treatment in the extraction
group. Since the log F value of the extraction group after
treatment was larger than that of the nonextraction
group (-2.76), the dental arch demonstrated a tapered
pattern.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
29. In the nonextraction group, no statistically significant
differences in log F values were observed for the upper
and lower arch between the groups before and after
treatment, indicating no changes in the dental arch form
Hnat et al reported, the dental arch form might be
compensated by an increase in dental arch length.
Accordingly, it can be considered that a decline in
number of teeth might produce a tapered pattern.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
30. Heiser et al studied the dental arch form using a three-
dimensional methodwith extraction and nonextraction
groups and reported that the anterior length of the
upper dental arch was increased as a result of
extraction, while the area of the anterior teeth was
increased in both groups
for the subjects in the present study, the width was
greater for all teeth, excluding the upper second molar,
in the extraction group than in the nonextractrion group.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
31. In addition, the widths of the canine and first and
second premolars were greater in the lower arch.
Accordingly, it was considered that crowding might be
produced by the width of the crown.
Shigenobu et al speculated that ALD might be important
for a symmetrical crowding pattern of the anterior teeth.
It was considered that tapering of the upper dental arch
in the present extraction group, which showed a large
ALD value, might have resulted from an increase in
anterior arch length to resolve crowding of the anterior
teeth produced by a large amount of tooth width
www.indiandentalacademy.com
32. BeGole et al suggested that intermolar width was likely
to be increased by nonextraction treatment, and
Weinberg and Sadowsky reported that the dental
arch expanded as a whole because of the performance
of nonextraction therapy.
In the present study, the length increased in the
extraction group, whereas the intercanine and intermolar
widths did not.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
33. As for the dynamic state of the upper and lower anterior
teeth, U1-APO was significantly reduced after treatment
in the extraction group, which demonstrated posterior
movement of the upper anterior teeth. Because U1-FH
did not show any changes, it was considered that the
teeth might have moved in a posterior direction by
sliding mechanics, while the torque of the upper anterior
teeth was kept and controlled properly
This result also suggested that a torque of -17* and
angulation of 4* incorporated to the bracket for the
upper central incisor would function effectively
www.indiandentalacademy.com
34. For the inclination of the lower anterior teeth, no
significant difference was observed between before and
after treatment. The lower incisor moved toward the
posterior direction after treatment in the extraction
group and toward the anterior direction in the
nonextraction group. Nevertheless, a torque of -6* and
angulation of 0* incorporated to the bracket for the
lower incisor might be effective
www.indiandentalacademy.com
35. Further, space remained after improvement of anterior
teeth crowding, which suggested that the space was
closed by mesial movement of the molars, as the
intermolar width and anterior length of the dental arch
were reduced
One of the out come of this study is that the sum of
tooth widths of teeth anterior of the canine is greatly
involved in determining the dental arch form.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
36. CONCLUSION
It is necessary to select an arch form that assumes a
possible tapered pattern of the upper dental arch after
extraction treatment in patients with Class I crowding
www.indiandentalacademy.com
37. Wolfgang Heiser,
Andreas Niederwanger,
Beatrix Bancher,
Gabriele Bittermann,
Nikolaus Neunteufel,
Siegfried Kulmer
AJODO;2004;126
Three-dimensional dental arch and
palatal form changes after
extraction and
nonextractiontreatment.
Part 1. Arch length
www.indiandentalacademy.com
38. Most investigators believe that the success of
orthodontic treatment is judged by the long term
stability of the results. Treatment decisions are strongly
influenced by this thinking. The “extraction versus
nonextraction” debate is almost as old as the specialty of
orthodontics.
Today, most orthodontists find themselves some where
in the middle, treating some patients with extractions
and some without.
Karl Popper said that one of the biggest mistakes a
scientist can make is to always try to prove his own
thesis rather than seeking arguments that disprove it.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
39. OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in
arch length, and irregularity index in patients treated
with and without premolar extractions
www.indiandentalacademy.com
40. MATERIAL AND METHODS
All patients had been treated in the private orthodontic
practice of the first author . The only criterion for
inclusion was good occlusion at bracket removal.
Neither cephalometric characteristics nor postretention
occlusion was considered in sample selection. All
patients wore removable retainers; no fixed retainers
were used. The groups were formed before the follow-
up examination. Records were collected at 4 points:
pretreatment, bracket removal, end of retention, and
follow-up.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
41. The nonextraction group consisted originally of 25 Class
II patients (19 girls, 6 boys; average age, 11 years 4
months) who were treated between 1981 and 1991 with
fixed appliances (straightwire) without premolar
extractions.
The follow-up examination was carried out 6.3 years out
of retention. Twenty-two patients (17 women, 5 men;
average age, 20 years 7 months) returned for the follow-
up examination.
The mean irregularity index was 5.1 before orthodontic
treatment. The average active treatment time was 1
year 9 months; the average retention period was 1 year
3 months.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
42. The extraction group consisted originally of 24 patients
(18 girls, 6 boys; average age, 13 years 7 months) who
were treated between 1981 and 1991 with fixed
appliances (straightwire) and premolar (first or second)
extractions.
Twenty patients (16 women, 4 men; average age, 21
years 10 months) were examined at follow-up. The
mean irregularity index was 5.8 before orthodontic
treatment
www.indiandentalacademy.com
43. The average active treatment time was 1 year 9 months,
and the average retention period was 1 year 10 months.
The follow-up examination was carried out 4 years 8
months out of retention
www.indiandentalacademy.com
44. The complete treatment time for the nonextraction
group was 3 years; this was considerably shorter than
the treatment time for the extraction group—3 years 7
months.
The average active treatment time was 1 year 9 months,
and the average retention period was 1 year 10 months.
The follow-up examination was carried out 4 years 8
months out of retention.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
45. The groups’ irregularity index values differed, although
this difference was not statistically significant. The mean
irregularity index values at the end of retention and at
follow-up were almost identical for both patient groups
www.indiandentalacademy.com
46. Accurate alginate mandibular and maxillary impressions
were taken for each patient at pretreatment, bracket
removal, the end of retention, and follow-up. The
impressions were poured in stone, and the maxillary
model was provided with a split-cast
With the aid of an anatomic face-bow, the maxillary
model was mounted skull-related onto a semi-adjustable
SAM 2 articulator . Then the mandibular model was
mounted joint-related to the maxillary model according
to a central wax record.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
47. System of coordinates
Casts mounted in a SAM 2 articulator can be
transferred exactly to the 3-dimensional (3D)
digitizer.
The 3D digitizer has a measuring pin that is
connected to the electronic precision gauge and
moves freely in all 3 planes of space.
The digital signals of each measured point were
calculated as the x, y, and z coordinates by
means of custom software
www.indiandentalacademy.com
48. Missing points could be entered as such into the
computer. If a second molar was missing, the area up to
the first molars was calculated. If deciduous molars were
still present, their mesiobuccal and mesiolingual cusps
were digitized.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
49. Arch length was defined
as the sum of the
distances of the various
digitized points around
the arch
The arch lengths of the
maxilla (upper length,
UL) were measured at
the following points—
UL 3
UL4
UL5
www.indiandentalacademy.com
50. The arch lengths of the
mandible (lower length,
LL) were measured at the
following points—
LL4
LL5
www.indiandentalacademy.com
51. Error study
To assess measurement precision and reliability, 5
models were randomly selected. They were mounted on
the 3D digitizer and measured 3 times
www.indiandentalacademy.com
52. Data analysis
The 2 patient groups (nonextraction and extraction)
were compared by independent t test to identify
statistically significant differences between pretreatment,
bracket removal, end of retention, and follow-up (t test
for independent samples).
Changes between pretreatment, bracket removal, end of
retention, and follow-up within the same group were
analyzed by paired t test (t test for dependent samples).
Statistical significance was determined at P < .05, P
<.01, and P < .001
www.indiandentalacademy.com
53. RESULT
Arch length
The nonextraction group had a statistically significant
increase (P < .05) in UL3 of 2.06 mm and in UL4 of 3.27
mm between pretreatment and bracket removal. This
was probably the effect of treatment.
In the nonextraction group, UL3 and UL4 rebounded
(decreased) slightly from bracket removal to end of
retention; this was significant only for UL3 (P <.05).
From end of retention to follow-up, UL3 and UL4
behaved contrarily: UL3 increased slightly (not
significantly), whereas UL4 decreased significantly (P <
.001) . UL5 lost length slightly from every evaluation
period to the next.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
54. Between pretreatment and followup, UL3 increased 1.5
mm, UL4 remained almost stable (0.06 mm), and UL5
decreased 1.45 mm.
In the extraction group, statically significant decreases
(P .001) were found for UL3, UL4, and UL5 between
pretreatment and bracket removal as the treatment
result of premolar extraction.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
55. All the other changes in UL3, UL4, and UL5 were
nonsignificant, with the exception of the decrease in UL4
(P< .01) from the end of retention to follow-up.
Comparing the nonextraction and extraction groups,
UL3, UL4, LL4, and LL5 showed almost identical changes
between bracket removal and end of retention.
In the nonextraction group, LL4 increased from
pretreatment to bracket removal, but the increase
(0.59mm) was not significant. Arch length continued to
decrease to follow-up.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
56. The decrease of 1.38 mm from end of retention to
follow-up was statistically significant (P <.05). All
gained arch length was lost between bracket removal
and end of retention, resulting in a net decrease from
pretreatment and follow-up
www.indiandentalacademy.com
57. LL5 decreased over all the observation periods in both
patient groups. For the nonextraction group, the loss
was significant (P< .001) only between bracket removal
and end of retention.
For LL4 and LL5, the extraction group showed a highly
significant decrease from pretreatment to bracket
removal (P < .001); this was the consequence of
premolar extraction. Both arch lengths decreased further
until follow-up.
Although the losses were significant from bracket removal
to end of retention (P< .01 and P <.001), they were
not significant between end of retention and follow-up.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
58. DISCUSSION
Arch length
For nonextraction patients, Sadowsky et al found
maxillary arch lengths were unchanged during and after
treatment. Bishara et al and Glenn et al demonstrated a
postretention decrease in arch length. These results
contrast with the findings in this study of a net increase
in the maxillary arch length UL3 of 1.62 mm between
pretreatment and follow-up for the nonextraction group.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
59. La Cruz et al took almost the same measuring points
used in this study and copied them to the occlusal plane
to get a 2-dimensional (2D) picture; in the present
study, the 3D changes could be calculated. This means
that changes in the curve of Spee have influenced the
length measurements. Present study findings contrast
with the decrease in arch length found in that study.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
60. Sadowsky et al found that mandibular arch length was
unchanged during treatment; we detected increases in
nboth mandibular and maxillary arch length between
pretreatment and bracket removal for the nonextraction
group
Sadowsky et al and Glenn et al,studying nonextraction
groups, found that mandibular arch length did not
increase significantly during treatment but showed
significant postretention reductions. These findings for
the mandibular arch correspond to present studywww.indiandentalacademy.com
61. For the extraction group, our finding of mandibular arch-
length reduction agreed with Little et al and Bishara et al
On the other hand, Little et al and Herberger
demonstrated that arch-length decrease is accompanied
by mandibular incisor crowding
Further more, recrowding has often been noted even in
patients treated with mandibular incisor extraction
www.indiandentalacademy.com
62. Comparing the lengths of the maxillary and mandibular
arches, a different behavior in the nonextraction group
can be seen. Whereas the maxillary arch had a net
increase in arch length (UL3), LL4 decreased. In the
extraction group, the maxillary and mandibulararch
lengths increased slightly from bracket removal to
follow-up .
www.indiandentalacademy.com
63. In both the nonextraction and extraction groups, UL3
increased from end of retention to follow-up. This could
be the result of torque relapse. The increase of UL3 is in
contrast to the decrease of almost all other length
measurements (UL4, LL4, and LL5).
Generally speaking, maxillary and mandibular arch
lengths tended to decrease, with few exceptions
www.indiandentalacademy.com
64. CONCLUSION
This study investigated changes in maxillary and
mandibular arch lengths in patients treated with
edgewise appliances, with and without premolar
extractions. The results were----
In the maxilla, arch length UL3 increased in
nonextraction patients; all other lengths in both arches
and both groups decreased
The relapse tendency was less in the maxillary arch than
in the mandibular.
The extraction group showed similar relapse tendencies
in both arches www.indiandentalacademy.com
65. Ellen A. BeGole,
Deborah L. Fox, and
Cyril Sadowsky
AJODO;1998;113
Analysis of change in arch form
with premolar expansion
www.indiandentalacademy.com
66. The arch forms of 38 cases (53 nonextraction and 23
extraction arches) in which expansion, while maintaining
arch form, was the objective of the practitioner, were
analyzed before treatment, after treatment, and an
average of 6 to 8 years after retention.
The cubic spline was used to fit a curve representing
arch form. By superimposing the spline curves, changes
in arch form were analyzed with the variables rebound
change (RC), rebound index (RI), rebound number (RN),
and stability number (SN). Traditional linear intraarch
dimensions were also analyzed
www.indiandentalacademy.com
67. Analysis of variance was used to determine differences
between the maxillary and mandibular arches and
between the extraction and nonextraction cases.
Pearson correlation coefficients between spline variables
and arch width variables were also computed. There was
significantly more expansion in the maxillary arch than
the mandibular arch during treatment, irrespective of
extraction or nonextraction strategies
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68. In the nonextraction cases, a greater amount of net
expansion was achieved for all dimensions for the
maxillary arch as compared with the mandibular arch.
Overall, a relatively high stability in arch form was found.
The findings suggest that stability may not be related to
the amount of change produced during treatment.
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69. Significant expansion can be gained throughout the
premolar regions and may be expected to be stable.
The order of greatest net arch width gained was for the
second premolars followed by first premolars, molars,
and then the canines.
The intercanine widths for both arches decreased toward
pretreatment values, but were more stable in the
maxillary arch in nonextraction cases. The cubic spline
permits measurement of change in arch form both
during treatment and retention periods.
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70. CONCLUSIONS
Use of the cubic spline permits measurement of changes
in shape and size, but does not distinguish between
them.
There does not appear to be any meaningful
relationship between the amount of change
duringtreatment and the degree of stability of a case
Significant stable expansion of the premolar and molar
widths may be possible in both the maxillary and
mandibular arches in nonextraction cases.
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