This presentation is an attempt to describe the occurrence of floods in Sri Lanka, beginning from the great flood incidence of 1956. Data and other literature used to develop this presentation were obtained from published documents of Disaster Management Center of Sri Lanka
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This presentation is an attempt to describe the occurrence of floods in Sri Lanka, beginning from the great flood incidence of 1956. Data and other literature used to develop this presentation were obtained from published documents of Disaster Management Center of Sri Lanka
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
On January 25, 2019, ICLR hosted a Friday Forum Webinar titled 'TRCA Flood Risk Assessment Project', led by Rebecca Elliott, water resources engineer with the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority. TRCA’s Flood Risk Assessment project recently assessed flood risk by utilizing flood hazard information from the hydrology and hydraulic modelling for seven different return-period storm events (2-350 year and Regional) at all the historic flood vulnerable areas in the Region. The purpose of this assessment was to combine current riverine flood hazard information and flood exposure information to calculate flood vulnerability and quantify flood risk at both the individual structure level and at a flood-vulnerable cluster level. Flood exposure information includes flood depth and velocity at each building and road subject to flooding for each of the seven return-period storms relative to the first floor elevation of the building. As highlighted by recent major flooding events, including the tropical rainstorm and the Spring 2017 flooding in Ontario/Quebec, as well as Hurricane Harvey’s impact to Texas, many people inhabiting flood-prone communities are not fully aware of the risks to themselves and their property. The Flood Risk Outreach project will build on the results from TRCA’s Flood Risk Assessment project by supporting public awareness of potential flood emergencies. In turn, this can lessen the impact of flooding to these areas, as residents can take preparatory steps to protect themselves and their homes. Recent studies have shown that only a small percentage of residents living in flood prone areas are aware of their flood risk.
Rebecca Elliott is a water resources engineer with 12 years of experience, and more than two years with the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority. She received her undergraduate degree from the University of Guelph with a Bachelor of Science in Water Resources Engineering, and has been a practicing Professional Engineer since 2011. As Flood Risk Management Engineer her role is to manage the flood forecasting and warning program at the TRCA.
Flood has been considered as one of the very most recurring and frequent disaster in the world. Due to recurrent prevalence, the economic loss and life damage caused by the flood has put more burdens on economy than any other natural disaster. India has continuously suffered by many flood events which claimed collosal loss of life and economy. It has been found that the incidences of the flood are increasing very sporadically. Causes can be climate change, cloud bursting, tsunami or poor river management, silting etc. but devastation is increasing both in terms of lives and economies.
Flood is most profound and costliest natural disaster in the world which devastates both life and economy at a large extent. It is defined as, “High-water stages in which water over flows its natural or artificial banks onto normally dry land, such as a river inundating its floodplain.” This local and short term event comes with little or no alarming
Effect of the Year 2012 Flooding On Residential Properties Rental Value in Ka...iosrjce
One of the natural factors to be considered in determining property rental values is flood. Year 2012
flood was noticeable in many countries due to its severance with Nigeria not left out most especially Kaduna
metropolis. This paper aims at assessing the effect of this year’s flood on residential property values. Data were
sourced through both primary and secondary means. Systematic random sampling was used as the affected
areas list was made available by Kaduna State Agricultural Development Project. Findings revealed low rental
values in both years 2012 and 2013 but rose again due to some militating measures taken by the government
and developers. In addition, the cause was traced to the rivers’ setback encroachment and dumping of refuse
into the rivers. Recommendations made include putting in place permanent measures to check flood’s
reoccurrence in the metropolis, availability of flood plain area map and data on flood occurrence to the public
and enforcement of development control on developers
On January 25, 2019, ICLR hosted a Friday Forum Webinar titled 'TRCA Flood Risk Assessment Project', led by Rebecca Elliott, water resources engineer with the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority. TRCA’s Flood Risk Assessment project recently assessed flood risk by utilizing flood hazard information from the hydrology and hydraulic modelling for seven different return-period storm events (2-350 year and Regional) at all the historic flood vulnerable areas in the Region. The purpose of this assessment was to combine current riverine flood hazard information and flood exposure information to calculate flood vulnerability and quantify flood risk at both the individual structure level and at a flood-vulnerable cluster level. Flood exposure information includes flood depth and velocity at each building and road subject to flooding for each of the seven return-period storms relative to the first floor elevation of the building. As highlighted by recent major flooding events, including the tropical rainstorm and the Spring 2017 flooding in Ontario/Quebec, as well as Hurricane Harvey’s impact to Texas, many people inhabiting flood-prone communities are not fully aware of the risks to themselves and their property. The Flood Risk Outreach project will build on the results from TRCA’s Flood Risk Assessment project by supporting public awareness of potential flood emergencies. In turn, this can lessen the impact of flooding to these areas, as residents can take preparatory steps to protect themselves and their homes. Recent studies have shown that only a small percentage of residents living in flood prone areas are aware of their flood risk.
Rebecca Elliott is a water resources engineer with 12 years of experience, and more than two years with the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority. She received her undergraduate degree from the University of Guelph with a Bachelor of Science in Water Resources Engineering, and has been a practicing Professional Engineer since 2011. As Flood Risk Management Engineer her role is to manage the flood forecasting and warning program at the TRCA.
Flood has been considered as one of the very most recurring and frequent disaster in the world. Due to recurrent prevalence, the economic loss and life damage caused by the flood has put more burdens on economy than any other natural disaster. India has continuously suffered by many flood events which claimed collosal loss of life and economy. It has been found that the incidences of the flood are increasing very sporadically. Causes can be climate change, cloud bursting, tsunami or poor river management, silting etc. but devastation is increasing both in terms of lives and economies.
Flood is most profound and costliest natural disaster in the world which devastates both life and economy at a large extent. It is defined as, “High-water stages in which water over flows its natural or artificial banks onto normally dry land, such as a river inundating its floodplain.” This local and short term event comes with little or no alarming
Effect of the Year 2012 Flooding On Residential Properties Rental Value in Ka...iosrjce
One of the natural factors to be considered in determining property rental values is flood. Year 2012
flood was noticeable in many countries due to its severance with Nigeria not left out most especially Kaduna
metropolis. This paper aims at assessing the effect of this year’s flood on residential property values. Data were
sourced through both primary and secondary means. Systematic random sampling was used as the affected
areas list was made available by Kaduna State Agricultural Development Project. Findings revealed low rental
values in both years 2012 and 2013 but rose again due to some militating measures taken by the government
and developers. In addition, the cause was traced to the rivers’ setback encroachment and dumping of refuse
into the rivers. Recommendations made include putting in place permanent measures to check flood’s
reoccurrence in the metropolis, availability of flood plain area map and data on flood occurrence to the public
and enforcement of development control on developers
A Brief Survey on Impact of Flood on Children, Water Sanitation and Hygiene i...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Considerable rainfall raises the water level. When
the water level is higher than the conduit bank, the water
diverts out from the stream, there will surge. Surges are
caused by atmosphere ponders and events that pass on more
precipitation to a waste bowl that can be immediately
absorbed or secured inside the bowl. Surges can be caused by
typical, natural or anthropogenic factors. There are a couple
of purposes behind surges and change from region to area.
Flood is coming to fruition in view of unprecedented
geophysical event to make an astounding danger to human
life and property. Surge occurring in thickly populated locale
can do most extraordinary mischief to life and property.
Country practices and deforestation have altogether changed
the condition in whole stream bowls. Passing, disease, harm,
expulsion of people and fiscal hardship are the standard
consequences of surge. So the purpose of this examination
work is to research the effect of flooding on children, water
sanitation and cleanliness.
Flood Monitoring and Flood Risk Assessment in Agenebode, Edo State, NigeriaIJERA Editor
Flooding is a serious natural disaster that has become a recurrent event in many parts of the world causing huge loss of lives and properties. This study analyses flood risk potential in Agenebode, Edo state, Nigeria. Flood frequency analysis was carried out on discharge data from the River Niger at Onitsha from 1960-2006 as the discharge from this river is the primary cause of flooding of the study area. Log-Normal, Log-Pearson Type III and Gumbel probability distribution models were used to test for the most appropriate projection for discharge for different return periods.From the analysis, Log-normal distribution was selected as the most appropriate probability distribution for the series in order to determine projected flows for the river for different return periods. The rainfall pattern for the study area was analysed using gauge values for the period 1983-2010. Flood hazard assessment was carried out with the aid of ArcMap using the topographical feature data of the area, Digital Elevation Model obtained from Shuttle Radar Topographical Mission (SRTM) hole-filled seamless data and historical records of the previous flood occurrence. A flood hazard map produced indicated that about 1.8 km2 (72% of the total built-up area) of the area is at risk of flooding putting approximately 481 people at direct risk of flooding. This information is useful for providing ameliorative resources for the inhabitants in the event of a flood occurrence.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...
Impact of flooding on riverine communities
1. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.4, No.18, 2013
www.iiste.org
Impact of Flooding on Riverine Communities: The Experience of
The Omambala and Other Areas in Anambra State, Nigeria
Kingsley Efobi * Christopher Anierobi
Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Nigeria, Enugu campus, PMB 01129,Nigeria
* E-mail of the corresponding author: okey.efobi@unn.edu.ng
Abstract
Globally, riverine areas are naturally prone to flooding. In the year 2012, flooding for the first time became a
national disaster in Nigeria and Anambra state was identified as one of the most affected states. 7 million people
were affected; 2.3 million people were victims of internal displacement while 363 people were reportedly killed.
Out of the 21 Local government areas in Anambra state, 8 were affected. 5 out of these 8 comprise the
Omambala area and were the most adversely affected area. Records revealed that house and other public and
private properties, infrastructure and facilities worth billions of naira were fully or partly submerged and
destroyed. Government in her intervention effort in the state provided 24- Internally Displaced People’s refugee
camps and supplied relief materials. International donor agencies like UNICEF, UN and EU as well as non
governmental organizations and philanthropists, also supported with relief materials worth billions of naira. Till
date, the living conditions of the dwellers remain deplorable. This study sought to examine the impact of
flooding on the Omambala and other riverine areas with a view to determining its nature so as to evolve
measures that can enhance the living condition of the people. Primary data obtained with structured interview
and secondary data from State Emergency Management Agency (SEMA) were used. Taro Yamane (1967)
formula was used to derived a sample size of 400 household heads was selected using the systematic sampling
technique. Data was analyzed and the result revealed that flooding greatly impacted the economic life of the
people; their social, cultural and the religious aspects of their lives. There were issues of lose of human and
animal lives; destruction of agricultural products; housing, educational, transportation commercial and other
infrastructural facilities worth billions of naira. Family and social ties and activities were also hampered while
daily livelihood activities were disrupted, good sources of water were polluted and the environment degraded.
Hunger, high cost of living, infestation of snakes, flies and other disease vectors and general deplorable living
conditions were identified as some of the negative impacts of flooding in the area. Economic empowerments of
poor riverine dwellers through cooperative societies coupled with Public participation in flood control activities
among other mitigation measures were recommended.
Keywords: Impact, Flooding, Riverine communities, Omambala and other riverine areas.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Floods occur when water particularly from rainfalls accumulates across an impermeable surface and cannot
rapidly dissipate or evaporate. Floods can also be caused by a series of storms moving over the same area while
dams can flood low-lying areas, often causing significant damage.
Globally, riverine areas are naturally prone to flooding. In the year 2012, the ravaging effects of flooding in
Nigeria became so drastic that it was seen as a national disaster. Among the 36 states of the Federation, Anambra
state was among the 34 states that had the bitter experience of the flood. Out of the 21 Local government areas
in Anambra state, 8 were affected. 5 out of these affected 8 make up the Omambala area and were the most
adversely affected. Houses and other public and private properties, infrastructure and facilities were submerged
and destroyed, while many residents were displaced (NEMA, 2012, ANSEMA, 2012, NIHSA, 2013).
Studies on water, poverty and flood observed that there was an increasing rate of flood occurrences and severity
in recent years; resulting to loss of lives, injuries, homelessness, damage to environment and infrastructure as
well as impacting on agriculture, health and education (Abdul-Akeem Sadiq, 2012, Bariweni et al, 2012,
England, the flood and water management Act, 2010, Tieney et al, 2001; USEPA, 2002, Thomson, 1964). This
became evident in Nigeria for the first time in 2012. Apart from Ekiti, Katsina, States and the Federal Capital
Territory (FCT), all the other states in Nigeria experienced the devastating effects of flooding. Other states
affected include Zamfara, Yobe, Sokoto, Rivers, Taraba, Plateau, Oyo, Ogun, Osun, Ondo, Niger, Nasarawa,
Lagos, Kwara, Kogi, Kebbi, Kano, Kaduna, Jigawa, Gombe, Edo, Ebonyi, Delta, Cross Rivers, Benue, Bayelsa,
Bauchi, Anambra, Akwa Ibom, Enugu, Imo, Abia and Adamawa states. The 2013 Annual Flood Outlook (AFO)
for Nigeria estimated an effect on 156 Local Government Areas in the country while stressing the need to
minimize and turn flooding into an opportunity so as to transform society through a higher level of sustainable
efforts.
58
2. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.4, No.18, 2013
www.iiste.org
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 FORMS OF FLOODING
Flooding is classified as minor or major depending on the degree of severity in terms of areas, extent or
magnitude and in depth (Tieney et al, 2001; USEPA, 2002, Thomson, 1964). The various forms are:
i.
Flash flooding: Flash flooding can occur in steep catchments and is far more immediate. Flooding
from rivers, particularly, in recognized floodplains, can easily be predicted with good accuracy.
However flash floods from sudden downpours such as those in Carlisle continue to challenge the
capability of detection and forecasting systems. Water over about 250 mm in depth may carry
debris and can also be very cold. Even travelling at low speeds; this can be extremely hazardous to
motorists.
ii.
Tidal flooding: Sea and river banks and defenses may be overtopped or breached by a
combination of low pressure weather systems and peak high tides. Storms with high wind speeds
cause very tall and powerful waves while low pressure fronts cause sea levels to rise above normal.
High tide levels vary through the lunar and solar cycles and when superimposed upon other tidal
variations, exceptionally high tides result. The onset of flooding from the sea and tidal rivers is
often sudden and the extreme forces driving it present a significant danger to life. For instance, the
east coast storm surge of 1953 claimed 307 people's lives in the UK and 1,835 in Holland. A
similar storm surge tide in September 2007 came within a few centimeters of breaching a number
of the UK's coastal defenses. It is often possible to forecast, with reasonable accuracy, this type of
flooding due to the predictability of the tide and tractability of low pressure systems. The duration
of this type of flooding is also limited by the cycle of the tides, where drainage is available (Dance
and Hynes, 1980)
iii.
Flooding from sewers: Flooding from sewers may result from a failure of the sewerage system. It
may also happen when the sewer system does not have enough capacity to take water entering the
system from heavy rainfalls, river or highway flooding. This type of flooding occurs fast and are
difficult to detect. Sewage water flowing into buildings is classified as internal flooding. When it
floods a garden or other open spaces such as roads or public grounds, it is considered as external
flooding and affects the sanitary condition of environments causing harm to residents.
iv.
Ground water flooding: Low lying areas sitting over aquifers may periodically flood as ground
water levels rise. This type of flooding is often seasonal and therefore can be forecasted with good
accuracy. It is often slow in its onset. Ground water flooding occurs when water levels underneath
the ground rise above normal levels approaching to the surface. It is usually as a result of prolonged
periods of rainfall. Ground water flooding can last for weeks and months. It differs from surface
water flooding which occurs when heavy rain fall directly hits the ground surface.
v.
Fluvial flooding: This occurs in the floodplains of rivers when the capacity of water courses is
exceeded as a result of rainfalls or snow and ice melts, within catchment areas and further
upstream. Blockages of water courses and flood channels or tide locking may also lead to ponging
and rising water levels. River defenses may then be overtopped due to increased water levels, or
breached by large objects of debris carried at high water velocities. Flooding from rivers has in
recent years been experienced in the Severn Valley, Sheffield, Hull from the river Humber in 2007
and Carlisle on the river Eden in 2006. The onset can be quite slow in some catchments with
steadily rising water levels and increase with time Abdul-Akeem Sadiq (2012) and Bariweni et al
(2012). Riverine areas of most countries including Nigeria are therefore faced with one or more of
these forms of flooding.
2.2 CAUSES OF FLOODING
Floods are caused by significant and unexpected events such as rainfalls, dam breakages, or as a result of another
natural hazard such as earthquake or volcanic eruption among others (Tieney et al, 2001; USEPA, 2002,
Thomson, 1964). These causes can be categorized into:
(a) Slow Flooding: Runoff from sustained rainfall or rapid snow melts exceeding the capacity of a river's
channel. They are caused by heavy rains from monsoons, hurricanes and tropical depressions, foreign
winds and warm rain affecting snow pack. Unexpected drainage obstructions such as landslides, ice, or
debris can also cause slow flooding upstream if there is obstruction (USEPA, 2002)
(b) Fast Flooding: They include flash floods resulting from convective precipitation (intense
thunderstorms) or sudden release from an upstream impoundment created behind a dam, landslide, or
glacier (Thompson, 1964). Floods commonly caused by a combination of sea tidal surges are caused by
storm-forced winds. A storm surge, from either a tropical cyclone or an extra-tropical cyclone, falls
within this category (Rosenberg and Snor, 1975). Floods can also be caused by severe sea storms, or as
59
3. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.4, No.18, 2013
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
www.iiste.org
a result of other hazards (e.g. Tsunami or hurricane). A storm surge, from either a tropical cyclone or an
extra-tropical cyclone, falls within this category (Powell, 2009).
Severe winds over water: When rainfalls are relatively light, the shoreline of lakes and bays can be
flooded by severe winds such as during hurricanes that blow water into the shore areas.
Unusual high tides: Coastal areas are sometimes flooded by unusually high tides, such as spring tides,
especially when compounded by high winds and storm surges.
Tsunamis: Tsunamis are high, large waves, typically caused by undersea earthquakes, volcanic
eruptions or massive explosions. It can cause flooding.
Climate change: Climate Change is also responsible for some forms of flooding especially when
climate is warmer, it leads to (i) Heavy rains;(ii) Relative sea level will continue to rise around most
shorelines (iii)Extreme sea levels will be experienced more frequently.
Flooding in the riverine areas of most countries including Nigeria is caused by one or more of these
categories.
2.3 THE IMPACT OF FLOODING
This has been categorized into two, namely:
(a) Primary effects: This includes physical damage on any type of structure, including bridges, cars, buildings,
sewerage systems, roadways and canals.
(b) Secondary effects: This includes water supplies that are contaminated leading to water pollution. Hence,
clean drinking water becomes scarce while unhygienic conditions and the spread of water-borne diseases are
some of the resultant effects. The effects of flooding from the sources outlined above are felt by various
'receptors'. These include, people, buildings, infrastructure, agriculture, open recreational spaces and the natural
world. In extreme cases flooding may result to loss of life. Abdul-Akeem Sadiq (2012) and Bariweni et al (2012)
further stated that physical damage to property is one of the tangible losses felt when floods occur. They include
the costs of damages to goods and possessions, loss of income and services in the aftermath of the flood and
clean- up costs. Some impacts of floods are intangible and are hard to quantify in monetary figures. Intangible
losses also include increased levels of physical, emotional and psychological health problems suffered by the
flood-affected people (Tieney et al, 2001; USEPA, 2002, Thomson, 1964).
3.0 THE RIVERINE AREAS OF ANAMBRA STATE
The area called the “Omambala region” is the major riverine area of Anambra state. Omambala region is the
local nomenclature for local settlements sharing boundaries with one another and situated within the shores of
the great Omambala River, from which Anambra state derived her name (Nnai,2009). Anambra state which lies
at latitude 6o 44' & 5o44' N & Longitudes 6o36' & 6o72' E has this Omambala region at its Northern senatorial
zone (Wikipedia, Anambra State 2001). Initially, the region was named Anambra local government area but
presently, it comprises of 3 Local government Areas namely; Ayamelum, Anambra East and Anambra West
Local government Areas. It has a rural population of over 519,365 people whose main source of livelihood is
mostly agrarian and thus the food basket of Anambra state (NPC, 2006). The area is richly blessed with water
resources as the region is bypassed by the great River Niger and also accommodates the Ezu river, a major
tributary of the Omambala River which is the largest left bank tributary of the River Niger and from which
Anambra state derived her name. It also has many other major and minor rivers, streams, ponds and springs.
Ogbaru local government area is another riverine area of the state as it is sited on the shore of the great River
Niger and hence highly vulnerable to flooding. These account for the region being prone to seasonal flooding.
Other riverine areas in Anambra state are minor and comprises of few rural and suburban communities such as is
in Awka north local government area within the banks of the Ezu river as well as in Ekwusigo, Idemili and
Ihiala local government areas which heralds the Idemili River and its tributaries. Due to the presence of these
water bodies and topography of these areas, it normally experience flooding on annual basis but not to the extent
of the year-2012 flood incidence.
4.0 FLOODING: THE EXPERIENCE OF THE OMAMBALA AND OTHER RIVERINE AREAS OF
ANAMBRA STATE
The systematic sampling technique was used to select 400 household heads that formed the sample size
determined with the Taro Yamane (1967) formula. Data collected and analyzed revealed that the flood had both
positive and negative impacts on the riverine communities of Omambala and other areas in the state. Despite the
wide-spread devastating impacts of the flood throughout the state; the respondents attested to its benefits,
particularly in the areas of abundant harvest of fishes, consumable delicacies, sea and wild animals that were
traded for financial gains. The respondents also noted with dismay that house and many public and private
properties, infrastructure and facilities were submerged and destroyed, 368 people were reported dead while
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4. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.4, No.18, 2013
www.iiste.org
thousands of households were displaced. A number of loses were enumerated by the respondents. They include
the loss of roads, sources of good drinkable water, shops, local industries like cassava (garri) processing plants
and other sources of family income. In addition, family and ancestral shrines were swept away by the ravaging
flood. These led to a number of adverse effects. The people had never witnessed flooding of this magnitude
before and the direction of flood upsurge was reported different from the usual direction of previous flooding in
the area hence, confusing as they could not predict it and hardly knew what to do. They therefore looked up to
the government for intervention. 98% of respondents claimed unaware of any flood warning while the remaining
2% claimed late arrival and poor handling of the flood warning signal by government officials. 100% of the
respondents acknowledged that the state government quickly intervened by providing 24 flood refugee camps
were rescued victims and displaced residents were evacuated and supplied with relief materials. Other groups
like UNICEF, UN and EU coupled with donations from some non governmental organizations and
philanthropists also came to the aid of the flood victims. The most adversely impacted aspects recounted by
respondents include human and animal lives; industries, agricultural lands and products; housing, educational,
transportation commercial and other infrastructures and facilities worth billions of naira. Family and social ties
and activities were hampered, while daily livelihood activities were disrupted, sources of water polluted and the
environment degraded. Hunger, high cost of living, infestation of the area by snakes, flies and other disease
vectors and out break of cholera among other diseases as well as general deplorable living conditions had
resulted. Despite their travail, the indigenes of these areas had insisted on remaining at these flood areas majorly
due to their emotional attachments to their ancestral homes, socio-cultural attachments and means of livelihood.
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The result of the research revealed that the people were not well prepared in advance on flood management and
control activities and so they watched helplessly as human and animal lives were lost, their entire sources of
livelihood, their homesteads, sources of good water supply, roads and other infrastructure were all destroyed by
the ravaging floods and the area infested by snakes, flies and other disease vectors. Though a number of efforts
towards flood mitigation were put in by government and other donor agencies for the Omambala and other
riverine areas in the state, a lot still needs to be done to prevent and effectively manage future occurrences of
flooding disaster in these riverine areas of Anambra state, Nigeria. Areas of needs and special emphasis as
reckoned by the respondents include the following:
1. Review and proper implementation of policies relating to flood management and delineation of flood
zones and maps, while adopting effective public participation techniques which will involve the people
of the Omambala and other riverine areas in the state.
2. Utilizing local peculiarity and administrative structure in achieving effective flood management
strategies such as early warnings, relocation, land use plan, fumigation, creation and clearance of water
ways and drainage channels among others
3. Construction of houses with durable building materials; away from the flood prone areas.
4. Organizing the riverine people into groups of cooperative societies for mutual support and benefits
through capacity building, pulling resources together, education and information sharing and effective
public participation in government programs. This will better equip them, empower and build resilience
into them while curbing the tendency of rural-urban migration practices especially among the youths in
the area.
5. The Ministry of Agriculture through the Cooperative groups in the riverine communities should provide
quick maturing crop and animal species, as well as other inputs to farmers, while also providing
Extension Services and quick harvest and storage mechanisms and facilities so as to encourage the
Community members to expand, improve and cultivate more agricultural areas so as to enhance their
living condition and food security.
6. Infrastructure should be put in place for the harvesting of excess or flood water through the provision of
water reservoirs and treatment plants and construction of dams for irrigation, power generation and
potable water supply for sustainable development.
7. Construction of canals and drainage channels should be drastically undertaken in the affected areas, for
easy drains of water after rainfalls.
REFERENCES
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Opportunities, and Recommendations for Improvement. Online Journal
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2049-842x. Maxwell Scientific Organization.
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