This document describes a proposed system to monitor the force applied during tooth extractions using IoT. The system would attach sensors to dental pliers to measure gripping, twisting, and traction forces. Those forces would be recorded and sent to a Thingspeak server where the data could be visualized in real-time. This would help dentists understand the forces used during different types of extractions and avoid complications. The proposed system aims to improve on existing methods that only analyze recorded data offline by enabling real-time data transfer and sharing over IoT.

1. Experimental Study on Strength Evaluation Applied for
Teeth Extraction using IoT
PRESENTED BY

2. Contents
 Domain & Platform
 Introduction
 Objective
 Abstract
 Literature Survey
 Existing System
 Drawbacks
 Proposed system
 Advantages
 Testing platform
 Application

3. Domain & Platform
 Domain : The domain of this project is Internet of things.
 Platform: Things speak Server where the data’s are visualized.

4. Introduction
 Today, the evolution of scientific dental knowledge gives clinicians the opportunity to save a tooth affected by different pathologies
such as deep caries, tooth pulp inflammation or periodontal diseases.
 The association between modern endodontic and conservative techniques have meant that results are more predictable, with long-term
clinical success while avoiding tooth extraction.
 However, tooth extraction is still indicated for those teeth which are considered “hopeless”; for large destructive caries; teeth with high
mobility, or extractions association with orthodontic treatment.
 In addition, tooth extraction may represent one of the first oral surgery acts that a young dentist will face at the beginning of his career.
 In this study we want to analyze the problems of tooth extraction related to the force applied through the pliers. The quantification of
the active forces used may be useful in avoiding future complications like alveolar bone or apex fractures.
 Before approaching tooth extraction, clinicians should evaluate the tooth root form and shape by radiographic image and clinical
investigation. Consequently, the choice of instrument and surgical movements can then be decided on, using all the information
obtained.

5. Objective
a) This study shows the result that the force applied by the operator during tooth extraction should be constant when
applied to similar teeth, however several factors may influence the need to increase the strength used and data’s can
be visualized using IoT

6. Abstract
Purpose:
 The aim of this work was to analyse all the applied movements when extracting healthy upper and lower jaw
premolars for orthodontic purposes. The authors wanted to demonstrate that the different bone densities of the
mandible and maxilla are not a significant parameter when related to the extraction force applied. The buccal and
palatal rocking movements, plus the twisting movements were also measured in this in-vivo study during premolar
extraction for orthodontic purposes.
Methods:
 The physical strains or forces transferred onto the teeth during extraction are the following three movements:
gripping, twisting, and traction. A strain measurement gauge was attached onto an ordinary dentistry plier. The
strain measurement gauge was constituted with an extensimetric washer with three 45º grids. The system operation
was correlated to the variation of electrical resistance.
Results:
 The variations of resistance (∆R) and all the different forces applied to the teeth (∆V) were recorded by a
computerized system. Data results were processed through Microsoft Excel. The results underlined the stress
distribution on the extracted teeth during gripping, twisting and flexion.

7. Literature Survey
 Rocking moments in extraction of teeth in the lower jaw : (Tarmo Ojala)
The purpose of this study was to observe, by means of strain gauges attached to forcep handles, the rocking moments
needed during the extraction of lower jaw teeth. Great variation was found between the values for rocking moments and their
acting times in different tooth groups. There were also great individual differences in the attachment of teeth. The mean value of
the highest lingual rocking moments (2.80 J) was recorded during the extraction of first and second molars, and the highest labial
moments (4.78J) during the extraction of canines. The mean value of the total rocking moments was highest during the extraction
of canines (1.98 J) and lowest (1.19 J) during the extraction of premolars. The mean value of total rocking moments for incisors
and canines was significantly lower (P < 0.01) and for molars almost significantly lower (P < 0.05) for the group aged 40 and over
when compared to corresponding values for the group under 40 years of age. The lowest mean value of all extraction times was
observed for incisors in all age groups.
 Rocking and twisting moments in extraction of teeth in the upper jaw(Risto Lehtinen)
The purpose of this study was to investigate with the strain gauge method the rocking moments needed during the
extraction of upper jaw teeth. In addition to the buccal and palatinal rocking moments, the twisting moment was also measured.
The highest mean value of both the average and highest buccal and palatinal movements was measured during the extraction of
canines.

8. Literature survey
 Forces and movements during tooth extraction: A scoping review (M.G. Beuling)
The aim of this scoping review was to provide a clear and comprehensive overview of the available literature on forces
and movements during tooth extraction. A systematic search strategy was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Web of
Science (Core Collection) and Scopus from inception up to February 11th, 2022. All literature in which tooth extractions
were performed and forces and/or movements were measured quantitatively were included. A total of 1975 articles were
screened and after selection 17 articles were included for qualitative synthesis. Among others, the following data was
collected: characteristics of measurements, type of study, material, types of teeth extracted, method of extraction, clinical
metadata, and outcome measure
In addition, a large heterogeneity in outcome measures was reported and the reported metadata in the papers is scarce,
especially in the in vitro and ex vivo studies. In conclusion, this scoping review showed a strong limitation of our
fundamental knowledge of these frequently performed procedures. More quantitative research is necessary to improve
our understanding of the tooth extraction procedure.

9. Existing system
 The aim of this work is to analyze the actual strength used by an operator during tooth extraction. High-tech gauges
were applied onto dental pliers by a mechanical engineer in order to quantify the stress distribution of tooth
extraction.
 The results obtained by this investigation were compared to the limited data found in the international literature. All
results show that the strength used by the operator during tooth extraction may be the most important factor that
influences this surgical act.
 The complications of tooth extraction are connected to an incorrect force application [18, 25]. Several factors, such
as strange tooth anomalies, large root angles or strange root forms seem to be present when exodontia complications
occur. However, bone structure and density do not influence the strength value.

10. Drawbacks
 Only recorded values can be analyzed
 Recorded data’s cannot be transferred or shared
 Accuracy point is low
 Time consumption is high to complete the process

11. Proposed System
ESP8266

12. PROPOSED SYSTEM
 The strength data was recorded with an electronic paper, elaborated in Microsoft Excel. Values of gripping, rocking,
and twisting were classified and tabled. The data’s are shared to the things speak server using the Esp8266
Nodemcu Wifi module. The graph and continuous Data’s generated are updated every minute in the server

13. Advanages
 Relief from Pain. Often, damaged and decayed teeth cause significant pain. ...
 A Lower Risk of Future Problems. ...
 Removing the Source of an Infection. ...
 Getting the accurate data’s
 Time consumption

14. Testing Platform
 SERVER –THINGS SPEAK Server
 Programming – Arduino IDE Software

15. Application
 This study was carried out on teeth of young patients with a regular root formation and without any structural
anomaly or shape alteration. The results of the study showed how the strength, needed for performing the first upper
premolar extraction is 25 times higher than the lower jaw.
 This confirms that tooth extraction of multi-root teeth will result in a very difficult surgical operation. The rocking
movement recorded high values of +199 Nmm while the twisting recorded maximum values of +8,69 Nmm. This
data showed how the strength needed for double rooted teeth extraction is not proportional to the strength needed
for single ones.