Abstract
Earthquakes are one of the most life threatening, environmental hazardous and destructive natural phenomenons that causes
shaking of ground. This result in damage to the structures, hence we need to design the buildings to withstand these earthquakes
which may occur at least once in the life time of the structure. Structures possess less stiffness and strength in case of irregular
configured frames; to enhance this, lateral load resisting systems are introduced into the frames. In this study, G+5 storey
building model has been analyzed considering different types of vertical geometric irregularities and steel bracings using
pushover analysis with the help of ETABS 9.7 software. Addition of X type brace, V type Brace and Inverted V/K type brace shows
that use of X-type of bracing is found more suitable to enhance the performance of the irregular buildings.
Key Words: pushover analysis, vertical irregularity, steel bracings, performance point.
Review paper on seismic responses of multistored rcc building with mass irreg...eSAT Journals
Abstract
From past earthquakes it is proved that many of structure are totally or partially damaged due to earthquake. So, it is necessary to determine seismic responses of such buildings. There are different techniques of seismic analysis of structure. Time history analysis is one of the important techniques for structural seismic analysis generally the evaluated structural response is non-linear in nature. For such type of analysis, a representative earthquake time history is required. In this project work seismic analysis of RCC buildings with mass irregularity at different floor level are carried out. Here for analysis different time histories have been used. This paper highlights the effect of mass irregularity on different floor in RCC buildings with time history and analysis is done by using ETABS software.
Keywords: Seismic Analysis, Time History Analysis, Base Shear, Storey Shear, Story Displacement.
Seismic analysis of vertical irregular multistoried buildingeSAT Journals
Abstract It is understood that buildings which are regular in elevation (regular building) perform much better than those which have irregularity in elevation (irregular building) under seismic loading. Irregularities are not avoidable in construction of buildings. However a detailed study to understand structural behaviour of the buildings with irregularities under seismic loading is essential for appropriate design and their better performance. The main objective of this study is to understand the effect of elevation irregularity and behaviour of 3-D R.C. Building which is subjected to earthquake load. In the present study, a 5 bays X 5 bays, 16 storied structure with provision of lift core walls and each storey height 3.2 m, having irregularity in elevation, is considered as the soft storey 3-D structure. An Irregular building is assumed to be located in all zones. Linear dynamic analysis using Response Spectrum method of the irregular building is carried out using the standard and convenient FE software package. To quantify the effect of different degrees of irregularities all the structures are analysed. In addition, the analysis carried out also enables to understand the behaviour that takes place in irregular buildings in comparison to that in regular buildings. For this the behaviour parameters considered are 1) Maximum displacement 2) Base shear, 3) Time period. Key Words: asymmetric building, soft story, base shear, displacement, soft storey, time period.
Comparison of bracings and shear walls as seismic strengthening methods to bu...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A parametric study of x and v bracing industrial steel structureeSAT Journals
Abstract Severe earthquakes have an extremely low probability of occurrence during a structures life. If the earthquakes to be resisted by the structure elastically, it would require an expensive lateral load resisting system, which is not warranty. The structure may lose its aesthetic and functionality due to minor tremors and needs repairs; it will be a very unfavourable design. In addition to earthquake forces there may be wind or any vibrations which induce lateral loads in a structure. In our work we have taken only the earthquake load to find a system which balances the lateral loads and minimizes the displacements of the floors. With the literature review, it was founded that bracing in a structural system reduces the story drift and reduces the lateral force effect. To examine the performance of the bracings, bracing types like X and V bracings are considered and an analysis is performed in ETABS software. The results are studied, discussed and concluded for the best bracing system among both in our project. Keywords: Bracings, Time – History method
Review paper on seismic responses of multistored rcc building with mass irreg...eSAT Journals
Abstract
From past earthquakes it is proved that many of structure are totally or partially damaged due to earthquake. So, it is necessary to determine seismic responses of such buildings. There are different techniques of seismic analysis of structure. Time history analysis is one of the important techniques for structural seismic analysis generally the evaluated structural response is non-linear in nature. For such type of analysis, a representative earthquake time history is required. In this project work seismic analysis of RCC buildings with mass irregularity at different floor level are carried out. Here for analysis different time histories have been used. This paper highlights the effect of mass irregularity on different floor in RCC buildings with time history and analysis is done by using ETABS software.
Keywords: Seismic Analysis, Time History Analysis, Base Shear, Storey Shear, Story Displacement.
Seismic analysis of vertical irregular multistoried buildingeSAT Journals
Abstract It is understood that buildings which are regular in elevation (regular building) perform much better than those which have irregularity in elevation (irregular building) under seismic loading. Irregularities are not avoidable in construction of buildings. However a detailed study to understand structural behaviour of the buildings with irregularities under seismic loading is essential for appropriate design and their better performance. The main objective of this study is to understand the effect of elevation irregularity and behaviour of 3-D R.C. Building which is subjected to earthquake load. In the present study, a 5 bays X 5 bays, 16 storied structure with provision of lift core walls and each storey height 3.2 m, having irregularity in elevation, is considered as the soft storey 3-D structure. An Irregular building is assumed to be located in all zones. Linear dynamic analysis using Response Spectrum method of the irregular building is carried out using the standard and convenient FE software package. To quantify the effect of different degrees of irregularities all the structures are analysed. In addition, the analysis carried out also enables to understand the behaviour that takes place in irregular buildings in comparison to that in regular buildings. For this the behaviour parameters considered are 1) Maximum displacement 2) Base shear, 3) Time period. Key Words: asymmetric building, soft story, base shear, displacement, soft storey, time period.
Comparison of bracings and shear walls as seismic strengthening methods to bu...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A parametric study of x and v bracing industrial steel structureeSAT Journals
Abstract Severe earthquakes have an extremely low probability of occurrence during a structures life. If the earthquakes to be resisted by the structure elastically, it would require an expensive lateral load resisting system, which is not warranty. The structure may lose its aesthetic and functionality due to minor tremors and needs repairs; it will be a very unfavourable design. In addition to earthquake forces there may be wind or any vibrations which induce lateral loads in a structure. In our work we have taken only the earthquake load to find a system which balances the lateral loads and minimizes the displacements of the floors. With the literature review, it was founded that bracing in a structural system reduces the story drift and reduces the lateral force effect. To examine the performance of the bracings, bracing types like X and V bracings are considered and an analysis is performed in ETABS software. The results are studied, discussed and concluded for the best bracing system among both in our project. Keywords: Bracings, Time – History method
PERFORMANCE BASED ANALYSIS OF VERTICALLY IRREGULAR STRUCTURE UNDER VARIOUS SE...Ijripublishers Ijri
In the recent years a lot of attention has been given to the earthquake analysis of structure it is one of the most devastating
natural calamity and which causes severe damage not only to the properties but also to the lives. This is the
reason there has been a lot of focus on the structures to be earthquake resistant. Buildings get damaged mostly due
to the earthquake ground motions. In an earthquake, the building base experiences high frequency movements, which
results in the inertial force on the building and its components and this problem gets worse when a structure is irregular
in shape, size etc,. Therefore, there is a lot to work on the seismic behavior of the irregular building which might not
respond the way regular building does. It makes the irregular building quite more complex and unpredictable during
the course of an earthquake.
Effect of vertical discontinuity of columns in r.c frames subjected to differ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Majority of structural systems are designed with various levels of irregularities in accordance with architectural requirements in order to produce aesthetic buildings. Irregular structures come into being due to discontinuity in mass, stiffness and strength in elevation and due to asymmetric geometrical conCharturation on plane. One of the irregularities in elevation is discontinuity of columns. In the present study, effects of the structural irregularity which is produced by the discontinuity of a columns in RC space frames subjected to different wind loads was investigated. Investigation was carried out for R.C space frames, with and without vertical discontinuity of columns for G+5, G+10 & G+15 storeys, assumed to be located in different wind zones in India. Both regular and irregular structures were analysed using STAADPro. From the study, it was concluded that frames without vertical discontinuity of the columns having more stiffness when compared to frames with vertical discontinuity of columns. Keywords: Structural irregularity, Vertical discontinuity, Discontinuity of columns, Wind loads.
Determination of period of vibration of buildings with open stilt floor and s...eSAT Journals
Abstract To estimate the natural period of vibration, codes consign the empirical formula that solely relies on height of the structure. Present dissertation is carried out considering aspects such as building material, type of structure and structural dimensions. The foremost objective of the present systematic study has led to a simplified period-height equation for use in the seismic evaluation of reinforced concrete structures, taking due significance of the existence of stilt floors and shear walls. Current study also highlights the criteria that affects the period of vibration. The period of vibration which has been procured in this study represents the time period of first mode of vibration. This article comprises the seismic response of structures on different types of soil. The parameters considered for the given study are three different types of soil i.e., soft soil, medium soil and hard rock for high seismic zone and different building irregularities as per IS: 1893-2002 for 10, 15, 20 storey buildings. The analytical models for the modulus study are modeled through ETABS.V.9.2. Various parametric studies are carried out to determine the fundamental time period of the structures. These ameliorate formulas to determine the fundamental time period are developed using nonlinear regression analysis through ORIGIN pro software. The generalized equation finally obtained can be used in general form to calculate the time period of structures with open stilt floor and shear walls irrespective of soil types, seismic zone or building height. Keywords- Time period, open stilt floor, Shear walls, Irregularities in buildings, nonlinear regression
Seismic performance of r c buildings on sloping grounds with different types ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Structure are highly susceptible to serve damages in earthquake scenario, so choosing an appropriate lateral force resisting
bracing systems will have a significant effect on performance of the structure. So this present study is aimed at evaluating and
comparing various types of eccentric steel bracings for 12 storey RC frame building resisting on sloping ground configurations.
For this 5 types of bracing systems like X-Bracing, Diagonal bracing, K- bracing, V-bracing and inverted V bracing are
considered on the outer periphery of the buildings with step back and set back – step back type configurations are modeled and
analyzed. The models are compared for different aspects within the structure, such as the maximum storey displacement, base
shear, storey drift and storey shear, the structure is analyzed for seismic zone V and medium soil condition as per IS 1893:2002
using ETABS software. Results conclude that on sloping ground due to irregularity on ground surface, the structures are more
vulnerable to earthquakes. Hence use of eccentric steel bracing is an effective and economical way to resist earthquake forces,
Inverted V type bracing performs well compared to other bracing types. By using inverted V type bracing in step back buildings
types maximum storey displacement of 70% and storey drift of 66% are obtained. Similarly for setback – step back configuration
maximum storey displacement of 74% and storey drift of 70% are obtained respectively.
Keywords: X-Bracing, Diagonal Bracing, K- Bracing, V-Bracing and Inverted V Bracing
Effect of concentric and eccentric type of bracings on performance based seis...eSAT Journals
Abstract When a tall building is subjected to lateral or torsional deflections under the action of seismicloads, the resulting oscillatory movement can induce a wide range of responses in the building’s occupants.[1]As a result, lateral stiffness is a major consideration in the design of tall buildings. Bracing is a highly efficient and economical method of resisting lateral forces in a frame structure. In this present study, the effect of four different types of bracing systems have been studied, for the use in SMRF RC framed building situated in seismic zone IV, in order to provide lateral stiffness and results in terms of storey shears and storey drifts have been presented. Keywords: RC Building, Concentric and Eccentric Bracings, Storey Drift,Storey Shear, Pushover Curves.
Strengthening of RC Framed Structure Using Energy Dissipation DevicesIOSR Journals
A large numbers of existing buildings in India are severely deficient against earthquake forces and
the number of such buildings is growing very rapidly. This paper presents a way of using energy dissipation
devices for seismic strengthening of a RC framed structure. The objective was to improve the seismic
performance of the building to resist the earthquake. The viscous dampers are used as an energy dissipation
device in the form of single, double, inverted V, V type of dampers with different percentages of damping such
as 10%, 20% and 30% to prevent building from collapse in a major earthquake and also to control the damage
during earthquake. The performance of the buildings is assessed as per the procedure prescribed in ATC-40
and FEMA 356.
Dynamic Response of High Rise Structures Under The Influence of Shear WallsIJERA Editor
This study presents the procedure for seismic performance estimation of high-rise buildings based on a concept of the capacity spectrum method. In 3D analytical model of thirty storied buildings have been generated for symmetric buildings Models and analyzed using structural analysis tool ETABS. The analytical model of the building includes all important components that influence the mass, strength, stiffness and deformability of the structure. To study the effect of concrete core wall & shear wall at different positions during earthquake, seismic analysis using both linear static, linear dynamic and non-linear static procedure has been performed. The deflections at each storey level has been compared by performing Equivalent static, response spectrum method as well as pushover method has also been performed to determine capacity, demand and performance level of the considered building models. From the below studies it has been observed that non-linear pushover analysis provide good estimate of global as well as local inelastic deformation demands and also reveals design weakness that may remain hidden in an elastic analysis and also the performance level of the structure. Storey drifts are found within the limit as specified by code (IS: 1893-2002) in Equivalent static, linear dynamic & non-linear static analysis.
seismic response of multi storey building equipped with steel bracingINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Steel bracing has proven to be one of the most effective systems in resisting lateral loads. Although its use to upgrade the lateral load capacity of existing Reinforced Concrete (RC) frames has been the subject of numerous studies, guidelines for its use in newly constructed RC frames still need to be developed. In this paper the study reveals that seismic performance of moment resisting RC frames with different patterns of bracing system. The three different types of bracings were used i.e. X - bracing system, V - bracing system and Inverted V - bracing system. This arrangement helped in reducing the structural response (i.e. displacement, interstorey drift, Shear Forces & Bending Moments) of the designed building structure. An (G+6) storey building was modelled and designed as per the code provisions of IS-1893:2002. And linear analysis is been carried out in the global X direction. The analysis was conducted with a view of accessing the seismic elastic performance of the building structure.
ANALYSIS OF SOFT STOREY FOR MULTI STORYED BUILDING IN ZONE-4Ijripublishers Ijri
Multi-storey buildings are becoming increasingly common in developed and developing countries with the increase in
urbanization all over the world. Many of these buildings do not have structural walls at ground floor level to increase the
flexibility of the space for recreational use such as parking or for retail or commercial use. these buildings which possess
storey that are significantly weaker or more flexible than adjacent storey are known as soft storey buildings, these
are characterized by having a story which has a lot of open space. while the unobstructed space of the soft story might
be aesthetically or commercially desirable, it also means that there are less opportunities to install shear walls, specialized
walls which are designed to distribute lateral forces so that a building can cope with the swaying characteristic of
an earthquake.
Seismic Analysis of G 10 Storey Building with Various Locations of Shear Wall...ijtsrd
Shear walls are specially designed structural members provided in the multi storey buildings to resist lateral forces. These walls have very high in plane strength and stiffness, which can resist large horizontal forces and can support gravity loads. There are lots of literatures available to design and analyse the shear wall. Ravi Kumar Vishwakarma | Vipin Kumar Tiwari "Seismic Analysis of G+10 Storey Building with Various Locations of Shear Walls using Etabs" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43646.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/structural-engineering/43646/seismic-analysis-of-g10-storey-building-with-various-locations-of-shear-walls-using-etabs/ravi-kumar-vishwakarma
Performance based analysis of rc building consisting shear wall and varying i...Yousuf Dinar
Abstract:
Metropolitan cities are under severe threat because of inappropriate design and construction of structures. Faulty building designed without considering seismic consideration could be vulnerable to damage even under low levels of ground shaking from distant earthquake. So, structural engineers often are more concerned about the constructing Shear wall without knowing its performance with respect to infill percentage which may lead it to an over design state without knowing the demand. Nonlinear inelastic pushover analysis provides a better view about the behavior of the structures during seismic events. This study investigates as well as compares the performances of bare, different infill percentage level and two types of Shear wall consisting building structures and suggests from which level of performance shear wall should be preferred over the infill structure. To perform the finite element simulation ETABS 9.7.2 is used to get the output using pushover analysis. For different loading conditions, the performances of structures are evaluated with the help of base shear, deflection, storey drift, storey drift ratio and stages of number of hinges form and represented with discussion.
STATIC LINEAR AND NON LINEAR (PUSHOVER) ANALYSIS OF RC BUILDING ON SLOPING GR...IAEME Publication
OBJECTIVE: This paper Deals with the seismic activity field investigations often verify so as to uneven constructions undergo extra harm than their common counterparts. This is known in seismic design codes, & limitations on top of sudden changes within mass & rigidity are compulsory. METHODS/ANALYSIS: Irregularity within sizes pressures sharing about rigidity, & within twist influence ability, as mass irregularity is likely to pressure compulsory required. Altitude irregularity has been observed in the direction of reason story failure due to non-uniform distribute of demand-to-supply ratios the length about length of the elevation. Plan irregularity, resting on the additional hand, reason non-uniform demand-to-capacity ratios bounded by the columns. In this paper the structure chosen for study is a 4 to 7 storey commercial complex building. The building which is located in seismic zone III, IV, & V on Medium soil sites. 3D mathematical models for the same are generated in ETABS software. FINDINGS: For all structural fundamentals, M40 Grade of material is used. The floor Diaphragms are unspecified to be rigid. Seismic loads were considered acting along either of the 2 major directions. Using ETABS a 4 to7 storey RC structure with typical ground slope choosing angle range between 00 and 400 building that which produce less torsion effect for set-back & step-back with irregular configuration in horizontal & vertical direction is modeled and analyzed. “And isolated bearing is also used that which resist during earthquake and building that which produce less torsion effect for setback - step back with irregular configuration.
PERFORMANCE BASED ANALYSIS OF VERTICALLY IRREGULAR STRUCTURE UNDER VARIOUS SE...Ijripublishers Ijri
In the recent years a lot of attention has been given to the earthquake analysis of structure it is one of the most devastating
natural calamity and which causes severe damage not only to the properties but also to the lives. This is the
reason there has been a lot of focus on the structures to be earthquake resistant. Buildings get damaged mostly due
to the earthquake ground motions. In an earthquake, the building base experiences high frequency movements, which
results in the inertial force on the building and its components and this problem gets worse when a structure is irregular
in shape, size etc,. Therefore, there is a lot to work on the seismic behavior of the irregular building which might not
respond the way regular building does. It makes the irregular building quite more complex and unpredictable during
the course of an earthquake.
Effect of vertical discontinuity of columns in r.c frames subjected to differ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Majority of structural systems are designed with various levels of irregularities in accordance with architectural requirements in order to produce aesthetic buildings. Irregular structures come into being due to discontinuity in mass, stiffness and strength in elevation and due to asymmetric geometrical conCharturation on plane. One of the irregularities in elevation is discontinuity of columns. In the present study, effects of the structural irregularity which is produced by the discontinuity of a columns in RC space frames subjected to different wind loads was investigated. Investigation was carried out for R.C space frames, with and without vertical discontinuity of columns for G+5, G+10 & G+15 storeys, assumed to be located in different wind zones in India. Both regular and irregular structures were analysed using STAADPro. From the study, it was concluded that frames without vertical discontinuity of the columns having more stiffness when compared to frames with vertical discontinuity of columns. Keywords: Structural irregularity, Vertical discontinuity, Discontinuity of columns, Wind loads.
Determination of period of vibration of buildings with open stilt floor and s...eSAT Journals
Abstract To estimate the natural period of vibration, codes consign the empirical formula that solely relies on height of the structure. Present dissertation is carried out considering aspects such as building material, type of structure and structural dimensions. The foremost objective of the present systematic study has led to a simplified period-height equation for use in the seismic evaluation of reinforced concrete structures, taking due significance of the existence of stilt floors and shear walls. Current study also highlights the criteria that affects the period of vibration. The period of vibration which has been procured in this study represents the time period of first mode of vibration. This article comprises the seismic response of structures on different types of soil. The parameters considered for the given study are three different types of soil i.e., soft soil, medium soil and hard rock for high seismic zone and different building irregularities as per IS: 1893-2002 for 10, 15, 20 storey buildings. The analytical models for the modulus study are modeled through ETABS.V.9.2. Various parametric studies are carried out to determine the fundamental time period of the structures. These ameliorate formulas to determine the fundamental time period are developed using nonlinear regression analysis through ORIGIN pro software. The generalized equation finally obtained can be used in general form to calculate the time period of structures with open stilt floor and shear walls irrespective of soil types, seismic zone or building height. Keywords- Time period, open stilt floor, Shear walls, Irregularities in buildings, nonlinear regression
Seismic performance of r c buildings on sloping grounds with different types ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Structure are highly susceptible to serve damages in earthquake scenario, so choosing an appropriate lateral force resisting
bracing systems will have a significant effect on performance of the structure. So this present study is aimed at evaluating and
comparing various types of eccentric steel bracings for 12 storey RC frame building resisting on sloping ground configurations.
For this 5 types of bracing systems like X-Bracing, Diagonal bracing, K- bracing, V-bracing and inverted V bracing are
considered on the outer periphery of the buildings with step back and set back – step back type configurations are modeled and
analyzed. The models are compared for different aspects within the structure, such as the maximum storey displacement, base
shear, storey drift and storey shear, the structure is analyzed for seismic zone V and medium soil condition as per IS 1893:2002
using ETABS software. Results conclude that on sloping ground due to irregularity on ground surface, the structures are more
vulnerable to earthquakes. Hence use of eccentric steel bracing is an effective and economical way to resist earthquake forces,
Inverted V type bracing performs well compared to other bracing types. By using inverted V type bracing in step back buildings
types maximum storey displacement of 70% and storey drift of 66% are obtained. Similarly for setback – step back configuration
maximum storey displacement of 74% and storey drift of 70% are obtained respectively.
Keywords: X-Bracing, Diagonal Bracing, K- Bracing, V-Bracing and Inverted V Bracing
Effect of concentric and eccentric type of bracings on performance based seis...eSAT Journals
Abstract When a tall building is subjected to lateral or torsional deflections under the action of seismicloads, the resulting oscillatory movement can induce a wide range of responses in the building’s occupants.[1]As a result, lateral stiffness is a major consideration in the design of tall buildings. Bracing is a highly efficient and economical method of resisting lateral forces in a frame structure. In this present study, the effect of four different types of bracing systems have been studied, for the use in SMRF RC framed building situated in seismic zone IV, in order to provide lateral stiffness and results in terms of storey shears and storey drifts have been presented. Keywords: RC Building, Concentric and Eccentric Bracings, Storey Drift,Storey Shear, Pushover Curves.
Strengthening of RC Framed Structure Using Energy Dissipation DevicesIOSR Journals
A large numbers of existing buildings in India are severely deficient against earthquake forces and
the number of such buildings is growing very rapidly. This paper presents a way of using energy dissipation
devices for seismic strengthening of a RC framed structure. The objective was to improve the seismic
performance of the building to resist the earthquake. The viscous dampers are used as an energy dissipation
device in the form of single, double, inverted V, V type of dampers with different percentages of damping such
as 10%, 20% and 30% to prevent building from collapse in a major earthquake and also to control the damage
during earthquake. The performance of the buildings is assessed as per the procedure prescribed in ATC-40
and FEMA 356.
Dynamic Response of High Rise Structures Under The Influence of Shear WallsIJERA Editor
This study presents the procedure for seismic performance estimation of high-rise buildings based on a concept of the capacity spectrum method. In 3D analytical model of thirty storied buildings have been generated for symmetric buildings Models and analyzed using structural analysis tool ETABS. The analytical model of the building includes all important components that influence the mass, strength, stiffness and deformability of the structure. To study the effect of concrete core wall & shear wall at different positions during earthquake, seismic analysis using both linear static, linear dynamic and non-linear static procedure has been performed. The deflections at each storey level has been compared by performing Equivalent static, response spectrum method as well as pushover method has also been performed to determine capacity, demand and performance level of the considered building models. From the below studies it has been observed that non-linear pushover analysis provide good estimate of global as well as local inelastic deformation demands and also reveals design weakness that may remain hidden in an elastic analysis and also the performance level of the structure. Storey drifts are found within the limit as specified by code (IS: 1893-2002) in Equivalent static, linear dynamic & non-linear static analysis.
seismic response of multi storey building equipped with steel bracingINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Steel bracing has proven to be one of the most effective systems in resisting lateral loads. Although its use to upgrade the lateral load capacity of existing Reinforced Concrete (RC) frames has been the subject of numerous studies, guidelines for its use in newly constructed RC frames still need to be developed. In this paper the study reveals that seismic performance of moment resisting RC frames with different patterns of bracing system. The three different types of bracings were used i.e. X - bracing system, V - bracing system and Inverted V - bracing system. This arrangement helped in reducing the structural response (i.e. displacement, interstorey drift, Shear Forces & Bending Moments) of the designed building structure. An (G+6) storey building was modelled and designed as per the code provisions of IS-1893:2002. And linear analysis is been carried out in the global X direction. The analysis was conducted with a view of accessing the seismic elastic performance of the building structure.
ANALYSIS OF SOFT STOREY FOR MULTI STORYED BUILDING IN ZONE-4Ijripublishers Ijri
Multi-storey buildings are becoming increasingly common in developed and developing countries with the increase in
urbanization all over the world. Many of these buildings do not have structural walls at ground floor level to increase the
flexibility of the space for recreational use such as parking or for retail or commercial use. these buildings which possess
storey that are significantly weaker or more flexible than adjacent storey are known as soft storey buildings, these
are characterized by having a story which has a lot of open space. while the unobstructed space of the soft story might
be aesthetically or commercially desirable, it also means that there are less opportunities to install shear walls, specialized
walls which are designed to distribute lateral forces so that a building can cope with the swaying characteristic of
an earthquake.
Seismic Analysis of G 10 Storey Building with Various Locations of Shear Wall...ijtsrd
Shear walls are specially designed structural members provided in the multi storey buildings to resist lateral forces. These walls have very high in plane strength and stiffness, which can resist large horizontal forces and can support gravity loads. There are lots of literatures available to design and analyse the shear wall. Ravi Kumar Vishwakarma | Vipin Kumar Tiwari "Seismic Analysis of G+10 Storey Building with Various Locations of Shear Walls using Etabs" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43646.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/structural-engineering/43646/seismic-analysis-of-g10-storey-building-with-various-locations-of-shear-walls-using-etabs/ravi-kumar-vishwakarma
Performance based analysis of rc building consisting shear wall and varying i...Yousuf Dinar
Abstract:
Metropolitan cities are under severe threat because of inappropriate design and construction of structures. Faulty building designed without considering seismic consideration could be vulnerable to damage even under low levels of ground shaking from distant earthquake. So, structural engineers often are more concerned about the constructing Shear wall without knowing its performance with respect to infill percentage which may lead it to an over design state without knowing the demand. Nonlinear inelastic pushover analysis provides a better view about the behavior of the structures during seismic events. This study investigates as well as compares the performances of bare, different infill percentage level and two types of Shear wall consisting building structures and suggests from which level of performance shear wall should be preferred over the infill structure. To perform the finite element simulation ETABS 9.7.2 is used to get the output using pushover analysis. For different loading conditions, the performances of structures are evaluated with the help of base shear, deflection, storey drift, storey drift ratio and stages of number of hinges form and represented with discussion.
STATIC LINEAR AND NON LINEAR (PUSHOVER) ANALYSIS OF RC BUILDING ON SLOPING GR...IAEME Publication
OBJECTIVE: This paper Deals with the seismic activity field investigations often verify so as to uneven constructions undergo extra harm than their common counterparts. This is known in seismic design codes, & limitations on top of sudden changes within mass & rigidity are compulsory. METHODS/ANALYSIS: Irregularity within sizes pressures sharing about rigidity, & within twist influence ability, as mass irregularity is likely to pressure compulsory required. Altitude irregularity has been observed in the direction of reason story failure due to non-uniform distribute of demand-to-supply ratios the length about length of the elevation. Plan irregularity, resting on the additional hand, reason non-uniform demand-to-capacity ratios bounded by the columns. In this paper the structure chosen for study is a 4 to 7 storey commercial complex building. The building which is located in seismic zone III, IV, & V on Medium soil sites. 3D mathematical models for the same are generated in ETABS software. FINDINGS: For all structural fundamentals, M40 Grade of material is used. The floor Diaphragms are unspecified to be rigid. Seismic loads were considered acting along either of the 2 major directions. Using ETABS a 4 to7 storey RC structure with typical ground slope choosing angle range between 00 and 400 building that which produce less torsion effect for set-back & step-back with irregular configuration in horizontal & vertical direction is modeled and analyzed. “And isolated bearing is also used that which resist during earthquake and building that which produce less torsion effect for setback - step back with irregular configuration.
Behavior of plan irregularites using composite members by varying column spac...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Several studies proofs that the weaker columns has low seismic resistance, for this it is need to make the column stronger. The stronger columns can be obtained by many ways, here in this paper steel-concrete composite columns are considered. Use of composite columns in construction reduces the cross-section of the columns throughout the building and also increases the lateral-load resisting capacity to columns. The models consists of G+10, G+15, G+20 stories of Rectangular, L, T and plus shaped structures in which column spacing are varied as 3m, 4m, 5m and 6m along both directions in all structures. For all models the composite-column of size 450x450mm (ISMB 250) is kept constant, only the beam size has been varied accordingly while modeling a structure. The Response Spectrum analysis is done for all the buildings using ETABS version 15. Study is based on the performance of a multi-story building with plan irregularity under major earthquake forces by considering parameters like displacement, storey shear and drifts. Even though the cross section of the column considered is very small for tall buildings, the structure behaves stiff for severe seismic zone-V and also for different conditions; this is done by introducing steel-concrete composite column in a given building. Hence it is concluded that the use of composite columns in construction resists the lateral forces for many vulnerable conditions.
Keywords: Composite Column, Irregular Structure, Seismic Zone, Varying Height, Column Spacing.
Evaluation of the use of concentric steel bracing to improve seismic performa...eSAT Journals
Abstract Most of the existing RC frame structures were not designed to withstand seismic effect. To meet those criteria structures should be retrofitted and out of all available retrofitting techniques adding steel braces are considered to be most efficient technique to enhance the seismic performance of the RC frame structure. In the present study three types of buildings are considered i.e., (G+2), (G+5), (G+8) as low rise, medium rise, high rise respectively, and these buildings are assigned by four different types of braces namely X, V, Inverted V, Eccen Forward at the periphery bays of the building in three different pattern i.e., model A, model B and model C. And these buildings are analyzed by nonlinear pushover analysis by using SAP2000.It is observed that the hinges were first formed in beams and followed by columns in bare frame whereas hinges were first formed in braces and followed by columns and followed by beams in case of X, Eccen forward brace and in case of V and inverted V hinges are formed first in brace followed by beams and followed by columns. It is pointed out that RC frames which are assigned with inverted V brace has least shear force and bending moment in the beams when compared to the other brace frames and there is less amount of variations in axial force shear force and bending moment in case of column. Keywords: equivalent static analysis, steel braces, equivalent strut method
Behavior of plan irregularites using composite members by varying column spac...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Several studies proofs that the weaker columns has low seismic resistance, for this it is need to make the column stronger. The stronger columns can be obtained by many ways, here in this paper steel-concrete composite columns are considered. Use of composite columns in construction reduces the cross-section of the columns throughout the building and also increases the lateral-load resisting capacity to columns. The models consists of G+10, G+15, G+20 stories of Rectangular, L, T and plus shaped structures in which column spacing are varied as 3m, 4m, 5m and 6m along both directions in all structures. For all models the composite-column of size 450x450mm (ISMB 250) is kept constant, only the beam size has been varied accordingly while modeling a structure. The Response Spectrum analysis is done for all the buildings using ETABS version 15. Study is based on the performance of a multi-story building with plan irregularity under major earthquake forces by considering parameters like displacement, storey shear and drifts. Even though the cross section of the column considered is very small for tall buildings, the structure behaves stiff for severe seismic zone-V and also for different conditions; this is done by introducing steel-concrete composite column in a given building. Hence it is concluded that the use of composite columns in construction resists the lateral forces for many vulnerable conditions.
Keywords: Composite Column, Irregular Structure, Seismic Zone, Varying Height, Column Spacing.
Effect of base isolation in multistoried rc irregular building using time his...eSAT Journals
Abstract Base isolation (BI) is a technique that has been used around the world to protect the building structures from the damaging effects of earthquake. The installation of isolator in building at base level significantly increases the time period of the structure, which means it reduces the possibility of resonance of the structure giving rise to better seismic performance of the building. The study is performed to compare the effectiveness of base isolation in plan irregular and vertical irregular multi-storied RC frame building. For this study, 15 storied R.C frame building is considered and Time History analysis is carried out using ETABS 2013 software. The Lead Rubber Bearing (LRB) is designed as per UBC 97 code and the same was used for analysis of base isolation system. The results obtained from the analysis were time period and base shear. Time period for the base isolated structures are higher than that of the fixed base structure. Due to the presence of isolator, Base shear is significantly reduced in each direction (X and Y direction) as compared to fixed base building. It has been found that when compared to plan irregular base isolated building the vertical irregular building gives better performance in high seismic prone area by using isolators at the base of the building.
Keywords: Base isolation, Lead rubber bearing, Time history analysis, Irregular building
Analysis of outrigger system for tall vertical irregularites structures subje...eSAT Journals
Abstract The Analysis of the tall building is carried out to find the optimum position of outrigger system and belt truss by using lateral loads. The three dimensional model is considered and designed for the gravity load and placing of first and second position of the outrigger. Considering the design of Wind load is calculated by using IS 875 (Part 3) and Design of Earthquake load is calculated by using code IS 1893(part-1): 2000 in order to achieve reduction in drift, Deflection and story shear. The analysis is done by considering tall vertical irregularity of 30th storey of 7 X 7 bay for 1 to 10th storey and 7X6 bay 11th to 20th storey and 7X5 Bay 21st to 30th storey. Keywords: vertical irregularities, outrigger, linear static analysis Wind and earthquake load.
A study on seismic performance of high rise irregular rc framed buildingseSAT Journals
Abstract Earthquakes are known as one of the most unpredictable and devastating of all natural disasters, however the unpredictable nature of occurrence of these earthquakes makes it difficult to prevent loss of human lives and destruction of properties, if the structures are not designed to resist such earthquake forces. In this paper attempt has been made to study two types of plan irregularities namely diaphragm discontinuity and re-entrant corners in the frame structure. These irregularities are created as per clause 7.1 of IS 1893:2002(part1) code. Various irregular models were considered having diaphragm discontinuity and re-entrant corners which were analysed using ETABS to determine the seismic response of the building. The models were analysed using static and dynamic methods, parameters considered being displacement, base shear and fundamental natural period. From the present study the model which is most susceptible to failure under very severe seismic zone is found, modelling and analysis is carried out using ETABS. Keywords: Diaphragm, re-entrant, static, dynamic.
Comparison of performance of lateral load resisting systems in multi storey f...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper introduces the comparison between lateral load resisting systems in multi storey building. Multi storey building
composed of very special class of structure and therefore require special treatment. Hence to overcome the effects of seismic
forces, Flat slab system in which slab rests on drop or capital which is connected to column is induced with different load
resisting systems. The combined systems which is used to withstand seismic forces in this study are 1. Flat slab without lateral
load resisting system, 2. Flat slab with shear wall, 3. Flat slab with infill wall, 4. Flat slab with bracings, 5. Flat slab with shear
wall and bracings. ETABS software version is used to accomplish dynamic analysis and also building is investigated for nonlinear
static analysis in order to identify seismic demands. From the obtained results conclusions are drawn.
Keywords: Capital, Bracings, Dynamic, and Treatment etc…
Seismic performance assessment of the torsional effect in asymmetric structur...eSAT Journals
Abstract In the recent time we come across many structures which are irregular in shape, this type of cannot be avoided due to the functional and architectural requirements. These type of structures have irregular distribution of centre of mass and centre of rigidity which causes the torsional effect on the structures which is one of the most important factor influencing the seismic damage of the structure. Structures with asymmetric distribution of mass and rigidity undergoes torsional motions during earthquake. To assess the torsional effect on the structures in the present study four types of structures are considered with varying eccentricity subjected to Pushover Analysis and Non-Linear Time History Analysis. The performance of the structures are assessed as per the procedure prescribe in ATC-40 and FEMA-356. The analysis of the structural models is done in ETABS. The results have shown that the structures with less eccentricity and in the direction of the columns orientation are performing well, also ductility, drift, and lateral displacement depends on the eccentricity of the structures. Key Words: Symmetric Structure, Asymmetric Structure, Pushover Analysis, Non-Linear Time History Analysis.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A study of r.c.c. beam column connection subjected to monotonic loadingeSAT Journals
Abstract
Beam and column where intersects is called as joint or Connection. The different types of joints are classified as corner joint, exterior
joint, interior joint etc. on beam column joint applying quasi-static loading .i. e. monotonic loading on cantilever end of the beam and
study of various parameters as to be find out on corner and exterior beam column joint i.e. maximum stress, minimum stress,
displacement and variation in stiffness of beam column joint can be analyzed in Ansys software ( Non-Linear FEM Software) The
various research studies focused on corner and exterior beam column joints and their behavior, support conditions of beam-column
joints. Some recent experimental studies, however, addressed beam-column joints of substandard RC frames with weak columns, poor
anchorage of longitudinal beam bars and insufficient transverse reinforcement. the behavior of exterior beam column joint is different
than the corner beam column joint.
Keywords: beam, column, corner, exterior, joint, monotonic load, quasi-static, varying stiffness
A study of r.c.c. beam column connection subjected to monotonic loadingeSAT Journals
Abstract
Beam and column where intersects is called as joint or Connection. The different types of joints are classified as corner joint, exterior
joint, interior joint etc. on beam column joint applying quasi-static loading .i. e. monotonic loading on cantilever end of the beam and
study of various parameters as to be find out on corner and exterior beam column joint i.e. maximum stress, minimum stress,
displacement and variation in stiffness of beam column joint can be analyzed in Ansys software ( Non-Linear FEM Software) The
various research studies focused on corner and exterior beam column joints and their behavior, support conditions of beam-column
joints. Some recent experimental studies, however, addressed beam-column joints of substandard RC frames with weak columns, poor
anchorage of longitudinal beam bars and insufficient transverse reinforcement. the behavior of exterior beam column joint is different
than the corner beam column joint.
Keywords: beam, column, corner, exterior, joint, monotonic load, quasi-static, varying stiffness.
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
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Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
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Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
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Effect of steel bracing on vertically irregular r.c.c building frames under seismic loads
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 04 Issue: 06 | June-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 90
EFFECT OF STEEL BRACING ON VERTICALLY IRREGULAR R.C.C
BUILDING FRAMES UNDER SEISMIC LOADS
Karthik. K. M1
, Vidyashree. D2
1
P.G Student, Civil Engineering Department, Vijaya Vittala Institute of Technology, Karnataka, India
2
Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Vijaya Vittala Institute of Technology, Karnataka, India
Abstract
Earthquakes are one of the most life threatening, environmental hazardous and destructive natural phenomenons that causes
shaking of ground. This result in damage to the structures, hence we need to design the buildings to withstand these earthquakes
which may occur at least once in the life time of the structure. Structures possess less stiffness and strength in case of irregular
configured frames; to enhance this, lateral load resisting systems are introduced into the frames. In this study, G+5 storey
building model has been analyzed considering different types of vertical geometric irregularities and steel bracings using
pushover analysis with the help of ETABS 9.7 software. Addition of X type brace, V type Brace and Inverted V/K type brace shows
that use of X-type of bracing is found more suitable to enhance the performance of the irregular buildings.
Key Words: pushover analysis, vertical irregularity, steel bracings, performance point.
--------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Earthquakes are the most destructive and life damaging
phenomenon of all the times. Earthquakes are caused due to
the large release of strain energy by the movement of faults,
which causes shaking of ground as the seismic waves travel
in all the directions inside the earth layer. These seismic
waves will carry different levels of energy, have different
amplitudes and arrive at various instants of time to the
surface. Earthquake can be classified based on its size and
occurrence into minor, moderate and strong depending on
the severity of ground shaking during the earthquake event.
Magnitude (M) is the parameter which is used to measure
the size of the earthquake which is recorded on
Seismograms. For the same magnitude, shaking of ground
will have different intensity at different locations. This is
measured in MMI scale (Modified Mercalli Intensity).
When an earthquake does occur, different buildings located
on the same site will show variation in the level of
performance experienced by them shown in Fig-1. This
variation in levels depend on many factors such as random
differences in the material strength, the amount of mass and
stiffness of structural and non-structural members, levels of
workmanship, condition of each structure, intensity and
distribution of live load at the time of earthquake and
response of the soil beneath the buildings. Hence there is an
urgent need to assessment in urban areas of India for the
seismic vulnerability of buildings which is an essential
component of a comprehensive earthquake disaster risk
management policy.
An ideal multi-story building which is designed to resist
lateral loads due to earthquake would be symmetric in
distribution of mass and stiffness in plan at every story and
as well as along the height of the building. Such building
would respond only laterally and is considered as torsionally
balanced building. Because of restrictions as architectural
requirement and functional needs, it is very difficult to
achieve such a condition in the building.
Now-a-days the buildings with irregular configurations in
both plan and elevation are seen. These buildings with
asymmetry will suffer severely during earthquake.
Fig-1: Seismic response of different buildings
It can be seen during previous earthquakes; such buildings
undergo coupled torsion and lateral motions. A building can
be designed to be earthquake proof for a rare but strong
earthquake, which will be more stable but at the same time it
will be more expensive. The most logical approach to the
seismic design problem is to accept the uncertainty of the
seismic phenomenon.
The analysis procedure teaches us how to identify the
earthquake forces and its demand. Depending on the
importance and cost, the method of analyzing the structure
varies from linear to non-linear. Both the linear and
nonlinear analysis procedures can be performed statically as
well as dynamically. The static non-linear procedure
indicates which part of the building fails first.
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The elements begin to yield and deform in elastically as the
load and displacement increases. The resulting curve shows
the capacity of the building and demand from a specific
earthquake (or) intensity of ground shaking. This graph will
generate a point on the curve where capacity and demand
are equal and is called as „Performance point‟. It is an
estimate of actual displacement of building for the specified
ground motion. This performance point helps an engineer to
characterize the associated damage state for the structure
and compare it with the desired performance objective.
At last, the procedure gives the engineer a better
understanding of the seismic performance characteristics of
the building and results in more effective designs in new
buildings and where as cost effective retrofits strategy in an
existing building. The guidelines which recommends on
these topics are ATC-40[16]
and FEMA-356[17]
.
2. STEEL BRACINGS SYSTEM
Braced-frames virtually eliminate the columns and girder
bending factors and thus improve the efficiency of the pure
rigid frame actions. By the addition of truss members such
as diagonals (between the floor systems) this can be
achieved effectively. These diagonals carry the lateral loads
and transfers the axial loads to the columns, which is an
effective structural system.
2.1Types of Bracing Systems
There are mainly two types of bracing systems.
i. Concentric bracing system.
ii. Eccentric bracing system
i. Concentric bracing increases the lateral stiffness of the
frame which in turn increases the natural frequency and
also decreases the lateral storey drift. Further, the
bracing increases the axial compression in the columns
to which they are connected by decreasing the bending
moments and shear forces in the column.
ii. Eccentric bracing improves the energy dissipation
capacity and reduces the lateral stiffness of the system.
At the point of connection of eccentric bracings on the
beams, the vertical component of the bracing force due
to earthquake causes concentrated load.
3. MODELING AND ANALYSIS
In the present study reinforced concrete frame building of
G+ 5 storeys is considered. The plan layout and elevations
of bare frames are shown in the figures below. The different
configurations of buildings are modeled by considering only
mass of the infill. The storey height is kept uniform of 3m
for all building models. The building models are studied for
vertical geometric irregularity in seismic zone V of India.
Later on Steel bracings are provided on the outer periphery
of the models on all the four sides and analyzed. Types of
bracings considered for the study are X-type, V-type and K-
type bracing.
Table-1: Assumed data for the study
Sl
No.
Contents Description
1 Grade of Concrete M30
2
Young‟s modulus of
Concrete, E
27386.127 N/mm2
3 Density of Concrete 25 kN/m3
4 Poisson‟s ratio of Concrete 0.2
5 Grade of Steel Fe415
6 Young‟s modulus of Steel 20000 N/mm2
7 Density of Steel 76.81 kN/m3
8 Poisson‟s ratio of Steel 0.3
9 Slab thickness 0.15m
10 Size of Column
0.3m X 0.5 m
(upto roof from 5th
floor)
0.3m X 0.8 m
(upto 5th from base)
11 Size of Beam
0.3m X 0.45 m
(upto roof from 5th
floor)
0.3m X 0.6 m (upto
5th floor from base)
12 Bracing section ISMB350
13 Roof and Floor finish 1 kN/mm2
14 Live load on Roof 2 kN/mm2
15 Live load on Floor 3 kN/mm2
16 Wall load 12 kN/mm2
Model M-1- Building is modeled as bare frame, however the
mass of the walls are included. The plan of the
building is symmetrical in shape and
consisting of 5X5 bays (Fig-4).
Model M-2- Building is modeled as bare frame. The
Vertical configuration of the structure and
lateral force resisting system in top storey
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 04 Issue: 06 | June-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 92
consist an offset of 60% in X direction only on
one side (Fig-5).
Model M-3- Building is modeled as bare frame. The
Vertical configuration of a structure and lateral
force resisting system in top story consist an
offset of 40% in X direction on each side (Fig-
6).
Model M-4- Building is modeled as bare frame. The
Vertical configuration of a structure and lateral
force resisting system in top story consist an
offset of 20% in X direction on each side (Fig-
7).
Model M-5- Building is modeled as bare frame. The
Vertical configuration of a structure and
lateral force resisting system in top story
consist an offset of 16.66% in X direction on
each side (Fig-8).
Model M-6- Building is modeled as bare frame. The
Vertical configuration of a structure and
lateral force resisting system in top story
consist an offset of 1.5 times lesser than the
width of the base of the building in X
direction only on one side (Fig-9).
Fig-2: Common Plan for all the Models
Fig-3: 3D view of Model M-1
Fig-4: Elevation of Model M-1
Fig-5: Elevation of Model M-2
Fig-6: Elevation of Model M-3
Fig-7: Elevation of Model M-4
Fig-8: Elevation of Model M-5
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Fig-9: Elevation of Model M-6
The analysis is carried out for the bare frames as well as for
the braced frames by considering X type bracing, V type
bracing and Inverted V/K bracing for the same model
configurations described above.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
G+5 storey building is analyzed for bare frame models and
steel braced frame models for obtaining the following
results. Later on the results of bare frame models are
compared with braced frame models in terms of lateral
displacement, storey drift, base shear and performance
point.
4.1 Linear analysis
4.1.1 Lateral Displacement
It is clear that the addition of bracings to the bare frames and
irregular configured buildings will reduce the lateral
displacement to a greater extent.
Table-2: Comparison results of Lateral displacement
(mm) for bare frame and braced frame models
Chart-1: Comparison graph of Lateral Displacement for
bare frame and braced frame models
The above graph shows that the addition of X type bracing
will reduce maximum lateral displacement in the bare frame
models. Maximum displacement is seen in Model-5. The
reduction varies from 80.3% to 78.1% by the use of X type
bracing, 77% to 74.81% by the use of V type bracing and
77.73% to 75.91% by using K type bracing. We can see
there is a reduction of 80.3% in the Model-1 by using X type
steel bracing.
4.1.2 Storey drift
Storey drift of the models are also reduced by the addition of
steel bracings. For comparison maximum storey drift is
considered.
Table-3: Comparison results of Storey drift for bare frame
and braced frame models
Model
No.
Model
M6
Model
M6-X
Model
M6-V
Model
M6-K
Model M-1 0.001937 0.000277 0.000323 0.00031
Model M-2 0.001836 0.000300 0.000348 0.000334
Model M-3 0.001472 0.000242 0.000282 0.000272
Model M-4 0.002074 0.000358 0.000413 0.000396
Model M-5 0.003178 0.000395 0.000456 0.000427
Model M-6 0.002532 0.000463 0.000535 0.000507
Chart-2: Comparison graph of Storey drift for bare frame
and braced frame models
Model
No.
Model
M6
Model
M6-X
Model
M6-V
Model
M6-K
Model M-1 27.40 5.40 6.30 6.10
Model M-2 24.20 5.00 5.80 5.60
Model M-3 22.10 4.70 5.40 5.20
Model M-4 26.40 5.70 6.60 6.40
Model M-5 33.00 6.80 7.80 7.40
Model M-6 27.40 6.00 6.90 6.60
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The above graph shows that the addition of X type bracing
will reduce maximum Storey drift in the bare frame models.
Maximum storey drift is seen in Model-5. The reduction
varies from 87.57% to 81.71% by the use of X type bracing,
85.65% to 78.87% by the use of V type bracing and 86.56%
to 79.97% by using K type bracing. We can see there is a
reduction of 87.57% in the Model-5 by using X type steel
bracing.
4.1.3 Base Shear
There is a slight increase in the base shear of the buildings
considered by the addition of bracings.
Table-4: Comparison results of Base shear (kN) for bare
frame and braced frame models
Model
No.
Model
M6
Model
M6-X
Model
M6-V
Model
M6-K
Model M-1 4339.42 4397.78 4378.51 4378.51
Model M-2 3662.03 3714.03 3696.86 3696.86
Model M-3 3732.30 3784.25 3767.08 3767.08
Model M-4 3291.30 3341.14 3324.67 3324.67
Model M-5 2963.36 3011.48 2995.82 2995.82
Model M-6 3217.12 3266.26 3250.13 3250.13
Chart-3: Comparison graph of Base shear for bare frame
and braced frame models
4.2 Performance Point
Performance point is an estimate of the actual displacement
and base shear of the building for the specified ground
motion. Addition of bracings to the bare frame shows a huge
increase in the performance point.
Table-5: Comparison results of Performance point (kN) for
bare frame and braced frame models
Model
No.
Model
M6
Model
M6-X
Model
M6-V
Model
M6-K
Model M-1 10585.86 35516.17 33580.93 34382.76
Model M-2 9550.87 29485.13 29238.73 29222.47
Model M-3 9919.22 31252.45 31030.3 31098.73
Model M-4 8197.05 23665.88 23354.24 23555.87
Model M-5 8280.85 22504.27 20596.37 21526.46
Model M-6 8217.73 22283.3 22205.44 22178.96
Chart-4: Comparison graph of Performance point (kN) for
bare frame and braced frame models
The above graph shows that the addition of X type bracing
will increase maximum performance point in the bare frame
models. Minimum performance point is seen in Model-4.
The increase varies from 235.50% to 171.16% by the use of
X type bracing, 217.22% to 148.72% by the use of V type
bracing and 224.79% to 159.95% by using K type bracing.
We can see there is an increase of 235.50% in the Model-1
by using X type steel bracing.
5. CONCLUSIONS
The analysis of G+5 storey model for regular and irregular
configuration with the addition of steel bracings concludes
the following.
1. Introduction of irregularities affects the performance of
the building.
2. Lateral displacement and Storey drift increases as the
amount of irregularity present in the building increases.
3. Base shear of irregular configured buildings will be less
compared with the regular building.
4. Performance point of regular frame is found more than
the irregular frame.
5. Addition of bracings to the bare frames shows reduction
in lateral displacement and storey drift.
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 04 Issue: 06 | June-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 95
6. Base shear of the bare frame is also increased in the
presence of steel bracings.
7. There is large increase in the Performance point of bare
frames when the bracings are added to it.
8. Use of X type of bracing is found more suitable among
all the bracings considered in this study.
From the above conclusions it is clear that the use of
irregular configuration will cause greater damage to the
structure during earthquakes. Hence addition of steel
bracings improves its lateral load carrying capacity
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7. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 04 Issue: 06 | June-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 96
BIOGRAPHIES
Karthik. K. M, P.G Student, M.Tech-
Structural Engineering, Civil Engineering
Department, Vijaya Vittala Institute of
Technology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
Completed Bachelor of Engineering in
Civil Engineering from Nagarjuna College
of Engineering and Technology,
Devanahalli, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
Vidyashree. D, Asst. Professor, Civil
Engineering Department, Vijaya Vittala
Institute of Technology, Bengaluru,
Karnataka, India.
Subjects handled: Structural Masonry,
Earthquake Resist Structures, Design
concepts of Substructures and Advanced
Concrete Technology.