how pepper is important

1. METTU UNIVERSITY
RESEARCH PROJECT PROPOSAL
On
Dry Pod Yield, Yield Components and Nutrient up Take of Hot Pepper [Capsicum Annum L.]
As Affected By Biochar and NPSB Blended Fertilizer Rate at Bure, Illubabor Zone, South
West Ethiopia
BY
Misganu wakjira (MSc. in agronomy): PI
Ahmed Godana (MSc. in agronomy):C.R
Tamirat Gebre (MSc in agronomy):C.R
October, 2021
Mettu, Ethiopia
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2. 1. INTRODUCTION
 Hot pepper (Capsicum annum L.) is belongs to genus
Capsicum.
 It is part of the large Solanaceae family, which, comprises
more than 90 genera and 2500 species of flowering plants.
 It includes commercially important vegetables like, potato, and
eggplant (Hunziker, 2001).
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3. 1. INTRODUCTION
 To date, the existence of 35 Capsicum species is reported, five
of which, namely, C. annuum, C. baccatum, C. chinense, C.
frutescens, and C. pubescens (Carrizo García et al., 2016).
 The crop is a warm season crop requiring an optimum day and
night temperatures of 20-30°C and 15-200C, respectively.
 In Ethiopia, pepper grows under warm and humid weather
conditions and the best fruit is obtained in a temperature 21-
270C during the daytime and 15-200C at night (IAR, 1996).
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4. 1. INTRODUCTION…
 It is extensively grown in most parts of the country, with the
major production areas concentrated at altitude of 1100 to 1800
m.a.s.l. (MoARD, 2009).
 In terms of production, globally land area under cultivation of
pepper is 749,088 Ha with production of 313,115 tonnes, while in
Africa 511,043 Ha and production of 4,677,030 tonnes (FAO, 2020).
 In Ethiopia Vegetables took up about 1.62 %( 243,568.75 Ha) of
the area under all crops at national level.
 Of the total estimated area under vegetables, the lion share
which is about 69.12 %( 183,036.48 Ha) was under red
peppers(CSA, 2020).
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5. 1. INTRODUCTION…
 Production of vegetables contribute 2.04 %( 9,067,870.78 Qt) of the
total crops production, conversely, of the total production of
vegetables, in which pepper contribute about 32.64% (3,699,882.3 Qt)
(CSA, 2020).
 The productivity of this crop in Ethiopia is reported to be 50.38Qt for
green pepper and 15.58 Qt for dried red Pepper (FAO, 2020; CSA, 2020)
 It is extensively grown in most parts of the country, with the major
production areas concentrated at altitude of 1100 to 1800 m.a.s.l.
(MoARD, 2009).
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6. 1.1. Statement of the Problem
 Despite the benefits of pepper and the increasing demand in Ethiopia, the
national average yield of hot pepper for dry pod is far below the dry pod
yield (2.5-3.7t ha-1) of improved varieties harvested at research fields of
Ethiopia and world average yield of 3 to 4 t ha-1 (USAID,2013).
 The hot pepper productivity both in green and dry forms is low due to lack
of improved varieties, the prevalence of fungal, bacterial and viral diseases
as well as poor cultural practices plus poor usage and application of
fertilizer (Girma et al., 2001;Fekadu and Dandena, 2006).
 Even if, Fertilizers play a vital role in raising the agricultural productivity
in Ethiopia over a period of time (Samuel, 1981; Haverkort et al., 2012).
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7. 1.1. Statement of the Problem
 The following problems were reported:
 Small scale farmers do not have the required resources to make or
purchase fertilizer(Mahajan et al., 2008)
 Farmers, do not apply the optimum amount of fertilizers rates to
planting practices to harvest maximum yield from their land and due to
the absence of recommendation that best fit to their specific area and
production system (Girma et al., 2001)
 80% of the Nitisols and Luvisol subgroup soils found in the south
western high lands of Ethiopia are very strong to strongly acidic soils
having PH of 4.5-5.5(Eyasu, 2016)
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8. 1.1. Statement of the Problem…
 Therefore increasing the application of inorganic fertilizers alone will not solve the
decrement in productivity of crops without amendment of our soil due to acidity .
 Because, Continuous cultivation and long-term application of inorganic fertilizers
lower soil PH and aggravate the losses of basic cations from highly weathered soils
(Mokwunye et al., 1996).
 On the other way the supply of nutrients from organic fertilizers increases
soil water retention, slow release of nutrients and contributes to the residual
pool of organic nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil (Jen-Hshuan, 2006).
 However, the use of organic fertilizer alone as a substitute to inorganic
fertilizer is not also sufficient to maintain the present levels of crop
productivity of high yielding varieties (Efthimiadou et al., 2010).
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9. 1.1. Statement of the Problem…
 To alleviate these problems,
 Integration of organic and inorganic fertilizers improved the crop yield
compared to application of inorganic/organic fertilizers alone (Getachew
and Taye, 2005; Getachew et al., 2014).
 Integrated soil fertility management plays important role in restoring
soil fertility and availability of plant nutrients, enhancing crop growth
and productivity (Gete et al., 2010; Vanlauwe et al., 2010; Getachew and Tilahun,
2017).
 Biochar, a subset of carbon-rich and black powder is of very high
significance to increase agricultural productivity(Zhang et al., 2020) .
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10. 1.1. Statement of the Problem…
 Because, Compared to other soil amendments,
 The high surface area and porosity of biochar enable it to adsorb or
retain nutrients and water
 Provide a habitat for beneficial microorganisms to flourish (Warnock et
al., 2007)
 And it has agronomic as well as environmental impact for it is a good
soil amendment in that:
 It improves water holding capacity and aggregate stability
 It improves CEC and soil PH.
 And thus enhance nutrient cycling and also protect against
nutrient leaching loss.
(Abebe et al., 2012; Getachew et al., 2016)
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11. 1.2. OBJECTIVES
 Therefore, the current study is proposed with the following objectives.
General objectives
 To investigate the response of hot pepper to biochar and NPSB
blended fertilizer rate
Specific objectives
 To determine the optimum rate of biochar and NPSB blended
fertilizer and/or their combination effect for improved growth,
yield and nutrient up take of hot pepper
 Determine the economic feasibility of the fertilizer and biochar
application.
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12. 2. EXPECTED OUTPUTS AND OUTCOMES
• The effects of biochar and NPSB on yield, yield and nutrient up
take of pepper crop will be investigated.
• Appropriate rates of biochar and NPSB that maximize pepper
productivity in the study area will be determined.
• The final finding of the research will be demonstrated to final
users of the area and other stake holders through community
service
• Generally, the study will contribute to the improvement of
pepper production and productivity in the study area and areas
with the same agro ecology of the country.
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13. 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1. Description of the Study Area
 A field experiment will be conducted during the year 2022 and 2023
main cropping season under rain-fed condition.
 on two selected farmer fields in two Kebeles of Bure district, south
Western Ethiopia.
 Bure district is located at Latitude of 8° 19' 59" N and Longitude 35°
7' 59" E about 681 KM to the west of Addis Ababa on the way to
Gambela.
 The district is characterized by altitude of 1730 meters above sea level.
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14. 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1. Description of the Study Area…
 Its average annual rainfall is 1562.85mm while minimum and maximum
rain fall ranges from 1355.3-1712.90mm.
 And it has average temperature ranging from 16 – 29 0c.
 The district has mono-modal rainfall pattern with alternative wet and dry
seasons with the main rain falling between April and November, while
being dry throughout the rest of the months (https://climexp.knmi.nl/).
 The soil of the district is Nitisols with low fertility range because of high
rainfall and dominance of mono-cropping system by cereal crops.
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15. 3.2. Treatments and Design
 Four rates of biochar (0, 5, 10 and 15 t ha-1) combined with four levels
of NPSB (0,100,150 and 200 kg ha-1) will be used as treatment.
 The biochar will be prepared using coffee husk, which is available in
the area.
 The combinations of 48 treatments will be arranged in Randomized
Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications at two
locations .
 A seed rate of 0.75-1 kg ha-1 of hot pepper variety mareko fana, which
was released by Melkassa Agricultural Research Center (MARC) in
1984, will be used for the experiment.
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16. 3.2. Treatments and Design…
 The size of each plot will be 3.5 m wide and 3.5 m long (12.25-m2 area)
with 0.5m space between plots and 1m between blocks.
 There will be six rows per plot and ten plants per row with a total of 60
plants per plot.
 The other crop management practices will be applied uniformly for all
plots as per the recommendation.
 A spacing of 70 cm x 30 cm will be used between rows and plants
respectively as per the recommendation of EARO, (2004).
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17. Table 1. Treatments and their combinations
TRT CODE TREATMENT COMBINATIN
T1 0-KgNPSB 0-Ton biochar
T2 0-KgNPSB 5-Ton biochar
T3 0-KgNPSB 10-Ton biochar
T4 0-KgNPSB 15-Ton biochar
T5 100-KgNPSB 0-Ton biochar
T6 100-KgNPSB 5-Ton biochar
T7 100-KgNPSB 10-Ton biochar
T8 100-KgNPSB 15-Ton biochar
T9 150-KgNPSB 0-Ton biochar
T10 150-KgNPSB 5-Ton biochar
T11 150-KgNPSB 10-Ton biochar
T12 150-KgNPSB 15-Ton biochar
T13 200-KgNPSB 0-Ton biochar
T14 200-KgNPSB 5-Ton biochar
T15 200-KgNPSB 10-Ton biochar
T16 200-KgNPSB 15-Ton biochar
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18. 3.3 Experimental Procedure
3.3.1 Nursery management
 The seedlings will be raised on a seed bed with 5 m length and 1
m width by hand drilling the seeds at the inter-row spacing of 15
cm.
 Every cultural practices will be given for the seedlings as per the
recommendation.
 Uniform, healthy and vigorous seedlings will be transplanted
into experimental plots after 4 weeks of sowing on seedbed or
when they are about 20 cm height (Lemma and Shimelis, 2008).
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19. 3.3 Experimental Procedure…
3.3.2 Soil Sampling and Analysis
 The composite soil samples will be collected to identify the initial
characteristics of the experimental soil.
 selected soil physico-chemical properties will be analyzed at Soil
Analysis Laboratory for:
soil acidity, bulk density from undisturbed soil samples, total
available N, P, K, CEC, organic carbon, organic matter and
texture.
 The analysis of plant nutrient up take use efficiency will be done
at Jimma agricultural research center.
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20. 3.3 Experimental Procedure…
3.3.3 Statistical Analysis
 Analysis of variance will be carried out for the yield and
yield components
 Following the standard statistical procedures using SAS
computer software version 9.3 [SAS Institute Inc. Cray.
Cary NC, 2008].
 Whenever treatment effects will be significant, the mean
differences will be separated using the least significant
difference (LSD) at 5% level of significance.
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21. 3.3.4 Analysis of plant nutrient uptake and use efficiencies
 The analysis of plant nutrient up take use efficiency will be done using the
following formulae
 Agronomic nutrient use efficiency (AE)
 AE is the amount of additional yield produced for each additional kg of
fertilizer applied (Mengel and Kirkby, 2001)will be calculated by using procedures
described by Mengel and Kirkby (1987); as fruits yield of each fertilized treatment
minus fruits yield of control divided by the fertilizer applied.
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22. 3.3.4 Analysis of plant nutrient uptake and use efficiencies…
 Apparent fertilizer nutrient recovery (ANR)
 ANR is a measure of the ability of the crop to extract nutrients from
the soil. Thus, the above ground biomass nutrient uptake will be
calculated as per the procedure described (Pal, 1991; Fageria and Baligar,
2005) as follows:
• Where ANR=apparent nutrient recover and TU=total nutrient uptake.
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23. 3.3.4 Analysis of plant nutrient uptake and use efficiencies…
 Shoot and fruits nutrients uptake
 Nutrients (N, P, S and B uptakes) in the shoot and fruits will be
calculated by multiplying N, P ,S and B concentrations with total
biomass weight for shoot and total dry fruit weight for fruit uptakes
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24. 3.3.4 Analysis of plant nutrient uptake and use efficiencies…
 Physiological efficiency (PE)
• PE is the yield obtained per unit of nutrient uptake (Fageria, 2009).
 Partial Budget Analysis
The partial budget analysis will be calculated as per the steps justified by
CIMMYT (1988) to determine the economic feasibility of the fertilizer and
biochar application.
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25. 3.4 Data to be collected
 3.4.1. Yield and yield components
 Days to flower (DTF):Days to 50% flowering will be estimated by counting from
the day transplanting to the day half or 50% of plants will have at least one open
flower in number.
 Days to 50% maturity: The number of days required from the day of transplanting
until the time when 50% of the pods attain physiological maturity will be counted.
 Plant height: The height of ten random sample plants will be measured at the last
harvesting time. A meter rule will be used to measure the height of the plants
from the surface of the soil to the tip of the apical meristem in centimeters (cm).
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26. 3.4 Data to be collected …
 Number of primary branches: Number of primary branches grown directly
from the main stem of the random sample plants will be counted in number at
last harvest
 Number secondary branches: Number of secondary branches grown directly
from the secondary stem of the random sample plants will be counted in
number at last harvest
 Number of pods per plant: Mean number of red ripe fruits of individual plants
from sample plants for each plot at each harvest will be recorded
 Days to first harvest: The number of days from transplanting to the date of
first harvest will be recorded from sample plants of central rows.
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27. 3.4 Data to be collected …
 Pod length: The lengths of ten ripe fruits per random sample plants will be
measured from the pedicel attachment to its apex in centimeters at each
harvest.
 Pod width: Average fruit width of 10 ripe fruits of the random sample plants
harvest will be measured at the widest point in centimeters (cm) at each
harvest.
 Fruit weight: The weight of ten fruits of random sample plants will be weighed
in grams (g) at each harvest.
 Marketable pod yield (t ha-1):Marketable pod yield (t ha-1) will be done by
weighing all the pods of each harvest which are free from defects, disease,
crack, and other physiological disorders per net plot area and converting into
ton per hectare.
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28. 3.4 Data to be collected …
 Unmarketable pod yield (t ha-1): Unmarketable dry pod yield will done by
weighing all the pods of each harvest other than marketable from each net
plot area and converting into ton per hectare
 Unmarketable pod yield (t ha-1): Unmarketable dry pod yield will done by
weighing all the pods of each harvest other than marketable from each net
plot area and converting into ton per hectare
 Total dry fruit yield (t/ha): Weight of total (marketable and unmarketable)
fruits harvested at each successive harvesting from the sample plants will be
recorded and summed up to estimate yield per hectare.
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29. 5. LOGITICS
Table 2. Labor cost
No Activity Unit Man/Day No.Day Payment/day(Br.) Total payment
(Birr)
1 Data collectors Man-day 4 25 250 25000
2 Land preparation Man-day 6 10 100 6000
3 Biochar preparation Man-day 3 15 100 10000
4 Field management Man-day 3 150 100 45000
5 Soil sample collection Man-day 4 4 100 1600
6 Guard for experimental
field
Man-day 2 150 100 30000
Total for 1st year
117,600
Total for 2nd year
117,600
Total sum
235,200
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30. 5. LOGITICS…
Table 3. Land Rent
No
.
Items Unit Quantity Unit price
(Birr)
Total cost
(Birr)
1 Land rent Ha 0.25*2 locations 5000 10,000
Total for 2 year 20,000
Table 4.Travel Expense
No Items Departure Destination No.
of
Trip
Research
Cost/trip
(Birr)
Total
(Birr)
Transportation
cost
Mettu Bure 30 3 100 9000
Jimma 5 3 420 6030
Bedele 5 3 420 6030
Total for 1 year 21060
Total for 2 year 42,120
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31. 5. LOGITICS
Table 6.Soil and plant tissue Laboratory Analysis
Parameters Unit Quantity/sample Unit cost (Birr) Total cost (Birr)
Soil texture No. 2 50 100
Soil pH (pH:H2O) No 2 25 50
Total OM No 2 65 130
Total N No 2 130 260
Available P No 2 130 260
Available K No 2 90 180
Available B No 2 130 260
Available S No 2 130 260
Exch.(Ca, K, Mg, and Na) No 2 270 540
Moisture content No 2 50 100
Exchangeable acidity No 2 45 90
Sub- total cost 2,230
Plant tissue and seed nutrient up take analysis 5000
Total 7230
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32. 5. LOGITICS
Table 7:Biochar laboratory analysis
Parameters Unit Quantity Unit cost (Birr) Total cost
(Birr)
PH No 2 25 50
Total N No 2 130 260
Available P No 2 130 260
Available K No 2 90 180
Moisture
content
No 2
50
100
Organic
carbon
No 2
130
260
Sub- total cost for 2 year 2480
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33. 5. LOGITICS
Table 8.Input cost
Item/input type Unit Quantity Unit cost Total cost
Fertilizer
NPSB kg 100 2000 2000
Urea kg 100 1500 1500
Seed kg 0.5 1000 1000
Pesticide Lit 3 1000 3000
Total 7500
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34. 5. LOGITICS
Table 10.Perdiem and supervision fee
Subject Departure Destination Researcher No
of days
Daily
payment
(Birr)
Total
payment
(Birr)
Investigators
Supervisors
Mettu Bure 3 90 363 196,020
Jimma 3 7 720 15,120
Bedele 3 8 363 8712
Sub-total cost for 2 year 213,1740
Table 11: Miscellaneous Expenses
No. Item Total cost (Birr)
1 Mobile card 3,000
Total for 2 year 6000
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35. 5. LOGITICS
Table 12: Budget Summary
Item Total (Birr)
Labor 235,200
Land Rent 20,000
Laboratory cost 9,710
Travel 42,120
Perdiem 213,174
Input cost 7,500
Miscellaneous Expenses 6,000
Cost of required equipment 8250
Overall Total cost 541,954
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36. 4. WORK PLAN
ACTIVITIES FOR THE 1ST YEAR
No. Activities Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1 Input collection X X
2 Biochar preparation X X X
3 Nursery preparation and
sowing
X X X
4 pre-sowing soil sampling X X
5 Thinning, weeding, etc. X X
6 Land preparation and
Transplanting
X X X X
7 Urea application X X X
8 Field management X X X X X X
9 Crop Data collection X X X X X
10 Laboratory analysis X X X
11 Data organization X X X
12 Progress report X
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37. 4. WORK PLAN
ACTIVITIES FOR THE 2nd YEAR
No. Activities Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1 Input collection X X
2 Biochar preparation X X X
3 Nursery preparation and
sowing
X X X
4 pre-sowing soil sampling X X
5 Thinning, weeding, etc. X X
6 Land preparation and
Transplanting
X X X X
7 Urea application X X X
8 Field management X X X X X X
9 Crop Data collection X X X X X
10 Laboratory analysis X X X
11 Data organization X X X
12 Progress report X
13 Data analysis and final
write up and reporting
X X X X
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38. Thank
you!!
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