Education Theorists: Piaget, Skinner, Durkheim
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Jean Piaget was a Swiss biologist, philosopher, and psychologist known for his work on child development. He developed the theory of cognitive development which proposed that children progress through four distinct stages as they interact with their environment. Piaget believed education should focus on allowing children to discover new things rather than simply repeating what others have done. Émile Durkheim was a French sociologist who is considered one of the principal founders of modern sociology. He established sociology as a unique, empirical science that studies social facts. Durkheim emphasized the importance of social order and unity for a society to function properly. B.F. Skinner was an American psychologist who developed the theory of operant conditioning
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Education Theorists: Piaget, Skinner, Durkheim
- 1. Jean Piaget 9-Aug-1896 – 17-Sep-1980
- 2. http://www.piaget.org/aboutPiaget.html Bio Born in Geneva, Switzerland Swiss Biologist, Philosopher, Psychologist 60 Books & several hundred articles Married with Valentine Chatenay Director of Studies at the J-J Rousseau Institute (Geneva) Ph.D in Zooology from University of Neuchâtel in 1918 Popular theories: Theory of Cognitive Development Genetic Epistemology http://psychology.about.com/od/profilesofmajorthinkers/p/piaget.htm
- 3. Key Theories • Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory
- 4. Popular Quotes g men chools sh ould be creatin cation in the s eating goal of edu w things, not simply rep The principle le of doing ne are capab iaget an d women who done. -Jean P ions have what other generat y know een wha t we alread conne ction betw t when we make a We le arn the bes l to be lear ned - materia and the new
- 5. Activity • Write in a chat box how a children of ages 2 & 7 classify a car as an object? • Write how 7 – 11 classify a car as an object? • Write how above 11 classify a car as an object?
- 6. ÉMILE DURKHEIM 1858-1917
- 7. Bio • The Division of Labor in Society (1893) • Rules of the Sociological Method (1895) • L'Année Sociologique (1898) • Suicide (1897) • The Elementary Forms of Religious Life (1912)
- 8. Key Theories "For if society lacks the unity that derives from the fact that the relationships between its parts are exactly regulated, that unity resulting from the harmonious articulation of its various functions assured by effective discipline and if, in addition, society lacks the unity based upon the commitment of men's wills to a common objective, then it is no more than a pile of sand that the least jolt or the slightest puff will suffice to scatter." —Émile Durkheim
- 9. Popular Quotes "Sociology is, then, not an auxiliary of any other science; it is itself a distinct and autonomous science." —Émile Durkheim "There is in every society a certain group of phenomena which may be differentiated from those studied by the other natural sciences." —Émile Durkheim
- 10. How would you apply sociology in Vocational education If social structures exert a strong influence on social action how does this affect learning?
- 11. B.F Skinner 1904 - 1990
- 12. Bio • American psychologist, behaviorist, author, inventor, and social philosopher. • He was the Edgar Pierce Professor of Psychology at Harvard University from 1958 until his retirement in 1974. • Skinner is considered the father of Operant Conditioning • He lived in a time when Psychology was focusing on emotional narrative and not an experimental science
- 13. Key Theories • Radical Behaviorism – Operant Conditioning • Big Bang Theory and Operant Conditioning • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qy_mIEnnlF4
- 14. Operant Conditioning Explained Further
- 15. Popular Quotes education has two major purposes: (1) to teach repertoires of both verbal and nonverbal behavior; and (2) to encourage students to display an interest in instruction.
- 16. Skinner in Voc. edu • Reinforce positive behaviour that would lead to learning • How? • Grading as Assessment • Applying pedagogical approaches that re-inforce positive outcomes • - Action & Project based learning – Active learners, students see the results of their work, feel proud of their result. • Any other examples???
- 17. References • Piaget • http://www.piaget.org/aboutPiaget.html • http://psychology.about.com/od/profilesofmajorthinkers/p/piaget.htm • Durkheim • http://durkheim.uchicago.edu/ • http://www.bolenderinitiatives.com/sociology/emile-durkheim-1858-1917 • Skinner • www.bfskinner.org • http://psychology.about.com/gi/o.htm? zi=1/XJ&zTi=1&sdn=psychology&cdn=education&tm=18&f=00&su=p284.13.342.ip_&tt=11&bt=1&bts=1&zu=http %3A//psychclassics.yorku.ca/Skinner/Theories/ • Harvard Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YIEt6TrjJXw
Editor's Notes
- Jean Piaget was born in Switzerland in 1896 and began showing an interest in the natural sciences at a very early age. By age 11, he had already started his career as a researcher by writing a short paper on an albino sparrow. He continued to study the natural sciences and received his Ph.D. in Zoology from University of Neuchâtel in 1918.
- Cognitive theory explains the mechanisms and processes by which the infant and then the child, develops into an individual who can reason and think using hypothesis. Schemas are the building blocks of knowledge. It is a way of organizing knowledge. Learning requires some kind of activity to be transferred. No knowledge can be transferred passively.
- Piaget believed Children reach distinct stages in cognitive development. They classify objects by a single characteristics such as color, shape without acknowledging other qualities. 7- 11: They classify objects along with the logical thought about objects or events . While young people over 11 are able to think abstractly and hypothetically.
- David Émile Durkheim was a French sociologist who formally established the academic discipline of sociology. He is commonly cited as the principal architect of modern social science and father of sociology.
- Durkheim influenced in an era in which traditional social and religious ties are no longer assumed, and in which new social institutions have come into being. He published such papers as "The Division of Labor in Society" (1893) and "Rules of the Sociological Method" (1895). Durkheim was the first professor of sociology in France after setting up the first European department of sociology. In 1898, he established the first sociological journal "L'Année Sociologique". Durkheim's paper "Suicide" (1897), a study of suicide rates amongst Catholic and Protestant populations, pioneered modern social research and served to distinguish social science from psychology and political philosophy. "The Elementary Forms of Religious Life" (1912), presented a theory of religion. Durkheim was preoccupied with the acceptance of sociology as a legitimate science. For him, sociologys aim was to discover structural social facts, sociology should study phenomena attributed to society at large rather than being limited to the specific actions of individuals.
- Durkheim had three goals (according to wikipedia). 1st to establish sociology as a new academic discipline 2nd to analyze how societies could maintain their integrity and coherence in the modern era, when things such as shared religious and ethnic background could no longer be assumed; 3rd, Durkheim was concerned with the practical implications of scientific knowledge. The importance of social integration is expressed throughout Durkheim's work the quote
- For Durkheim, sociology was 'the science of social facts'. He distinguished sociology from other social science disciplines by arguing that society was an entity of its own. Sociologists should study particular features of collective, and sociology is the study of social facts, things which are external to, and coercive of, individuals. These social facts are features of the group, and cannot be studied apart from the collective, nor can they be derived from the study of individuals. Durkheim has a structuralist approach as he considers the social structures to exert a strong influence on social action. It is individuals who act, but they do not act on a purely individual basis but they have obligations and duties, and generally act in ways that are strongly influenced by the structures of which they are part of. Durkheim’s view was that society has an existence of its own, apart from the individuals in it, and is thus a proper object of study.
- - He based his work on Operant Conditioning on Edward Thorndikes ‘The Law Of Effect’
- Radical behaviorism is the philosophy of the science of behavior. It seeks to understand behavior as a function of environmental histories of reinforcing consequences.
- Example of reinforcement and punishment The tools used to strengthen behaviour and response are called reinforcers. Re-inforcers are the stimuli that increase the probability of the response occurring again. Re-inforcers can be loosely translated as consequences. Every action is always regarded as having a consequence. There are three types of reinforcers (consequences) - Positive, negative and punishers Both positive and negative reinforcement strengthen the behavior. In positive reinforcement, a stimulus is presented, and in negative reinforcement, a stimulus is removed. a) Positive reinforcement – a reinforcing consequence that increases the likelihood of the behavior. These can include praise, food, money and intrinsic reinforcement (individual feeling, e.g accomplishment). b) Negative reinforcement - This is the strengthening of a behavior because something negative or unpleasant is removed from the situation, or in other words, the situation is escaped or avoided. For example, you leave the house early in order to avoid getting stuck in traffic and being late for work. Another example is you do your homework to prevent getting in trouble with the teacher the next day. By eliminating undesirable outcomes, the preventative behaviors become more likely to occur again in the future. c) Negative reinforcement is often confused with punishment, but it is not. Punishment is a consequence that decreases the frequency of the response it follows. Punishment can involve the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus, such as a classroom teacher giving a student more homework as punishment for bad behavior (positive punishment); or the removal of pleasant stimulus (negative punishment) For example, a student loses recess privileges for three days because they failed to turn in their homework. 5. Punishment should always be the last resort. Positive reinforcement should be encouraged and if punishment is used, negative punishment is favored.
- Skinner favored active learning in the sense that students were not merely passive recipients of information doled out by teachers. He was convinced that a student had to take action; “to acquire behavior, the student must engage in behavior” (Skinner, 1961, p. 389). If the objective is to learn, the aim in using Operant conditioning would be to reinforce behavior in students that would lead to learning or the learning goals. Grading as Assessment – grading students performance can reinforce behavior like studying, attending class, or doing assignments which would contribute to their learning. Applying pedagogical methods like Action learning and project base learning where students are Active learners can reinforce their intrinsic desire to study. Also seeing tangible results of their work.