I was shown this powerpoint about Piaget and Vygotsky in my EDU 280: Introduction to Adolescent Education class. I find their theories to be very helpful and thought-provoking.
Cognitive Develepment - Fundamentals of Psychology 2 - Lecture 2.
The views expressed in this presentation are those of the individual Simon Bignell and not University of Derby.
I was shown this powerpoint about Piaget and Vygotsky in my EDU 280: Introduction to Adolescent Education class. I find their theories to be very helpful and thought-provoking.
Cognitive Develepment - Fundamentals of Psychology 2 - Lecture 2.
The views expressed in this presentation are those of the individual Simon Bignell and not University of Derby.
Learning
Learning can be defined in many ways, but most psychologists would agree that it is a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience. During the first half of the twentieth century, the school of thought known as behaviorism rose to dominate psychology and sought to explain the learning process.
The three major types of learning described by behavioral psychology are classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning.
Behaviorism
Behaviorism was the school of thought in psychology that sought to measure only observable behaviors.
Founded by John B. Watson and outlined in his seminal 1913 paper Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It, the behaviorist standpoint held that psychology was an experimental and objective science and that internal mental processes should not be considered because they could not be directly observed and measured.
Watson's work included the famous Little Albert experiment in which he conditioned a small child to fear a white rat. Behaviorism dominated psychology for much of the early twentieth century. While behavioral approaches remain important today, the latter part of the century was marked by the emergence of humanistic psychology, biological psychology, and cognitive psychology.Classical Conditioning
Classical conditioning is a learning process in which an association is made between a previously neutral stimulus and a stimulus that naturally evokes a response.
For example, in Pavlov's classic experiment, the smell of food was the naturally occurring stimulus that was paired with the previously neutral ringing of the bell. Once an association had been made between the two, the sound of the bell alone could lead to a response.
How Classical Conditioning Works
Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning is a learning process in which the probability of a response occurring is increased or decreased due to reinforcement or punishment. First studied by Edward Thorndike and later by B.F. Skinner, the underlying idea behind operant conditioning is that the consequences of our actions shape voluntary behavior.
Skinner described how reinforcement could lead to increases in behaviors where punishment would result in decreases. He also found that the timing of when reinforcements were delivered influenced how quickly a behavior was learned and how strong the response would be. The timing and rate of reinforcement are known as schedules of reinforcement.
How Operant Conditioning Works
Observational Learning
Observational learning is a process in which learning occurs through observing and imitating others. Albert Bandura's social learning theory suggests that in addition to learning through conditioning, people also learn through observing and imitating the actions of others.As demonstrated in his classic "Bobo Doll" experiments, people will imitate the actions of others without direct reinforcement. Four important elements are essential for effective observational
Piagets Four Stages Of Cognitive Development
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Cognitive Development of learning of psychologyAnikaYeasmin2
Cognitive learning is a style of learning that focuses on more effective use of the brain. To understand the process, it's important to know the meaning of cognition. Cognition is the mental process of gaining knowledge and understanding through the senses, experience and thought.Cognitive learning is a style of learning that focuses on more effective use of the brain. To understand the process, it's important to know the meaning of cognition. Cognition is the mental process of gaining knowledge and understanding through the senses, experience and thought.An example of cognitive learning is the practice of reflection. When individuals must reflect on their learning, they are given the opportunity to form connections between the information they knew before and new information, resulting in a deeper understanding of new information.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
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State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
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Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
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1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
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Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
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Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
2. Cognitive Development
• Cognition: How people think &
Understand.
• Within this module you will begin to
understand the development of logical
competence and the causes of
developmental change and an account of
the nature of developmental change.
3. Jean Piaget (1896-1980)
• Piaget developed four stages to his theory
of cognitive development:
• Sensori-Motor Stage
• Pre-Operational Stage
• Concrete Operational Stage
• Formal Operational Stage
4. Jean Piaget (1896-1980)
• There are some core essences of Piagets
theory that you should become familiar with.
1. There are qualitative differences between child
& adult thinking.
2. It is a biological approach- Prerequisite for
change.
3. Language is the outcome of cognitive ability
rather than being the lead in cognitive
development.
5. Jean Piaget (1896-1980)
• In short Piaget believed that cognitive
development was the direct result of
maturation (ageing) and environment.
Thus as a child becomes older through
interactions with others in their
environment a child's understanding
becomes more complex.
6. • Schemas- Mental structure that gives child model for
what happens when he/she does something.
• Assimilation- Adding information to existing schemas,
and strengthening them. E.G sucking dummy is reflex,
learns to suck different shape dummy.
• Accommodation- Amending existing schemas to suit a
new situation.
• Adaptation- Way baby adapts to processes of
assimilation & accommodation.
• Equilibration- Balance of equilibrium & adaptation- the
process is on going as biological changes and
environment keeps going.
Keywords explained:
7. Piagets stage theory explained.
Sensori-Motor Stage is characterised by:
The child aged between (0-2) learns to co-
ordinate his/her sensory input with motor
actions through a system called circular
reactions...i.e. the child repeats the action
in order to test their sensori motor-motor
skills relationship.
8. Sensori motor cont,…
• Within this stage the child develops an important
skill called object permenace which is defined as
the ability to understand that when an object is
out of sight it still exists.
• E.g. Hiding keys under a blanket, a small child
will believe the keys no longer exist, as they get
older and develop motor skills they will reach
under the blanket for the keys.
9. Pre-operational stage
• The child’s thoughts become more
symbolic and they represent their world
through images and words.
• However they do not have the skill of
‘reversibility’ They do not understand
quantity,volume and number have not
changed despite a change in its
appearance.
10. Pre-operational stage cont..
• Piaget also thought children within this
age group found it difficult to understand
the perspective of another person, thus
making them ‘egocentric’ aka only viewing
situations from their own point of view.
• He illustrated this using a experiment
named the 3 mountains task…
11. Three mountains task.
The children were asked to choose the picture seen by
the doll. The 3 & 4 yr olds 58% & 33% respectively
chose their own perspective rather than the dolls. This
is an example of ‘egocentric illusion’ that is their own
perspective is relative.
12. Conservation of volume..
Children tend to centre/focus upon one aspect of a situation and not
take into account others. Pre-operational children tended to say
there was more liquid in C as they focused on height
13. Concrete Operational Stage.
• Children acquire internally consistent
(adult) logic but only in concrete situations
such as problem solving.
• Children in this stage are able to conserve
and decentrate, they may also be able to
use reversibility
14. Concrete Operational Stage cont..
• Children within this stage are also able to
solve ‘seriation’ problems, placing objects
in order of some defining attribute i.e.
length,weight or height.
• Jane is 96cm tall. John is 1.3m tall. How
much taller is John than Jane? A: 0.34cm
(highlight for answer & turn font colour to black.)
15. Thus far what do we think about
Piaget?
• In evaluating Piaget’s work one should
consider the following:
1. Methodology
2. Evidence
3. Alternative explanations
4. Practical Application
16. Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934)
• Vygotsky felt the acquisition of knowledge
was active and socially constructed rather
than a passive conditioning.
• He believed that social interaction played
a vital role in cognitive development firstly
on a social level (between child and the
world) and then on a individual level
(Internally).
17. Lev Vygotsky cont..
• Vygotsky believed children were born with
elementary mental functions that are
transformed into higher mental functions
by the influence of culture.
• Lower functions are innate.
• Higher functions are voluntary, but
controlled by other functions.
18. Lev Vygotsky...cont the what's ,whys and
wherefores of Vygotsky!
• Culture teaches children both what and how to think,
through the acquisition of knowledge via intellectual
tools.
• Since much of what children learn is through interaction
Vygotsky believed isolation was inappropriate...guidance
by a another is usually most beneficial.
• Woods et al described this process as scaffolding. I.e.
The support given by a significant other, e.g. teacher,
parent or even peer.
19. The role of language.
• What does language mean to you?
• Technically speaking it can be phrased as a
shared set of dialogues between adult and child
(pre intellectual speech).
• Children eventually become more sophisticated
and converse between themselves as they
would with others, this skilled is named
representation.
20. The role of language cont..
• Do you speak to yourself out loud??
• (Ego-centric speech)
• Do you use your inner monologue??
• It is likely you engage more in the latter, a
skill we develop form about 6/7 years old.
• Vygotsky identified 4 cognitive
development in short….
21. The role of language cont..
• Pre intellectual (social speech 0-3)
• Egocentric speech (3-7) Language
controls behaviour.
• Inner Speech (7+) Language used as
communicative tool, also shapes thoughts.
• These distinct stages in concept formation
are linked with the following…
22. (ZPD) Zone of proximal
development??
• This is the distance between a child's
current and potential abilities.
• The assumption behind this theory is that
instruction is to stimulate those functions
which lie waiting in the ZPD.
• “What a child can do with help today, he
can do independently tomorrow”
23. Feed a man a fish feed him for a day, teach a
man to fish feed him for a lifetime!
• Learning initially occurs between people
but eventually becomes internalised..
• Think how much support you needed at
6yrs old…probably not as much now!!
24. Research to support Vygotsky.
• Wood et al (1976) Problem solving & working with mum. Most
successful strategy involved encouragement and specific
instructions (Hence using Scaffolding!)
• Shif (1935) children aged 7-8 to complete sentences that ended in
because or although- children coped better with scientific concepts
rather than everyday concepts.
• NcNaughton & leyland (1990) ZPD- Children worked with mum on
puzzles that got progressively more difficult, then on their own a
week later- greatest success was when with mum (i.e. Accessing
their potential, than on their own-current potential)
• Don’t forget the importance of interaction –(recall attachment!!)
children learn from the interaction, then on their own as Vygotsky
predicted.
25. Evaluation of Vygotsky.
× Little scientific evidence.
× Too much emphasis on social interaction.
However!
Bridges the gap between social and
cognitive approaches
Helps to understand how to actively help
learners reach their potential…it has more
educational application.
26. Piaget vs.Vygotsky.
Similarities &
Differences.
Jean Piaget Lev Vygotsky
Learning is… Solitary Social
What drives
development…
?
Maturation, conflict Enjoyment from others,
motivates more learning.
Role of language… Thought drives language Language drives thought
Role of biology… Maturation dictates pace of
cognitive development
Elementary functions are
innate.
Child is active… Child actively organises
cognitive schemas to
maintain equilibrium.
Child is active in providing
feedback to the
parent/instructor.
27. Putting it all together…
• Vygotsky believed in power of the community,
Piaget was a product of individualist society.
• Piagets child: Introvert
• Vygotsky Child: Extrovert.
• But both place cognition at the centre of learning
not unlike Pavlov/Freud) & both see the complex
interactionist character of development-I.e.
Everyone is different.
28. Applying the theories to
education...Piaget.
• Readiness-Child needs to be ready & have
reached a level of maturation before others skills
can be gained.
• Discovery Learning-Activities planned to allow
learners to experience assimilate and
accommodate language thus allowing them to
discover themselves.
• Role of teacher- To act as facilitator not
instructor.
29. Applying the theories to
education...Vygotsky.
• Learning as collaboration- Learning together rather
than individuals...promotes critical thinking & interest.
• Zone of proximal Development (ZPD)- MKO- more
knowledgeable other i.e. teacher or friend. ZPD
encompasses the tasks that learners cannot perform on
their own but can with help form the MKO.
• Scaffolding- Begin with full support, gradually remove
support as abilities and confidence increase.