The document discusses ectopic pregnancy, which occurs when a fertilized egg implants and grows outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tubes. It notes that ectopic pregnancies have increased in incidence due to factors like PID, IUD use, and ART. The document covers the signs, symptoms, risk factors, diagnosis, and management of ectopic pregnancies. It emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and treatment to prevent life-threatening tubal rupture.
An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside of the uterus, usually in the fallopian tubes. Symptoms include vaginal bleeding, abdominal pain, and amenorrhea. Diagnosis is confirmed through beta-hCG blood tests and ultrasound imaging showing no intrauterine pregnancy. Treatment depends on factors like rupture and includes emergency surgery, medical management with methotrexate, or expectant management for very low beta-hCG levels.
The document discusses fetal malpresentation and malposition, which refer to abnormal positions of the fetus in the uterus. It describes different types of malpresentation including breech, transverse lie, brow, face, and sinciput presentations. It also discusses fetal malpositions including occipitoposterior and occipitotransverse positions. Diagnosis and management approaches are outlined for each type as well as nursing care considerations.
PPH.Presented by
Ahmed Mukhtar Ali Mohammed
M.B.B.Ch., M.Sc Obstetrics and GynecologyAssistante lecturer of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University
This document discusses obstructed labor and uterine rupture. It defines obstructed labor as failure of fetal descent in the birth canal due to mechanical reasons despite contractions. Obstructed labor is caused by factors like contracted pelvis, malpresentations, or large baby size. Clinical presentation includes prolonged labor, fever, and abdominal tenderness in uterine rupture. Management involves resuscitation, antibiotics, and relieving obstruction through episiotomy, instruments, cesarean, or destructive operations depending on factors like fetal status and cervical dilation. Complications can include uterine rupture, fistula, sepsis and death if not properly managed. Prevention relies on good obstetric services and risk assessment.
This document discusses the mechanisms and management of labor. It defines labor as the process by which the fetus is expelled from the uterus through contractions and cervical change. Full term pregnancy is considered 40 weeks. Labor physiology involves regular uterine contractions mediated by hormones as the myometrium has sparse innervation. The regulation of labor involves four phases with phase 0 keeping the uterus quiet and phase 3 involving uterine involution. For successful vaginal delivery, three factors must be considered - the power (contractions), passage (maternal pelvis), and passenger (fetus). Fetal presentation, lie, position and station can influence whether vaginal delivery is possible.
1) Cephalo-pelvic disproportion (CPD) occurs when the fetal head is too large to fit through the mother's pelvis, while a contracted pelvis has diameters smaller than normal.
2) Causes of contracted pelvis include nutritional deficiencies, injuries, diseases, and developmental defects. Contracted pelvises are classified based on architecture (e.g. flat) and degree of contraction.
3) Diagnosis involves history, examination, and pelvimetry. Management depends on degree of disproportion, and may include induction, trial of labor, or cesarean section. Complications can arise from prolonged labor. Close monitoring is needed during labor for those with CPD or contracted pel
Prolonged labour – cpd, fetal malposition andArsenic Halcyon
1) Prolonged labor is defined as labor exceeding 18 hours for the first and second stages combined. It can be caused by cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD) where the fetal head is too large for the maternal pelvis.
2) CPD can be absolute due to a permanently contracted pelvis or relative due to fetal malpositions or malpresentations. Management depends on the degree of disproportion and may include a trial of labor or cesarean section.
3) Careful monitoring during labor is important when there is suspected CPD to detect complications early and intervene if needed to deliver the baby safely.
An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside of the uterus, usually in the fallopian tubes. Symptoms include vaginal bleeding, abdominal pain, and amenorrhea. Diagnosis is confirmed through beta-hCG blood tests and ultrasound imaging showing no intrauterine pregnancy. Treatment depends on factors like rupture and includes emergency surgery, medical management with methotrexate, or expectant management for very low beta-hCG levels.
The document discusses fetal malpresentation and malposition, which refer to abnormal positions of the fetus in the uterus. It describes different types of malpresentation including breech, transverse lie, brow, face, and sinciput presentations. It also discusses fetal malpositions including occipitoposterior and occipitotransverse positions. Diagnosis and management approaches are outlined for each type as well as nursing care considerations.
PPH.Presented by
Ahmed Mukhtar Ali Mohammed
M.B.B.Ch., M.Sc Obstetrics and GynecologyAssistante lecturer of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University
This document discusses obstructed labor and uterine rupture. It defines obstructed labor as failure of fetal descent in the birth canal due to mechanical reasons despite contractions. Obstructed labor is caused by factors like contracted pelvis, malpresentations, or large baby size. Clinical presentation includes prolonged labor, fever, and abdominal tenderness in uterine rupture. Management involves resuscitation, antibiotics, and relieving obstruction through episiotomy, instruments, cesarean, or destructive operations depending on factors like fetal status and cervical dilation. Complications can include uterine rupture, fistula, sepsis and death if not properly managed. Prevention relies on good obstetric services and risk assessment.
This document discusses the mechanisms and management of labor. It defines labor as the process by which the fetus is expelled from the uterus through contractions and cervical change. Full term pregnancy is considered 40 weeks. Labor physiology involves regular uterine contractions mediated by hormones as the myometrium has sparse innervation. The regulation of labor involves four phases with phase 0 keeping the uterus quiet and phase 3 involving uterine involution. For successful vaginal delivery, three factors must be considered - the power (contractions), passage (maternal pelvis), and passenger (fetus). Fetal presentation, lie, position and station can influence whether vaginal delivery is possible.
1) Cephalo-pelvic disproportion (CPD) occurs when the fetal head is too large to fit through the mother's pelvis, while a contracted pelvis has diameters smaller than normal.
2) Causes of contracted pelvis include nutritional deficiencies, injuries, diseases, and developmental defects. Contracted pelvises are classified based on architecture (e.g. flat) and degree of contraction.
3) Diagnosis involves history, examination, and pelvimetry. Management depends on degree of disproportion, and may include induction, trial of labor, or cesarean section. Complications can arise from prolonged labor. Close monitoring is needed during labor for those with CPD or contracted pel
Prolonged labour – cpd, fetal malposition andArsenic Halcyon
1) Prolonged labor is defined as labor exceeding 18 hours for the first and second stages combined. It can be caused by cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD) where the fetal head is too large for the maternal pelvis.
2) CPD can be absolute due to a permanently contracted pelvis or relative due to fetal malpositions or malpresentations. Management depends on the degree of disproportion and may include a trial of labor or cesarean section.
3) Careful monitoring during labor is important when there is suspected CPD to detect complications early and intervene if needed to deliver the baby safely.
This document discusses breech presentation during childbirth. It begins by defining breech presentation and discussing its incidence. It then covers the varieties of breech presentation, etiology, diagnosis, positions, and the mechanism and prognosis of vaginal breech delivery. The remainder of the document provides details on the antenatal management, management of labor, and management of complicated breech deliveries. It emphasizes the importance of skilled delivery for breech presentations.
Umbilical cord prolapse is a serious obstetric emergency where the umbilical cord precedes the fetus through the birth canal. It can be diagnosed by feeling the cord or detecting fetal heart abnormalities. Management involves manually lifting the presenting part off the cord, placing the mother in a position to relieve pressure on the cord, considering tocolysis to stop contractions, and delivering via the fastest route, typically an emergency c-section.
Support the baby’s back with one hand
Apply pressure over the sacrum with other
hand to flex the head
Obstetrician:
Apply pressure over the fetal abdomen to
flex the head
Rotate the shoulders anteriorly
Apply gentle traction to deliver anterior
shoulder
Rotate the trunk posteriorly to deliver
posterior shoulder
Apply gentle traction and pressure over
the abdomen to deliver the head in flexion
Resuscitation if required
Breech Extraction
Indications:
Cord prolapse
Extended legs
Arrest of descent
A contracted pelvis is one where the pelvic diameters are reduced below normal limits, potentially interfering with labor. Causes include developmental factors, malnutrition, trauma, and diseases affecting the bones. Diagnosis involves history, examination assessing pelvic and spinal abnormalities, and pelvimetry to measure diameters. In labor, the fetus's head may pass through a contracted pelvis via molding, asynclitic descent, or an altered rotation pattern depending on the type of contraction. Management ranges from a trial of vaginal delivery for minor issues to cesarean section for more severe disproportion.
This document provides an overview of obstructed labor, including its definition, epidemiology, causes, clinical features, and management. Obstructed labor is defined as the failure of the fetus to descend through the birth canal due to an obstruction, and is one of the leading causes of maternal mortality worldwide, responsible for about 8% of maternal deaths. It is most commonly caused by a contracted pelvis, cephalopelvic disproportion, or large fetal size. Clinical features may include maternal exhaustion, dehydration, tachycardia, and foul-smelling breath. Management involves relieving the obstruction through measures such as assisted delivery or cesarean section to prevent complications for both mother and baby.
The document discusses various types of abnormal and complicated deliveries including prolonged labor, malpresentations of the baby, multiple pregnancies, and operative vaginal deliveries. Prolonged labor can be caused by factors like inadequate contractions, overdistention of the uterus, an unfavorable baby position, or a small pelvis. Malpresentations occur when the baby is not head down and include breech, face, brow, transverse lie, and occiput posterior positions. Multiple pregnancies commonly refer to twins but can also include triplets. Operative vaginal deliveries like forceps and vacuum extraction are sometimes needed to assist delivery when spontaneous vaginal birth is not possible due to issues like fetal distress, maternal exhaustion
Obstructed labor occurs when the fetal presenting part fails to descend through the birth canal despite adequate uterine contractions, due to mechanical obstruction. Risk factors include malnutrition, previous C-section or prolonged labor, and young maternal age. Causes can be faults in the passage, such as a contracted pelvis, or faults in the passenger, like abnormal fetal positioning. Complications for both mother and baby include exhaustion, fistulas, infection, and perinatal death. Prevention focuses on antenatal screening and timely intervention during labor showing lack of progress. Treatment aims to relieve the obstruction through procedures like C-section, instrumental delivery, or rarely symphysiotomy.
This document discusses various abnormalities that can occur during labour and delivery, categorized as abnormalities of the power (uterine contractility), abnormalities involving the passenger (fetus), or abnormalities of the passage (pelvis). It provides details on specific issues like uterine dysfunction, fetopelvic disproportion, abnormal fetal presentations (breech, transverse lie), prolapsed umbilical cord, and shoulder dystocia. Management strategies are discussed for each abnormality, including oxytocin use, operative vaginal delivery, and Caesarean section when appropriate. The goal is to identify abnormalities early to guide management and prevent adverse maternal-fetal outcomes from difficult labor.
The document provides an outline and overview of a presentation on the management of abnormal labor and the partograph. It discusses the definition of normal and abnormal labor and various etiologies of abnormal labor including abnormal patterns of labor, abnormalities of the birth canal or passenger, and abnormalities of uterine power. It describes specific abnormal patterns like prolonged latent phase, protraction disorders, arrest disorders, and precipitate labor. It also discusses evaluating and managing different abnormalities of the birth canal, passenger (fetus), and uterine contractions. The last section introduces the topic of the partograph for monitoring labor.
This document discusses abnormal labour, defined as failure to meet defined milestones and time limits for normal labour. It can be caused by issues with uterine contractions (power), the birth canal (passages), or the fetus (passenger). Types of abnormal labour include slow progress/protraction disorders, arrest of progress/arrest disorders, and precipitate labour. Management involves assessing for causes, supporting labour through hydration and pain relief, and potentially augmenting contractions, assisting delivery, or performing a caesarean section if needed for fetal wellbeing. Complications of abnormal labour include increased risk of cesarean, fetal distress, and postpartum hemorrhage.
This presentation discusses prolonged labor, which occurs when labor lasts over 20 hours for first-time mothers or 14 hours for women who have given birth before. Prolonged labor can happen in the latent or active phases of the first stage, or the second stage. Causes include problems with uterine contractions, the birth canal, or the baby. Prolonged labor can endanger the baby through hypoxia or infection and endanger the mother through hemorrhage, trauma, or infection. Management involves identifying the cause, monitoring for effects, and treating any issues through techniques like amniotomy, oxytocin infusion, pain relief, or cesarean delivery if needed to deliver the baby safely.
The document discusses uterine contractions during labor and delivery. It defines the normal frequency and intensity of contractions. It describes two pacemakers in the uterus that generate contractions and the normal basal tone and peak pressure of contractions. It then discusses different abnormalities that can occur with contractions, including abnormal polarity, hypertonic dysfunction, precipitate labor in the absence of obstruction, tonic contractions and Bandl's ring in the presence of obstruction, hypotonic dysfunction/uterine inertia, contraction rings, and cervical dystocia. It provides details on each abnormality, their causes, and methods of management.
Induction, augmentation and trial of laborNisha Ghimire
The document discusses induction of labor, including definitions, methods, and indications. It describes the three main methods of induction - medical, surgical, and combined. The medical method involves prostaglandins like misoprostol and oxytocin to induce contractions. The surgical method is artificial rupture of membranes. The combined method uses both medical induction and rupture of membranes. Some common indications for induction include post-term pregnancy, preeclampsia, and fetal growth restriction. Risks of induction include uterine hyperstimulation and failed induction requiring c-section. Strict monitoring is important during any induction procedure.
An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside of the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tubes. Risk factors include previous pelvic inflammatory disease, pelvic surgery, or an intrauterine device. Without treatment, a tubal pregnancy risks rupturing the fallopian tube due to the limited space for growth. Diagnosis involves a pregnancy test and ultrasound, while treatment focuses on resolving the ectopic pregnancy through medication or surgery to avoid life-threatening bleeding. Rare sites of ectopic implantation include the ovaries, cervix, or peritoneal cavity.
Presented by:
Ahmad mukhtar
MD.,M.B.B.Ch., M.Sc Obstetrics and GynecologyConsultant and Lecturer of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of
MEDICINE, Zagazig University.
1) Antepartum haemorrhage is defined as bleeding from or into the genital tract after 28 weeks of pregnancy but before birth. Placenta praevia and abruption placentae are two common causes.
2) Placenta praevia occurs when the placenta implants partially or fully in the lower uterine segment. It can cause painless vaginal bleeding and is diagnosed using ultrasound.
3) Abruption placentae is the premature separation of a normally implanted placenta and can cause abdominal pain with concealed or mixed internal and external bleeding. It is commonly associated with preeclampsia.
The document discusses various types of abnormal uterine action during labor including inefficient contractions, hyperactive contractions, and abnormal patterns of contraction. Specific conditions like uterine inertia, hypertonic uterus, constriction rings, and cervical dystocia are described along with their causes, clinical features, and management. Overall the document provides an overview of deviations from normal uterine function during labor and delivery.
This document provides information on breech presentation and delivery. It defines breech presentation as when the fetus is in longitudinal lie and its buttocks enter the pelvis first. It discusses the types of breech presentations including frank, complete, and incomplete breech. It describes the mechanisms, risks, and methods of both vaginal and cesarean breech deliveries. Key points include that vaginal breech delivery can be attempted for selected cases using techniques like partial or total breech extraction, but cesarean section is recommended when there are risk factors like a large fetus or unfavorable pelvis. Both maternal and neonatal risks are outlined.
This document discusses congenital inguinal hernia and hydrocele. It notes that a congenital inguinal hernia occurs when the processus vaginalis fails to close after testicular descent in fetal development, allowing abdominal contents to enter the scrotum. It has a high rate in premature infants and is more common in males. A hydrocele occurs when the processus vaginalis remains fluid-filled but no abdominal contents enter. Both often resolve spontaneously in infants but may require surgery if persisting past 2 years. The hernia repair procedure involves high ligation of the hernia sac at the internal ring through an inguinal incision.
This document discusses congenital inguinal hernia and hydrocele. It notes that congenital inguinal hernia is caused by the continued patency of the processus vaginalis after birth, which allows intra-abdominal structures to descend into the scrotum. Congenital hydrocele involves a narrow sac within the processus vaginalis that contains fluid but no structures. The document provides details on the causes, clinical presentation, management including surgical repair, and complications of each condition.
An obstetrical emergency is a suddenly developing life-threatening condition related to pregnancy or delivery that requires urgent medical intervention to prevent maternal death. Common emergencies include hemorrhage, hypertensive disorders, abdominal issues, umbilical cord prolapse, shoulder dystocia, amniotic fluid embolism, and postpartum psychosis. Prompt recognition and treatment are essential to prevent maternal mortality from conditions like ruptured uterus, preeclampsia, eclampsia, and excessive bleeding.
This document discusses breech presentation during childbirth. It begins by defining breech presentation and discussing its incidence. It then covers the varieties of breech presentation, etiology, diagnosis, positions, and the mechanism and prognosis of vaginal breech delivery. The remainder of the document provides details on the antenatal management, management of labor, and management of complicated breech deliveries. It emphasizes the importance of skilled delivery for breech presentations.
Umbilical cord prolapse is a serious obstetric emergency where the umbilical cord precedes the fetus through the birth canal. It can be diagnosed by feeling the cord or detecting fetal heart abnormalities. Management involves manually lifting the presenting part off the cord, placing the mother in a position to relieve pressure on the cord, considering tocolysis to stop contractions, and delivering via the fastest route, typically an emergency c-section.
Support the baby’s back with one hand
Apply pressure over the sacrum with other
hand to flex the head
Obstetrician:
Apply pressure over the fetal abdomen to
flex the head
Rotate the shoulders anteriorly
Apply gentle traction to deliver anterior
shoulder
Rotate the trunk posteriorly to deliver
posterior shoulder
Apply gentle traction and pressure over
the abdomen to deliver the head in flexion
Resuscitation if required
Breech Extraction
Indications:
Cord prolapse
Extended legs
Arrest of descent
A contracted pelvis is one where the pelvic diameters are reduced below normal limits, potentially interfering with labor. Causes include developmental factors, malnutrition, trauma, and diseases affecting the bones. Diagnosis involves history, examination assessing pelvic and spinal abnormalities, and pelvimetry to measure diameters. In labor, the fetus's head may pass through a contracted pelvis via molding, asynclitic descent, or an altered rotation pattern depending on the type of contraction. Management ranges from a trial of vaginal delivery for minor issues to cesarean section for more severe disproportion.
This document provides an overview of obstructed labor, including its definition, epidemiology, causes, clinical features, and management. Obstructed labor is defined as the failure of the fetus to descend through the birth canal due to an obstruction, and is one of the leading causes of maternal mortality worldwide, responsible for about 8% of maternal deaths. It is most commonly caused by a contracted pelvis, cephalopelvic disproportion, or large fetal size. Clinical features may include maternal exhaustion, dehydration, tachycardia, and foul-smelling breath. Management involves relieving the obstruction through measures such as assisted delivery or cesarean section to prevent complications for both mother and baby.
The document discusses various types of abnormal and complicated deliveries including prolonged labor, malpresentations of the baby, multiple pregnancies, and operative vaginal deliveries. Prolonged labor can be caused by factors like inadequate contractions, overdistention of the uterus, an unfavorable baby position, or a small pelvis. Malpresentations occur when the baby is not head down and include breech, face, brow, transverse lie, and occiput posterior positions. Multiple pregnancies commonly refer to twins but can also include triplets. Operative vaginal deliveries like forceps and vacuum extraction are sometimes needed to assist delivery when spontaneous vaginal birth is not possible due to issues like fetal distress, maternal exhaustion
Obstructed labor occurs when the fetal presenting part fails to descend through the birth canal despite adequate uterine contractions, due to mechanical obstruction. Risk factors include malnutrition, previous C-section or prolonged labor, and young maternal age. Causes can be faults in the passage, such as a contracted pelvis, or faults in the passenger, like abnormal fetal positioning. Complications for both mother and baby include exhaustion, fistulas, infection, and perinatal death. Prevention focuses on antenatal screening and timely intervention during labor showing lack of progress. Treatment aims to relieve the obstruction through procedures like C-section, instrumental delivery, or rarely symphysiotomy.
This document discusses various abnormalities that can occur during labour and delivery, categorized as abnormalities of the power (uterine contractility), abnormalities involving the passenger (fetus), or abnormalities of the passage (pelvis). It provides details on specific issues like uterine dysfunction, fetopelvic disproportion, abnormal fetal presentations (breech, transverse lie), prolapsed umbilical cord, and shoulder dystocia. Management strategies are discussed for each abnormality, including oxytocin use, operative vaginal delivery, and Caesarean section when appropriate. The goal is to identify abnormalities early to guide management and prevent adverse maternal-fetal outcomes from difficult labor.
The document provides an outline and overview of a presentation on the management of abnormal labor and the partograph. It discusses the definition of normal and abnormal labor and various etiologies of abnormal labor including abnormal patterns of labor, abnormalities of the birth canal or passenger, and abnormalities of uterine power. It describes specific abnormal patterns like prolonged latent phase, protraction disorders, arrest disorders, and precipitate labor. It also discusses evaluating and managing different abnormalities of the birth canal, passenger (fetus), and uterine contractions. The last section introduces the topic of the partograph for monitoring labor.
This document discusses abnormal labour, defined as failure to meet defined milestones and time limits for normal labour. It can be caused by issues with uterine contractions (power), the birth canal (passages), or the fetus (passenger). Types of abnormal labour include slow progress/protraction disorders, arrest of progress/arrest disorders, and precipitate labour. Management involves assessing for causes, supporting labour through hydration and pain relief, and potentially augmenting contractions, assisting delivery, or performing a caesarean section if needed for fetal wellbeing. Complications of abnormal labour include increased risk of cesarean, fetal distress, and postpartum hemorrhage.
This presentation discusses prolonged labor, which occurs when labor lasts over 20 hours for first-time mothers or 14 hours for women who have given birth before. Prolonged labor can happen in the latent or active phases of the first stage, or the second stage. Causes include problems with uterine contractions, the birth canal, or the baby. Prolonged labor can endanger the baby through hypoxia or infection and endanger the mother through hemorrhage, trauma, or infection. Management involves identifying the cause, monitoring for effects, and treating any issues through techniques like amniotomy, oxytocin infusion, pain relief, or cesarean delivery if needed to deliver the baby safely.
The document discusses uterine contractions during labor and delivery. It defines the normal frequency and intensity of contractions. It describes two pacemakers in the uterus that generate contractions and the normal basal tone and peak pressure of contractions. It then discusses different abnormalities that can occur with contractions, including abnormal polarity, hypertonic dysfunction, precipitate labor in the absence of obstruction, tonic contractions and Bandl's ring in the presence of obstruction, hypotonic dysfunction/uterine inertia, contraction rings, and cervical dystocia. It provides details on each abnormality, their causes, and methods of management.
Induction, augmentation and trial of laborNisha Ghimire
The document discusses induction of labor, including definitions, methods, and indications. It describes the three main methods of induction - medical, surgical, and combined. The medical method involves prostaglandins like misoprostol and oxytocin to induce contractions. The surgical method is artificial rupture of membranes. The combined method uses both medical induction and rupture of membranes. Some common indications for induction include post-term pregnancy, preeclampsia, and fetal growth restriction. Risks of induction include uterine hyperstimulation and failed induction requiring c-section. Strict monitoring is important during any induction procedure.
An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside of the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tubes. Risk factors include previous pelvic inflammatory disease, pelvic surgery, or an intrauterine device. Without treatment, a tubal pregnancy risks rupturing the fallopian tube due to the limited space for growth. Diagnosis involves a pregnancy test and ultrasound, while treatment focuses on resolving the ectopic pregnancy through medication or surgery to avoid life-threatening bleeding. Rare sites of ectopic implantation include the ovaries, cervix, or peritoneal cavity.
Presented by:
Ahmad mukhtar
MD.,M.B.B.Ch., M.Sc Obstetrics and GynecologyConsultant and Lecturer of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of
MEDICINE, Zagazig University.
1) Antepartum haemorrhage is defined as bleeding from or into the genital tract after 28 weeks of pregnancy but before birth. Placenta praevia and abruption placentae are two common causes.
2) Placenta praevia occurs when the placenta implants partially or fully in the lower uterine segment. It can cause painless vaginal bleeding and is diagnosed using ultrasound.
3) Abruption placentae is the premature separation of a normally implanted placenta and can cause abdominal pain with concealed or mixed internal and external bleeding. It is commonly associated with preeclampsia.
The document discusses various types of abnormal uterine action during labor including inefficient contractions, hyperactive contractions, and abnormal patterns of contraction. Specific conditions like uterine inertia, hypertonic uterus, constriction rings, and cervical dystocia are described along with their causes, clinical features, and management. Overall the document provides an overview of deviations from normal uterine function during labor and delivery.
This document provides information on breech presentation and delivery. It defines breech presentation as when the fetus is in longitudinal lie and its buttocks enter the pelvis first. It discusses the types of breech presentations including frank, complete, and incomplete breech. It describes the mechanisms, risks, and methods of both vaginal and cesarean breech deliveries. Key points include that vaginal breech delivery can be attempted for selected cases using techniques like partial or total breech extraction, but cesarean section is recommended when there are risk factors like a large fetus or unfavorable pelvis. Both maternal and neonatal risks are outlined.
This document discusses congenital inguinal hernia and hydrocele. It notes that a congenital inguinal hernia occurs when the processus vaginalis fails to close after testicular descent in fetal development, allowing abdominal contents to enter the scrotum. It has a high rate in premature infants and is more common in males. A hydrocele occurs when the processus vaginalis remains fluid-filled but no abdominal contents enter. Both often resolve spontaneously in infants but may require surgery if persisting past 2 years. The hernia repair procedure involves high ligation of the hernia sac at the internal ring through an inguinal incision.
This document discusses congenital inguinal hernia and hydrocele. It notes that congenital inguinal hernia is caused by the continued patency of the processus vaginalis after birth, which allows intra-abdominal structures to descend into the scrotum. Congenital hydrocele involves a narrow sac within the processus vaginalis that contains fluid but no structures. The document provides details on the causes, clinical presentation, management including surgical repair, and complications of each condition.
An obstetrical emergency is a suddenly developing life-threatening condition related to pregnancy or delivery that requires urgent medical intervention to prevent maternal death. Common emergencies include hemorrhage, hypertensive disorders, abdominal issues, umbilical cord prolapse, shoulder dystocia, amniotic fluid embolism, and postpartum psychosis. Prompt recognition and treatment are essential to prevent maternal mortality from conditions like ruptured uterus, preeclampsia, eclampsia, and excessive bleeding.
An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside of the uterus, usually in the fallopian tubes. This represents a serious health risk and requires prompt medical intervention. Symptoms include missed period, vaginal bleeding, and abdominal pain. A diagnosis is suspected based on risk factors and symptoms and is confirmed through beta-hCG testing and ultrasound exam when no intrauterine pregnancy is found. Treatment depends on whether the ectopic pregnancy has ruptured and ranges from emergency surgery to medication or expectant management of unruptured ectopic pregnancies.
An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside of the uterus, usually in the fallopian tubes. This represents a serious health risk and requires prompt medical intervention. Symptoms include missed period, vaginal bleeding, and abdominal pain. A diagnosis is suspected based on risk factors and symptoms and is confirmed through beta-hCG testing and ultrasound exam when no intrauterine pregnancy is found. Treatment depends on whether the ectopic pregnancy has ruptured and ranges from emergency surgery to medication or expectant management of unruptured ectopic pregnancies.
Ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants and grows outside of the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tubes. It is a serious condition that can cause life-threatening bleeding. Symptoms include missed period, abdominal pain, and vaginal bleeding. Diagnosis is confirmed through blood tests of beta-hCG and progesterone levels, ultrasound showing empty uterus, and sometimes laparoscopy. Treatment depends on severity but may include medication, surgery, or in rare cases expectant management.
This document discusses early pregnancy complications, specifically ectopic pregnancy. It defines ectopic pregnancy as any pregnancy implanted outside the uterine cavity, most commonly in the fallopian tubes. Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy include infections, prior surgery, infertility treatments and IUD use. Diagnosis involves transvaginal ultrasound, beta-HCG levels, and sometimes laparoscopy. Treatment options include expectant management, surgery (laparotomy or laparoscopy) or medical management with methotrexate. The success of methotrexate treatment depends on factors like beta-HCG levels and mass size. Close surveillance of beta-HCG levels is required after any treatment.
This document provides information about endometriosis. It defines endometriosis as the presence of endometrial-like tissue outside the uterus, most often found in the ovaries and pelvis, which induces chronic inflammation. Some key points include:
- Endometriosis is most common in women of reproductive age.
- The exact etiology is unknown but theories include retrograde menstruation, coelomic metaplasia, lymphatic or hematogenous spread, and direct transplantation from tissue trauma or surgery.
- Risk factors include infertility, early menarche, shorter menstrual cycles, and nulliparity.
- Symptoms include pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, dys
This document discusses hydatidiform mole, a rare abnormal pregnancy where the placenta develops abnormally. There are two types - complete and partial mole. Complete mole occurs when the placenta grows abnormally but there is no fetus. Partial mole occurs when both normal and abnormal placental tissue develops along with a non-viable fetus. Symptoms include vaginal bleeding, nausea, vomiting and rapid uterine growth. Diagnosis involves ultrasound, blood tests and tissue examination. Treatment is usually surgical evacuation of the uterus. Follow up is needed to monitor for complications like hemorrhage and ensure no remaining molar tissue.
This document discusses hydatidiform mole, a rare abnormal pregnancy characterized by an abnormal placenta. There are two types - complete and partial mole. Complete mole has no fetal tissue and an enlarged uterus, while partial mole has some normal placental tissue and a non-viable fetus. Risk factors include maternal age and previous molar pregnancy. Symptoms include vaginal bleeding, nausea, and rapid uterine growth. Diagnosis involves ultrasound, HCG levels, and histological examination of tissue. Treatment is usually suction evacuation of the uterus, with follow up to monitor for complications like hemorrhage and sepsis.
This document discusses hydatidiform mole, a rare abnormal pregnancy where the placenta develops abnormally. There are two types - complete and partial mole. Complete mole occurs when the placenta grows abnormally but there is no fetus. Partial mole occurs when both abnormal and normal placental tissue develops along with a non-viable fetus. Symptoms include vaginal bleeding, nausea, vomiting and rapid uterine growth. Diagnosis involves ultrasound, blood tests and tissue examination. Treatment is usually surgical evacuation of the uterus. Follow up is needed to monitor for complications like hemorrhage and ensure no remaining molar tissue.
This document discusses ectopic pregnancy, which occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, usually in a fallopian tube. It presents risks to a woman's health. Ectopic pregnancies are often caused by factors that delay the transit of the fertilized egg through the fallopian tubes. Diagnosis can be made through a combination of clinical history, examination, and investigations like ultrasound and blood tests. Early diagnosis through increased awareness and diagnostic tests has lowered the risks associated with ectopic pregnancies.
This document discusses breech presentation and its management. It provides information on the types, causes, diagnosis, complications and modes of delivery for breech babies. The main points are:
1. Breech presentation occurs in 3-4% of term births and can be complete, incomplete or footling. Ultrasound and vaginal exams are used to diagnose the type of breech.
2. Risks to the baby include birth injuries, asphyxia and increased risk of malformations. Risks to the mother include lacerations and postpartum hemorrhage.
3. Management options are vaginal delivery with assistance or cesarean section depending on the presentation, pelvis size and
Antepartum hemorrhage (APH) is bleeding from or within the genital tract after 24 weeks of gestation. The most common causes are placenta previa and abruptio placentae. Placenta previa is the implantation of the placenta in the lower uterine segment, often causing painless bleeding. Abruptio placentae is the premature separation of a normally implanted placenta, which can cause abdominal pain, shock, and fetal distress. Diagnosis involves history, examination, ultrasound, and tests. Conservative management is used for mild cases while termination is indicated for heavy bleeding, fetal distress, or gestational age of 37 weeks or more. Close monitoring during hospitalization and until
This document discusses genital prolapse, defined as the protrusion of a pelvic organ beyond normal anatomical boundaries. It describes the three main types - uterine, vaginal, and vault prolapse. Risk factors include congenital weakness, childbirth injuries, and menopause. Symptoms include feeling of something coming down and bearing down. Examination is done with the patient in lateral or Sims position while bearing down or coughing. Treatment options discussed are pessary use and surgery. Pessaries can be used during pregnancy, as a test for surgery, or for symptomatic relief in unfit patients.
This document provides information about ectopic pregnancies, including:
- Ectopic pregnancies occur when a fertilized egg implants outside of the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tubes.
- Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy include previous tubal surgery, infertility, sexually transmitted infections, IUD use, smoking, and more.
- Symptoms often include abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, and a missed period. Diagnosis involves ultrasound examination, hCG level testing, and sometimes culdocentesis.
- Treatment options are medical management using methotrexate or surgical intervention like laparoscopy or laparotomy. The type of ectopic pregnancy such as tubal, cervical, or heter
Ahmad mukhtar
MD.,M.B.B.Ch., M.Sc Obstetrics and GynecologyConsultant and Lecturer of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of
MEDICINE, Zagazig University.
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Dr. Sourav Chowdhury provides a detailed overview of ectopic pregnancy in 3 paragraphs. He begins by defining ectopic pregnancy as implantation of a fertilized egg outside the uterine cavity, noting it poses serious health risks. He then discusses the various sites of implantation and causes of ectopic pregnancy, including pelvic inflammatory disease, previous tubal surgery or infertility treatments. Diagnosis involves ultrasound, beta-HCG levels, laparoscopy and considering differential diagnoses. Treatment depends on stability and includes expectant management, medical management with methotrexate or surgical options like salpingostomy or salpingectomy.
Dr. Sourav Chowdhury provides a detailed overview of ectopic pregnancy in 3 pages of text. Some key points:
- An ectopic pregnancy is when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tubes.
- Risk factors include previous pelvic inflammatory disease, tubal surgery or infertility treatments. The most common site is the fallopian tube (95-96% of cases).
- Clinical signs can range from asymptomatic to acute abdominal pain and bleeding. Diagnosis involves transvaginal ultrasound, serum hCG levels and laparoscopy.
- Treatment depends on stability but may include expectant management, systemic or local methotrexate, or surgical
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2. DEFINITIONDEFINITION
““Any pregnancy where the fertilised ovumAny pregnancy where the fertilised ovum
gets implanted & develops in a site othergets implanted & develops in a site other
than normal uterine cavity”.than normal uterine cavity”.
It represents a serious hazard to a woman’sIt represents a serious hazard to a woman’s
health and reproductive potential, requiringhealth and reproductive potential, requiring
prompt recognition and early aggressiveprompt recognition and early aggressive
interventionintervention..
3. Is one in which fertilized ovum is implanted &
develops outside normal uterine cavity
6. INCIDENCEINCIDENCE
• Increased due to PID, use of IUCD, TubalIncreased due to PID, use of IUCD, Tubal
surgeries, and Assisted reproductivesurgeries, and Assisted reproductive
techniques (ART).techniques (ART).
• Ranges from 1:25 to 1:250Ranges from 1:25 to 1:250
• Average range is 1 in 100 normalAverage range is 1 in 100 normal
pregnancies.pregnancies.
• Late marriages and late child bearing ->Late marriages and late child bearing ->
2%2%
• ART -> 5%ART -> 5%
• Recurrence rate - 15% after 1Recurrence rate - 15% after 1stst
, 25% after, 25% after
2 ectopics2 ectopics
7. ETIOLOGYETIOLOGY::
Any factor that causes delayed transportAny factor that causes delayed transport
of the fertilised ovum through the tube.of the fertilised ovum through the tube.
Fallopian tube favours implantation in theFallopian tube favours implantation in the
tubal mucosa itself thus giving rise to atubal mucosa itself thus giving rise to a
tubal ectopic pregnancy.tubal ectopic pregnancy.
These factors may beThese factors may be CongenitalCongenital oror
AcquiredAcquired..
8. ETIOLOGYETIOLOGY
CONGENITALCONGENITAL
• Tubal HypoplasiaTubal Hypoplasia
• TortuosityTortuosity
• Congenital diverticuliCongenital diverticuli
• Accessory ostiaAccessory ostia
• Partial stenosisPartial stenosis
• ElongationElongation
• Intamural polypIntamural polyp
• Entrap the ovum on its way.Entrap the ovum on its way.
9. ACQUIREDACQUIRED --
Pelvic Inflammatory disease (6-10 times)Pelvic Inflammatory disease (6-10 times)
Chlamydia trachomatis is most commonChlamydia trachomatis is most common
Contraceptive FaliureContraceptive Faliure
CuT - 4%CuT - 4%
Progestasart -17%Progestasart -17%
Minipills -4-10%Minipills -4-10%
Norplant -30%Norplant -30%
10. Tubal sterilization faliure -40%Tubal sterilization faliure -40%
Depends on sterilization technique and age ofDepends on sterilization technique and age of
the patientthe patient
Bipolar Cauterisation -65%Bipolar Cauterisation -65%
Unipolar Cautery -17%Unipolar Cautery -17%
Silicon rubber band -29%Silicon rubber band -29%
Interval Salpingectomy -43%Interval Salpingectomy -43%
Postpartum Salpingectomy -20%Postpartum Salpingectomy -20%
Reversal of sterilisationReversal of sterilisation
-- Depends on method of sterilization, Site ofDepends on method of sterilization, Site of
tubal occlusion, residual tubal length.tubal occlusion, residual tubal length.
- Reanastomosis of cauterised tube -15%- Reanastomosis of cauterised tube -15%
- Reversal of Pomeroy’s - < 3%- Reversal of Pomeroy’s - < 3%
11. Tubal reconstructive surgeryTubal reconstructive surgery (4-5 times)(4-5 times)
Assisted Reproductive techniqueAssisted Reproductive technique
-- Ovulation induction, IVF-ET and GIFT (4-7%)Ovulation induction, IVF-ET and GIFT (4-7%)
- Risk of heterotopic pregnancy(1%)- Risk of heterotopic pregnancy(1%)
Previous Ectopic PregnancyPrevious Ectopic Pregnancy
-- 7-15% chances of repeat ectopic pregnancy7-15% chances of repeat ectopic pregnancy
12. Other Risk factorsOther Risk factors
Age 35-45 yrsAge 35-45 yrs
Previous induced abortionPrevious induced abortion
Previous pelvic surgeriesPrevious pelvic surgeries
Cigarette smokingCigarette smoking
DES Exposure in UteroDES Exposure in Utero
InfertilityInfertility
Salpingitis Isthmica NodosaSalpingitis Isthmica Nodosa
Genital TuberculosisGenital Tuberculosis
Fundal Fibroid & Adenomyosis of tubeFundal Fibroid & Adenomyosis of tube
Transperitoneal migration of ovumTransperitoneal migration of ovum
13. Iffy hypothesisIffy hypothesis ––
““Theory of reflux” menstural fluid throw theTheory of reflux” menstural fluid throw the
fertilised ovum into the tubefertilised ovum into the tube
Factors facilitating nidation of ovum in tubeFactors facilitating nidation of ovum in tube::
- Premature degeneration of zona pellucida- Premature degeneration of zona pellucida
- Increased decidual reaction- Increased decidual reaction
- Tubal endometriosis- Tubal endometriosis
14. EvolutionEvolution
Tubal pregnancies rapidly invade theTubal pregnancies rapidly invade the
mucosa, feeding from the tubal vessels,mucosa, feeding from the tubal vessels,
which become enlarged and engorged. Thewhich become enlarged and engorged. The
segment of the affected tube is distendedsegment of the affected tube is distended
as the pregnancy grows. Possibleas the pregnancy grows. Possible
outcomes of such abnormal gestations areoutcomes of such abnormal gestations are
as follows:as follows:
15. The pregnancy is unable to survive owingThe pregnancy is unable to survive owing
to its poor blood supply, thus resulting in ato its poor blood supply, thus resulting in a
tubaltubal abortionabortion andand resorptionresorption, or it is, or it is
expelled from the fimbriated end into theexpelled from the fimbriated end into the
abdominal cavity.abdominal cavity.
The pregnancy continues to grow until theThe pregnancy continues to grow until the
overdistended tubeoverdistended tube rupturesruptures, with, with
resulting profuse intraperitoneal bleeding.resulting profuse intraperitoneal bleeding.
Isthmic – 6-8 wks, Ampullary – 8-12wks,Isthmic – 6-8 wks, Ampullary – 8-12wks,
Interstitial -4 monthsInterstitial -4 months
AbortionAbortion is common inis common in ampullaryampullary
pregnancies,pregnancies,whereaswhereas rupturerupture is inis in isthmic.isthmic.
16. In rare instances, a tubal pregnancy willIn rare instances, a tubal pregnancy will
be expelled from the tube and seed ontobe expelled from the tube and seed onto
sites in the abdominal cavity (e.g. thesites in the abdominal cavity (e.g. the
omentum, the small or large bowel, or theomentum, the small or large bowel, or the
parietal peritoneum), and gives rise to aparietal peritoneum), and gives rise to a
viableviable abdominal pregnancyabdominal pregnancy..
19. CLINICAL APPROACHCLINICAL APPROACH
Dignosis can be done by history, detail examinationDignosis can be done by history, detail examination
and judicious use of investigation.and judicious use of investigation.
H/o past PID, tubal surgery,current contraceptiveH/o past PID, tubal surgery,current contraceptive
measures should be askedmeasures should be asked
Wide spectrum of clinical presentation fromWide spectrum of clinical presentation from
asymtomatic pt to others with acute abdomen and inasymtomatic pt to others with acute abdomen and in
shock.shock.
20. ACUTE ECTOPIC PREGNANCYACUTE ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
Classical triadClassical triad is present in 50% of pt withis present in 50% of pt with
rupture ectopic.rupture ectopic.
-- PAIN:-PAIN:- most constant feature in 95% ptmost constant feature in 95% pt
- variable in severity and nature- variable in severity and nature
-- AMENORRHOEA:-AMENORRHOEA:- 60-80% of pt60-80% of pt
- there may be delayed period or slight- there may be delayed period or slight
spotting at the time of expected menses.spotting at the time of expected menses.
-- VAGINAL BLEEDING: -VAGINAL BLEEDING: - scanty dark brownscanty dark brown
Feeling of nausea,vomiting,fainting attack, syncopeFeeling of nausea,vomiting,fainting attack, syncope
attack(10%) due to reflex vasomotor disturbance.attack(10%) due to reflex vasomotor disturbance.
21. O/EO/E:-:- patient is restless in agony, looks blanched,patient is restless in agony, looks blanched,
pale, sweating with cold clammy skin.pale, sweating with cold clammy skin.
Features of shock, tachycardia, hypotension.Features of shock, tachycardia, hypotension.
P/A:P/A:-- abdomen tense, tender mostly in lowerabdomen tense, tender mostly in lower
abdomen,shifting dullness, rigidity may beabdomen,shifting dullness, rigidity may be
present.present.
P/S:-P/S:- minimal bleeding may be presentminimal bleeding may be present
P/V:-P/V:- uterus may be bulky, deviated to oppositeuterus may be bulky, deviated to opposite
side, fornix is tender, excitation pain onside, fornix is tender, excitation pain on
movement of cervix.movement of cervix.
POD may be full, uterus floats as if in water.POD may be full, uterus floats as if in water.
22. CHRONIC ECTOPIC PREGNANCYCHRONIC ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
It can be diagnosed by high clinical suspicion.It can be diagnosed by high clinical suspicion.
Patient had previous attack of acute pain fromPatient had previous attack of acute pain from
which she has recovered.which she has recovered.
She may have amenorrhoea, vaginal bleedingShe may have amenorrhoea, vaginal bleeding
with dull pain in abdomen,and with bladder andwith dull pain in abdomen,and with bladder and
bowel complaints like dysuria,frequency orbowel complaints like dysuria,frequency or
retention of urine, rectal tenesmus.retention of urine, rectal tenesmus.
23. O/E:-O/E:- patient look ill, varying degree of pallor,patient look ill, varying degree of pallor,
slightly raised temperature. Features of shockslightly raised temperature. Features of shock
are absent.are absent.
P/A:-P/A:- Tenderness and muscle guard on the lowerTenderness and muscle guard on the lower
abdomen.abdomen.
A mass may be felt, irregular and tender.A mass may be felt, irregular and tender.
P/V:-P/V:- Vaginal mucosa pale, uterus may be normalVaginal mucosa pale, uterus may be normal
in size or bulky, ill defined boggy tenderin size or bulky, ill defined boggy tender
mass may be felt in one of the fornix.mass may be felt in one of the fornix.
24. UNRUPTURED ECTOPICUNRUPTURED ECTOPIC
High degree of suspicion & ectopic consciousHigh degree of suspicion & ectopic conscious
clinician can diagnose.clinician can diagnose.
Diagnosed accidentally in Laparoscopy orDiagnosed accidentally in Laparoscopy or
LaparotomyLaparotomy
C/FC/F – delayed period, spotting with discomfort in– delayed period, spotting with discomfort in
lower abdomen.lower abdomen.
P/AP/A – tenderness in lower abdomen– tenderness in lower abdomen
P/VP/V – should be done gently– should be done gently
uterus is normal size, firmuterus is normal size, firm
small tender mass may be felt in the fornixsmall tender mass may be felt in the fornix
25.
26.
27. DIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS
““Pregnancy in the fallopian tube is a blackPregnancy in the fallopian tube is a black
cat on a dark night. It may make itscat on a dark night. It may make its
presence felt in subtle ways and leap at youpresence felt in subtle ways and leap at you
or it may slip past unobserved. Although it isor it may slip past unobserved. Although it is
difficult to distinguish from cats of otherdifficult to distinguish from cats of other
colours in darkness, illumination clearlycolours in darkness, illumination clearly
identifies it.”identifies it.”
--Mc. Fadyen - 1981--Mc. Fadyen - 1981
28. DIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS
In recent years, inspite of an increase in theIn recent years, inspite of an increase in the
incidence of ectopic pregnancy there has been aincidence of ectopic pregnancy there has been a
fall in the case fatality rate.fall in the case fatality rate.
This is due to the widespread introduction ofThis is due to the widespread introduction of
diagnostic tests and an increased awareness ofdiagnostic tests and an increased awareness of
the serious nature of this disease.the serious nature of this disease.
This has resulted in early diagnosis and effectiveThis has resulted in early diagnosis and effective
treatment.treatment.
Now the rate of tubal rupture is as low as 20%.Now the rate of tubal rupture is as low as 20%.
29. DIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS
Patient with acute ectopic can be diagnosed clinically.Patient with acute ectopic can be diagnosed clinically.
Blood should be drawn for Hb gm%, blood groupingBlood should be drawn for Hb gm%, blood grouping
and cross matching, DC and TWBC, BT, CT.and cross matching, DC and TWBC, BT, CT.
Should be catheterized to know urine output.Should be catheterized to know urine output.
Bed side testBed side test:-:-
1.1. Urine pregnancy testUrine pregnancy test:- positive in 95% cases.:- positive in 95% cases.
ELISA is sensitive to 10-50 mlU/ml ofELISA is sensitive to 10-50 mlU/ml of ββ hCG andhCG and
can be detected on 24can be detected on 24thth
day after LMP.day after LMP.
30. 2.2. CuldocentesisCuldocentesis:- (70-90%):- (70-90%)
- Can be done with 16-18 G lumbar- Can be done with 16-18 G lumbar
puncture needle through posterior fornixpuncture needle through posterior fornix
into POD.into POD.
- Positive tap is 0.5ml of non clotting blood.- Positive tap is 0.5ml of non clotting blood.
Other Investigations:-Other Investigations:-
1. Ultra Sonography-1. Ultra Sonography-
a)a) Transvaginal SonographyTransvaginal Sonography (TVS)(TVS)::
- Is more sensitive- Is more sensitive
- It detect intrauterine gestational sac at- It detect intrauterine gestational sac at
4-5wks and at S-4-5wks and at S-ββ hCG level as low as 1500hCG level as low as 1500
31. Endometrial cavityEndometrial cavity
-A trilaminar endometial pattern seen-A trilaminar endometial pattern seen
-pseudogestational sac-pseudogestational sac
-decidual cyst may be seen-decidual cyst may be seen
PSEUDOSAC –PSEUDOSAC – All pregnancies induce an endometrialAll pregnancies induce an endometrial
decidual reaction, and sloughing of the decidua candecidual reaction, and sloughing of the decidua can
create an intracavitary fluid collection called acreate an intracavitary fluid collection called a
pseudosacpseudosac
Early gestational sacEarly gestational sac PseudosacPseudosac
locationlocation below the midline echo along thebelow the midline echo along the
burried into endometium cavity line b/wburried into endometium cavity line b/w
endometrialendometrial
layerslayers
shapeshape usually round mayusually round may
change,oviodchange,oviod
bordersborders double ring single layerdouble ring single layer
32. DECIDUAL CYSTDECIDUAL CYST
It is identified as an anechoic area lying with in theIt is identified as an anechoic area lying with in the
endometrium but remote from the canal and often atendometrium but remote from the canal and often at
the endometrial-myometrial border.the endometrial-myometrial border.
AdenxaAdenxa
- 15-30% an extrauterine yolk sac or embryo seen- 15-30% an extrauterine yolk sac or embryo seen
in fallopian tubes confirms tubal pregnancy.in fallopian tubes confirms tubal pregnancy.
- A halo or tubal ring surrounded by a thin- A halo or tubal ring surrounded by a thin
hypoechoic area caused by subserosal edema can behypoechoic area caused by subserosal edema can be
seen.seen.
Rectouterine cul-de-sacRectouterine cul-de-sac
Free peritonial fluid with an adnexal massFree peritonial fluid with an adnexal mass
suggestive of ectopic pregnancysuggestive of ectopic pregnancy
33. b)b) Color Doppler Sonography(TV-CDS):Color Doppler Sonography(TV-CDS):
- Improve the accuracy.- Improve the accuracy.
-Identify the placental shape-Identify the placental shape (ring-(ring-
of-fire pattern)of-fire pattern) and blood flowand blood flow
outside the uterine cavity.outside the uterine cavity.
c)c) Transabdominal Sonography:Transabdominal Sonography:
- can identify gestational sac at 5-6 wks- can identify gestational sac at 5-6 wks
- S-- S-ββ hCG level at which intrauterine gestationalhCG level at which intrauterine gestational
sac is seen by TAS is 1800 IU/L.sac is seen by TAS is 1800 IU/L.
34. USG PICTUREUSG PICTURE
1.‘Bagel’ sign – Hyperechoic ring around gestational1.‘Bagel’ sign – Hyperechoic ring around gestational
sac in adnexal regionsac in adnexal region
2. ‘Blob’ sign – Seen as small inconglomerate mass2. ‘Blob’ sign – Seen as small inconglomerate mass
next to ovary with no evidence of sac ornext to ovary with no evidence of sac or
embryo.embryo.
3. Adnexal sac with fetal pole and cardiac activity is3. Adnexal sac with fetal pole and cardiac activity is
most specific.most specific.
4. Corpus luteum is useful guide when looking for4. Corpus luteum is useful guide when looking for
EP as present in 85% cases in Ipsilateral ovary.EP as present in 85% cases in Ipsilateral ovary.
36. Ring sign — a hyperechoic ringRing sign — a hyperechoic ring around an
extrauterine gestational sac.
37. 2.2. ββ-HCG Assay--HCG Assay-
a) Singlea) Single ββ-HCG: little value-HCG: little value
b) Serialb) Serial ββ-HCG: is required when result of-HCG: is required when result of
initial USG is confusing.initial USG is confusing.
- When hCG level < 2000 IU/L doubling time- When hCG level < 2000 IU/L doubling time
help to predict viable Vs nonviable pregnancy.help to predict viable Vs nonviable pregnancy.
-Rise of-Rise of ββ-HCG <66% in 48 hrs indicate-HCG <66% in 48 hrs indicate
ectopic pregnancy or nonviable intrauterineectopic pregnancy or nonviable intrauterine
pregnancy .pregnancy .
Biochemical pregnancy is applied to thoseBiochemical pregnancy is applied to those
women who have twowomen who have two ββ-HCG values >10 IU/L-HCG values >10 IU/L
38. 3.3. Serum ProgesteroneSerum Progesterone ––
- level >25 ngm/ml is suggestive of normal- level >25 ngm/ml is suggestive of normal
intrauterine pregnancy.intrauterine pregnancy.
- level <15 ngm/ml is suggestive of ectopic- level <15 ngm/ml is suggestive of ectopic
pregnancy.pregnancy.
- level <5 ngm/ml indicates nonviable- level <5 ngm/ml indicates nonviable
pregnancy, irrespective of its location.pregnancy, irrespective of its location.
4.4. Diagnostic Laparoscopy (Gold standard)–Diagnostic Laparoscopy (Gold standard)–
-- Can be done only when patient isCan be done only when patient is
haemodynamically stable.haemodynamically stable.
-It confirms the diagnosis and removal of-It confirms the diagnosis and removal of
ectopic mass can be done at the same time.ectopic mass can be done at the same time.
39. 5. Dilatation & Curettage –5. Dilatation & Curettage –
- Is recommended in suspected case of- Is recommended in suspected case of
incomplete abortion vs ectopic pregnancy.incomplete abortion vs ectopic pregnancy.
- Identification of decidua without chorionic- Identification of decidua without chorionic
villi is suggestive of extra uterine pregnancy.villi is suggestive of extra uterine pregnancy.
- “Arias-Stella” endometrial reaction is- “Arias-Stella” endometrial reaction is
suggestive but not diagnostic of ectopicsuggestive but not diagnostic of ectopic
pregnancy.pregnancy.
6. Other hormonal Tests –6. Other hormonal Tests –
- Placenta protein (PP14) decrease in EP- Placenta protein (PP14) decrease in EP
- PAPPA (Pregnancy Associated Plasma Protein A),- PAPPA (Pregnancy Associated Plasma Protein A),
PAPPC (schwangerchaft protein 1) has low valuePAPPC (schwangerchaft protein 1) has low value
in EPin EP
- CA-125, Maternal serum creatine kinase,- CA-125, Maternal serum creatine kinase,
Maternal serum AFP elevated in ectopicMaternal serum AFP elevated in ectopic
pregnancy.pregnancy.
40. SUSPECTED ECTOPIC PREGNANCYSUSPECTED ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
Urine Pregnancy test positiveUrine Pregnancy test positive
Transvaginal USG
IU sac No IU sac
Quantitative S-hCG
+ S progesterone
< 66% rise in 48 hr or
S progesterone < 5-10 ng/ml
D & C
Villi present Villi absent
Incomplete
abortion
Laparoscopy
>66% rise in 48 hr or
S progesterone > 5-10 ng/ml
Repeat S-hCG in 48 hrs
till USG discrimination zone
No sac IU sac
Continue to monitor
41. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSISDIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
D/D of Acute EctopicD/D of Acute Ectopic
1. Rupture corpus luteum of pregnancy1. Rupture corpus luteum of pregnancy
2. Rupture of chocolate cyst2. Rupture of chocolate cyst
3. Twisted ovarian cyst3. Twisted ovarian cyst
4. Torsion / degeneration of pedunculated fibroid4. Torsion / degeneration of pedunculated fibroid
5. Incomplete abortion5. Incomplete abortion
6. Acute Appendicitis6. Acute Appendicitis
7. Perforated peptic ulcer7. Perforated peptic ulcer
8. Renal colic8. Renal colic
9. Splenic rupture9. Splenic rupture
44. MANAGEMENT OF RUPTURED ECTOPICMANAGEMENT OF RUPTURED ECTOPIC
PRINCIPLE:PRINCIPLE: Resuscitation and LaparotomyResuscitation and Laparotomy
ANTI SHOCK TREATEMENT:ANTI SHOCK TREATEMENT:
- IV line made patent, crystalloid is started- IV line made patent, crystalloid is started
- Blood sample for Hb, blood grouping & cross matching,- Blood sample for Hb, blood grouping & cross matching,
BT, CTBT, CT
- Folley’s catheterization done- Folley’s catheterization done
- Colloids for volume replacement- Colloids for volume replacement
LAPAROTOMY:LAPAROTOMY:
Principle is ‘Quick in and Quick out’Principle is ‘Quick in and Quick out’
- Rapid exploration of abdominal cavity is done- Rapid exploration of abdominal cavity is done
- Salpingectomy is the definitive surgery (sent for HP study)- Salpingectomy is the definitive surgery (sent for HP study)
- Blood transfusion to be given- Blood transfusion to be given
- Autotransfusion only when donated blood not available.- Autotransfusion only when donated blood not available.
45.
46. MANAGEMENT OF UNRUPTUREDMANAGEMENT OF UNRUPTURED
ECTOPIC PREGNANCYECTOPIC PREGNANCY
OPTIONS: -OPTIONS: -
SURGICAL-SURGICAL-
SURGICALLY ADMINISTEREDSURGICALLY ADMINISTERED
MEDICAL (SAM) TREATMENTMEDICAL (SAM) TREATMENT
MEDICAL TREATMENTMEDICAL TREATMENT
EXPECTANT MANAGEMENTEXPECTANT MANAGEMENT
47. EXPECTANT MANAGEMENTEXPECTANT MANAGEMENT
IDENTIFICATION CRITERIAIDENTIFICATION CRITERIA (Ylostalo et al , 1993)-(Ylostalo et al , 1993)- ::
1. Tubal ectopic pregnancies only1. Tubal ectopic pregnancies only
2. Haemodynamically stable2. Haemodynamically stable
3. Haemoperitoneum < 50ml3. Haemoperitoneum < 50ml
4. Adnexal mass of < 3.5 cm without heart beat.4. Adnexal mass of < 3.5 cm without heart beat.
5. Initial5. Initial ββ HCG <1000 IU/L and falling in titreHCG <1000 IU/L and falling in titre
SUCCESS RATESUCCESS RATE - Upto 60%- Upto 60%
PROTOCOL:PROTOCOL:
- Hospitalization with strict monitoring of clinical symptom- Hospitalization with strict monitoring of clinical symptom
- Daily Hb estimation- Daily Hb estimation
- Serum- Serum ββ HCG monitoring 3-4 days until it is <10 IU/LHCG monitoring 3-4 days until it is <10 IU/L
48. EXPECTANT MANAGEMENTEXPECTANT MANAGEMENT
Spontaneous resolution occurs in 72%,while 28%Spontaneous resolution occurs in 72%,while 28%
will need laparoscopic salpingostomywill need laparoscopic salpingostomy
In spontaneous resolution, it may take 4-67 daysIn spontaneous resolution, it may take 4-67 days
(mean 20 days) for the serum HCG to return to(mean 20 days) for the serum HCG to return to
non pregnant level.non pregnant level.
The percentage fall in serum HCG by day 7 is aThe percentage fall in serum HCG by day 7 is a
better indicator than the percentage fall by day 2.better indicator than the percentage fall by day 2.
Warning: - Tubal pregnancies have been knownWarning: - Tubal pregnancies have been known
to rupture even when Serum HCG levels are low.to rupture even when Serum HCG levels are low.
49. MEDICAL MANAGEMENTMEDICAL MANAGEMENT
Surgery is the mainstay of T/t worldwideSurgery is the mainstay of T/t worldwide
Medical M/m may be tried in selected casesMedical M/m may be tried in selected cases
CANDIDATES FOR METHOTREXATE (MTX)CANDIDATES FOR METHOTREXATE (MTX)
Unruptured sac < 3.5cm without cardiac activityUnruptured sac < 3.5cm without cardiac activity
S-hCG < 10,000 IU/LS-hCG < 10,000 IU/L
Persistant Ectopic after conservative surgeryPersistant Ectopic after conservative surgery
PHYSICIAN CHECK LISTPHYSICIAN CHECK LIST
CBC, LFT, RFT, S-hCGCBC, LFT, RFT, S-hCG
Transvaginal USG within 48 hrsTransvaginal USG within 48 hrs
Obtain informed consentObtain informed consent
Anti-D Ig if pt is Rh negativeAnti-D Ig if pt is Rh negative
Follow up on day1, 4 and 7.Follow up on day1, 4 and 7.
50. MEDICAL MANAGEMENTMEDICAL MANAGEMENT
METHOTREXATE:METHOTREXATE:
It can be used as oral,intramuscular ,intravenous usuallyIt can be used as oral,intramuscular ,intravenous usually
along with folinic acid.along with folinic acid.
Resolution of tubal pregnancy by systemic administration ofResolution of tubal pregnancy by systemic administration of
Methotrexate was first described by Tanaka et al (1982)Methotrexate was first described by Tanaka et al (1982)
Mostly used for early resolution of placental tissue inMostly used for early resolution of placental tissue in
abdominal pregnancy.Can also be used for tubalabdominal pregnancy.Can also be used for tubal
pregnancy.pregnancy.
Mechanism of action-Mechanism of action-Methotrexate is a folic acidMethotrexate is a folic acid
antagonist that inactivates the enzyme dihydrofolateantagonist that inactivates the enzyme dihydrofolate
reductase.reductase.Interferes with the DNA synthesis by inhibitingInterferes with the DNA synthesis by inhibiting
the synthesis of pyrimidines leading to trophoblastic cellthe synthesis of pyrimidines leading to trophoblastic cell
death. Auto enzymes and maternal tissues then absorb thedeath. Auto enzymes and maternal tissues then absorb the
51.
52. Contd……Contd……
Advantages –Advantages –
• Minimal Hospitalisation.Usually outdoorMinimal Hospitalisation.Usually outdoor
treatmenttreatment
• Quick recoveryQuick recovery
• 90% success if cases are properly selected90% success if cases are properly selected
Disadvantages-Disadvantages-
• Side effects like GI & SkinSide effects like GI & Skin
• Monitoring is essential- Total blood count, LFTMonitoring is essential- Total blood count, LFT
& serum HCG once weekly till it becomes& serum HCG once weekly till it becomes
negativenegative
53. SURGICALLY ADMINISTERED MEDICAL TtSURGICALLY ADMINISTERED MEDICAL Tt
(SAM)(SAM)
AimAim- trophoblastic destruction without systemic- trophoblastic destruction without systemic
side effectsside effects
TechniqueTechnique- Injection of trophotoxic substance- Injection of trophotoxic substance
into the ectopic pregnancy sac or into theinto the ectopic pregnancy sac or into the
affected tube by-affected tube by-
• Laparoscopy orLaparoscopy or
• Ultrasonographically guidedUltrasonographically guided
Transabdominal (Porreco, 1992)Transabdominal (Porreco, 1992)
Transvaginal (Feichtingar, 1987)Transvaginal (Feichtingar, 1987)
• With Falloposcopic control (Kiss, 1993)With Falloposcopic control (Kiss, 1993)
54. Trophotoxic substances used-
Methtrexate (Pansky, 1989)
Potassium Chloride (Robertson, 1987)
Mifiprostone (RU 486)
PGF2α (Limblom, 1987)
Hyper osmolar glucose solution
Actinomycin D
Advantage of local MTX :
- Increase tissue concentration at local site
- Decrease systemic side effects
- Decrease hospitalization
- Greater preservation of fertility
Follow up: - Serum β HCG twice weekly till < 10 IU/L
- TVS weekly for 4-6 weeks
- HCG after 6 months for tubal patency
SURGICALLY ADMINISTERED MEDICAL Tt (SAM)
55. INSTRUCTION TO THE PATIENTSINSTRUCTION TO THE PATIENTS
If T/t on outpatient basis rapid transportation shouldIf T/t on outpatient basis rapid transportation should
be availablebe available
Refrain from alcohol, sunlight, multivitamins withRefrain from alcohol, sunlight, multivitamins with
folic acid, and sexual intercourse until S-hCG isfolic acid, and sexual intercourse until S-hCG is
negative.negative.
Report immediately when vaginal bleeding,Report immediately when vaginal bleeding,
abdominal pain, dizziness, syncope (mild pain isabdominal pain, dizziness, syncope (mild pain is
common called separation pain or resolution pain)common called separation pain or resolution pain)
Failure of medical therapy require retreatmentFailure of medical therapy require retreatment
Chance of tubal rupture in 5-10 % requireChance of tubal rupture in 5-10 % require
emergency Laparotomy.emergency Laparotomy.
56. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF ECTOPICSURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF ECTOPIC
Conservative SurgeryConservative Surgery
Can be done Laparoscopically or by microsurgical laparotomyCan be done Laparoscopically or by microsurgical laparotomy
INDICATION:INDICATION:
- Patient desires future fertility- Patient desires future fertility
- Contralateral tube is damaged or surgically removed- Contralateral tube is damaged or surgically removed
previouslypreviously
CHOICE OF TECHNIQUE:CHOICE OF TECHNIQUE: depends ondepends on
- Location and size of gestational sac- Location and size of gestational sac
- Condition of tubes- Condition of tubes
- Accessibility- Accessibility
57. VARIOUS CONSERVATIVE SURGERIESVARIOUS CONSERVATIVE SURGERIES
1.Linear Salpingostomy1.Linear Salpingostomy::
- Indicated in unruptured ectopic <2cm in ampullary region.- Indicated in unruptured ectopic <2cm in ampullary region.
- Linear incision given on antimesentric border over the site- Linear incision given on antimesentric border over the site
and product removed by fingers, scalpel handle or gentleand product removed by fingers, scalpel handle or gentle
suction and irrigation.suction and irrigation.
- Incision line kept open (heals by secondary intention)- Incision line kept open (heals by secondary intention)
2.2. Linear Salpingotomy :Linear Salpingotomy :
-- Incision line is closed in two layers with 7-0 interruptedIncision line is closed in two layers with 7-0 interrupted
vicryl sutures.vicryl sutures.
3. Segmental Resection & Anastomosis:3. Segmental Resection & Anastomosis:
- Indicated in unruptured isthmic pregnancy- Indicated in unruptured isthmic pregnancy
- End to end anastomosis is done immediately or at later- End to end anastomosis is done immediately or at later
datedate
58. 4. Milking or fimbrial Expression:4. Milking or fimbrial Expression:
-- This is ideal in distal ampullary or infundibular pregnancy.This is ideal in distal ampullary or infundibular pregnancy.
- It has got increased risk of persistent ectopic pregnancy.- It has got increased risk of persistent ectopic pregnancy.
ADVANTAGES OF LAPAROSCOPYADVANTAGES OF LAPAROSCOPY
- It helps in diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment .- It helps in diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment .
- Diagnose other causes of infertility.- Diagnose other causes of infertility.
- Decreased hospitalization, operative time, recovery period,- Decreased hospitalization, operative time, recovery period,
analgesic requirement.analgesic requirement.
Follow up after conservative surgeryFollow up after conservative surgery
- With weekly Serum- With weekly Serum ββ HCG titre till it is negative.HCG titre till it is negative.
- If titre increases methotrexate can be given.- If titre increases methotrexate can be given.
59. DEBATABLE ISSUESDEBATABLE ISSUES
?? Salpingectomy Vs SalpingostomySalpingectomy Vs Salpingostomy
?? Laparotomy Vs LaparoscopyLaparotomy Vs Laparoscopy
?? Reproductive outcomeReproductive outcome
?? Risk of Recurrent EctopicRisk of Recurrent Ectopic
60. SALPINGECTOMYSALPINGECTOMY
VSVS
SALPINGOSTOMY / SALPINGOTOMYSALPINGOSTOMY / SALPINGOTOMY
All tubal pregnancies can be treated by partial orAll tubal pregnancies can be treated by partial or
total Salpingectomytotal Salpingectomy
Salpingostomy / Salpingotomy is only indicatedSalpingostomy / Salpingotomy is only indicated
when:when:
1.1. The patient desires to conserve her fertilityThe patient desires to conserve her fertility
2.2. Patient is haemodinamically stablePatient is haemodinamically stable
3.3. Tubal pregnancy is accessibleTubal pregnancy is accessible
4.4. Unruptured and < 5Cm. In sizeUnruptured and < 5Cm. In size
5.5. Contralateral tube is absent or damagedContralateral tube is absent or damaged
61. CONTD……CONTD……
The choice of surgical treatment does not influence theThe choice of surgical treatment does not influence the
post treatment fertility, but prior history of infertility ispost treatment fertility, but prior history of infertility is
associated with a marked reduction in fertility afterassociated with a marked reduction in fertility after
treatment.treatment.
Making the choice –Making the choice – Chapron et al (1993) haveChapron et al (1993) have
described a scoring system, based on the patient’sdescribed a scoring system, based on the patient’s
previous gynaecological history and the appearance ofprevious gynaecological history and the appearance of
the pelvic organs, to decide between salpingostomy /the pelvic organs, to decide between salpingostomy /
salpingotomy and salpingectomy.salpingotomy and salpingectomy.
62. Fertility reducing factorFertility reducing factor ScoreScore
• Antecedent one Ectopic pregnancyAntecedent one Ectopic pregnancy 22
• Antecedent each furtherAntecedent each further
Ectopic pregnancyEctopic pregnancy 11
• Antecedent AdhesiolysisAntecedent Adhesiolysis 11
• Antecedent Tubal micro surgeryAntecedent Tubal micro surgery 22
• Antecedent SalpingitisAntecedent Salpingitis 11
• Solitary tubeSolitary tube 22
• Homolateral AdhesionsHomolateral Adhesions 11
• Contralateral AdhesionsContralateral Adhesions 11
• The rationale behind the scoring system is to decide the risk ofThe rationale behind the scoring system is to decide the risk of
recurrent ectopic pregnancy.recurrent ectopic pregnancy.
• Conservative surgery is indicated with a score of 1-4 only,Conservative surgery is indicated with a score of 1-4 only,
while radical treatment is to be performed if the score is 5 orwhile radical treatment is to be performed if the score is 5 or
more.more.
63. Laparotomy Vs LaparoscopyLaparotomy Vs Laparoscopy
- Laparoscopy is reserved for pt who are- Laparoscopy is reserved for pt who are
hemodynamically stable.hemodynamically stable.
- Ruptured Ectopic does not necessarily require- Ruptured Ectopic does not necessarily require
Laparotomy, but if large clots are presentLaparotomy, but if large clots are present
Laparotomy should be considered.Laparotomy should be considered.
Reproductive outcomeReproductive outcome
Is similar in pt treated with either Laparoscopy orIs similar in pt treated with either Laparoscopy or
Laparotomy.Laparotomy.
Identical rates of 40% of IUP, around 12% risk ofIdentical rates of 40% of IUP, around 12% risk of
recurrent pregnancy with either radical orrecurrent pregnancy with either radical or
conservative pregnancy.conservative pregnancy.
64. LAPAROSCOPIC SALPINGECTOMYLAPAROSCOPIC SALPINGECTOMY
It is carried out by laparoscopic scissors & diathermy or Endo-loop.It is carried out by laparoscopic scissors & diathermy or Endo-loop.
After passing a loop of No.1 catgut over the ectopic pregnancy theAfter passing a loop of No.1 catgut over the ectopic pregnancy the
stitch is tightened and then the tubal pregnancy is cut distal tostitch is tightened and then the tubal pregnancy is cut distal to
the loop stitch.the loop stitch.
The excised tissue is removed by piece meal or in tissue removal bagThe excised tissue is removed by piece meal or in tissue removal bag
LAPAROSCOPIC SALPINGOTOMYLAPAROSCOPIC SALPINGOTOMY
To reduce blood loss, first 10-40 IU of vasopressin diluted in10 mlTo reduce blood loss, first 10-40 IU of vasopressin diluted in10 ml
of normal saline is injected into the mesosalpinx.of normal saline is injected into the mesosalpinx.
Then the tube is opened through an antimesenteric longitudinalThen the tube is opened through an antimesenteric longitudinal
incision over the tubal pregnancy by aincision over the tubal pregnancy by a
– CoCo22 laser (Paulson, 1992)laser (Paulson, 1992)
– Argon laser (Keckstein et al; 1992)Argon laser (Keckstein et al; 1992)
– Laparoscopic scissors and ablating the bleeding points withLaparoscopic scissors and ablating the bleeding points with
bipolar diathermy.bipolar diathermy.
– Fine diathermy knife (Lundorff, 1992)Fine diathermy knife (Lundorff, 1992)
The tubal pregnancy is then evacuated by suction irrigation.The tubal pregnancy is then evacuated by suction irrigation.
65. PERSISTENT ECTOPIC PREGNANACYPERSISTENT ECTOPIC PREGNANACY
This is a complication of salpingotomy / salpingostomyThis is a complication of salpingotomy / salpingostomy
when residual trophoblast continues to survive because ofwhen residual trophoblast continues to survive because of
incomplete evacuation of the ectopic pregnancy.incomplete evacuation of the ectopic pregnancy.
Diagnosis is made because of a raised postoperativeDiagnosis is made because of a raised postoperative ββ HCGHCG
If untreated, can cause life threatening hemorrhageIf untreated, can cause life threatening hemorrhage
Risk Factor: (seifer 1997)Risk Factor: (seifer 1997)
1. Early ectopic pregnancy (< 6 wks amenorrhoea)1. Early ectopic pregnancy (< 6 wks amenorrhoea)
2. Smaller size < 2 cm (Incomplete removal)2. Smaller size < 2 cm (Incomplete removal)
3. Preoperative high serum3. Preoperative high serum ββ HCG (> 3,000 IU/L) andHCG (> 3,000 IU/L) and
postoperative Day1 titre is < 50% of preoperative level, ispostoperative Day1 titre is < 50% of preoperative level, is
predictor of persistent EP.predictor of persistent EP.
4. Implantation medial to the salpingostomy site.4. Implantation medial to the salpingostomy site.
TreatmentTreatment
surgery
Total or partial
salpingectomy
Medical
(selected Asymptomatic pt)
MTX + Leukovorin
66. OVARIAN ECTOPIC PREGNANCYOVARIAN ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
Incidence:Incidence: 1:40,0001:40,000
Risk factor: -Risk factor: - IUCDIUCD
- Endometriosis on surface of ovary- Endometriosis on surface of ovary
Course:Course:
C/F are same as tubal pregnancyC/F are same as tubal pregnancy
ruptures within 2-3 wksruptures within 2-3 wks
Diagnosis:Diagnosis: On LaparotomyOn Laparotomy
Spiegelberg’s CriteriaSpiegelberg’s Criteria
1. Ipsilateral tube is intact and separate from sac1. Ipsilateral tube is intact and separate from sac
2. Sac occupies the position of the ovary2. Sac occupies the position of the ovary
3. Connected to uterus by ovarian ligament3. Connected to uterus by ovarian ligament
4. Ovarian tissue found on its wall on HP study4. Ovarian tissue found on its wall on HP study
M/MM/MRuptured
Laparotomy
Oophorectomy
Unruptured
Ovarian wedge resection
Ovarian Cystectomy
67. ABDOMINAL PREGNANCYABDOMINAL PREGNANCY
Incidence:Incidence: RarestRarest
MMR :MMR : 7-8 times > tubal ectopic7-8 times > tubal ectopic
90 times > Intrauterine pregnancy90 times > Intrauterine pregnancy
H/OH/O :: - Irregular bleeding, spotting- Irregular bleeding, spotting
- Nausea, vomiting, flatulence, constipation,- Nausea, vomiting, flatulence, constipation,
diarrhoea, abdominal pain.diarrhoea, abdominal pain.
- Fetal movement may be painful and high in- Fetal movement may be painful and high in
the abdomenthe abdomen
O/E :O/E : - Abnormal fetal position, easy in palpating- Abnormal fetal position, easy in palpating
fetal parts.fetal parts.
- uterus palpated separate from sac- uterus palpated separate from sac
- no uterine contraction after oxytocin- no uterine contraction after oxytocin
infusioninfusion
68. Diagnosis:Diagnosis: Confirmed by USG,Confirmed by USG,
CT scan, MRI, RadiographyCT scan, MRI, Radiography
TYPETYPE
Primary Secondary
Studiford’s criteria
. Both tubes and ovaries normal
. Absence of Uteroperitonal fistula
. Pregnancy related to Peritoneal
surface & young enough to rule
out possibility of secondary
implantation
Conceptus escapes out
through a rent from
primary site
Intraperitoneal Extraperitoneal
Broad ligament
69. FATE OF SECONDARY ABDOMINAL PREGNANCY :FATE OF SECONDARY ABDOMINAL PREGNANCY :
1.1. Death of ovum – complete absorptionDeath of ovum – complete absorption
2. Placental separation – massive intraperitoneal2. Placental separation – massive intraperitoneal
haemorrhagehaemorrhage
3. Infection – fistulous communication with intestine,3. Infection – fistulous communication with intestine,
bladder, vagina, or umbilicusbladder, vagina, or umbilicus
4. Fetus dies (majority) – mummification, adipocere4. Fetus dies (majority) – mummification, adipocere
formation, or calcified to lithopaedionformation, or calcified to lithopaedion
5. Rarely – continue to term (malformation)5. Rarely – continue to term (malformation)
M/M:M/M:
-- Urgent Laparatomy irrespective of period of gestationUrgent Laparatomy irrespective of period of gestation
- Ideal to remove entire sac fetus, placenta, membrane- Ideal to remove entire sac fetus, placenta, membrane
- Placenta may be left if attached to vital organs, get- Placenta may be left if attached to vital organs, get
absorbed by aseptic autolysisabsorbed by aseptic autolysis
70. CERVICAL PREGNANCYCERVICAL PREGNANCY
Implantation occurs in cervical canal at or below internalImplantation occurs in cervical canal at or below internal
Os.Os.
Incidence:Incidence: 1 in 18,0001 in 18,000
RISK FACTORS :RISK FACTORS :
-- Previous induced abortionPrevious induced abortion
- Previous caesarean delivery- Previous caesarean delivery
- Asherman’s syndrome- Asherman’s syndrome
- IVF- IVF
- DES exposure- DES exposure
- Leiomyoma- Leiomyoma
71. Diagnosis:Diagnosis:
CLINICAL CRITERIACLINICAL CRITERIA:: Paulman & McEllinPaulman & McEllin
1. Uterine bleeding, no cramping, following1. Uterine bleeding, no cramping, following
amenorrhoeaamenorrhoea
2. Cervix distended,thin walled,soft consistency2. Cervix distended,thin walled,soft consistency
3. Enlarged uterine fundus may be palpated.3. Enlarged uterine fundus may be palpated.
4. Internal Os is closed4. Internal Os is closed
5. External Os is partially opened5. External Os is partially opened
USG CRITERIAUSG CRITERIA:: American Journal of O&GAmerican Journal of O&G
1. Echo-free uterine cavity/ pseudo-gestational1. Echo-free uterine cavity/ pseudo-gestational
sacsac
2. Decidual reaction2. Decidual reaction
3. Hourglass uterus with ballooned cervical canal3. Hourglass uterus with ballooned cervical canal
4. Gestational sac in endocervix4. Gestational sac in endocervix
5. Closed internal Os5. Closed internal Os
6. Placental tissue in Cx canal6. Placental tissue in Cx canal
72. HISTOPATHOLOGIC CRITERIA:HISTOPATHOLOGIC CRITERIA: Rubin’sRubin’s
1. Cervical glands present opposite to placenta1. Cervical glands present opposite to placenta
2. Placental attachment to the cervix must be2. Placental attachment to the cervix must be
below the entrance of uterine vessels .below the entrance of uterine vessels .
3. Fetal element absent from corpus uteri.3. Fetal element absent from corpus uteri.
D/d :D/d :
-- Carcinoma CxCarcinoma Cx
- Cervical submucous fibroid- Cervical submucous fibroid
- Trophoblastic tumour- Trophoblastic tumour
- Placenta previa- Placenta previa
73. MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT
Surgical
Mainstay therapy in past
Radical
surgery
Hysterectomy
Conservative
D & C
(risk of torrential bleeding)
- Cerclage Bernstein ≈ Mc Donald’s
Wharton ≈ Shirodkar’s
-Transvaginal ligation of Cx branch of
uterine artery
- Angiographic uterine A embolisation
- Intracervical vasopressin inj
- Foley’s catheter as tamponade
Medical
Recently proposed
Single or Combination
OR
Adjunct to surgery
- Methotrexate
- Actinomycin
- KCl
- Etoposide
74. CORNUAL PREGNANCYCORNUAL PREGNANCY
SITE:SITE: Implantation occurs in rudimentary horn of BicornuateImplantation occurs in rudimentary horn of Bicornuate
uterusuterus
COURSE :COURSE :Rupture of horn occurs byRupture of horn occurs by
12-20 wks12-20 wks
D/D :D/D :
1.1. Interstitial tubal pregnancyInterstitial tubal pregnancy
2. Painful leiomyoma along with2. Painful leiomyoma along with
pregnancypregnancy
3. Ovarian tumor with pregnancy3. Ovarian tumor with pregnancy
4. Asymmetrical enlargement of uterus.4. Asymmetrical enlargement of uterus.
Implantation into cornu of normal uterus is sometimeImplantation into cornu of normal uterus is sometime
calledcalled Angular pregnancyAngular pregnancy ..
TREATEMENT:TREATEMENT:
-- Affected cornu with pregnancy is removedAffected cornu with pregnancy is removed
- Hysterectomy- Hysterectomy
- Hysteroscopically guided suction curettage if- Hysteroscopically guided suction curettage if
75. HETEROTYPIC PREGNANCYHETEROTYPIC PREGNANCY
Co-existing intrauterine and extra uterine pregnanciesCo-existing intrauterine and extra uterine pregnancies
Incidence:Incidence: 1 : 30,0001 : 30,000
With ART – 1:7000With ART – 1:7000
With ovulation induction – 1:900With ovulation induction – 1:900
More likely:More likely:
a) Ass. reproductive techniquea) Ass. reproductive technique
b) Rising HCG titre after D & Cb) Rising HCG titre after D & C
c) More than 1 corpus luteum at laparotomyc) More than 1 corpus luteum at laparotomy
M/M :M/M :
Depends on the site. Ectopic site may be removedDepends on the site. Ectopic site may be removed
with continuation of IU pregnancywith continuation of IU pregnancy
(Rh Immunoglobulin:(Rh Immunoglobulin: dose of 50dose of 50 μμ gm is sufficient togm is sufficient to
prevent sensitization.)prevent sensitization.)
76. INTERSTITAL PREGNANCY (2%)INTERSTITAL PREGNANCY (2%)
It ruptures late at 3-4 months gestation.It ruptures late at 3-4 months gestation.
Fatal ruptureFatal rupture – severe bleeding as both uterine &– severe bleeding as both uterine &
ovarian artery supply.ovarian artery supply.
Early & UnrupturedEarly & Unruptured – Local or IM MTX with followup– Local or IM MTX with followup
Cornual resection by Laparotomy may be done.Cornual resection by Laparotomy may be done.
There is high risk of uterine rupture inThere is high risk of uterine rupture in
subsequent pregnancy.subsequent pregnancy.
RuptureRupture – Hysterectomy is indicated– Hysterectomy is indicated
77. CAESAREAN SCAR ECTOPIC PREGNANCYCAESAREAN SCAR ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
Recently reportedRecently reported
USG slows on empty uterine cavity and gestationalUSG slows on empty uterine cavity and gestational
sac attached low to the lower segment caesareansac attached low to the lower segment caesarean
scar.scar.
C/FC/F :: similar to threatened or inevitable abortionsimilar to threatened or inevitable abortion
DiagnosisDiagnosis :: Doppler imaging confirmsDoppler imaging confirms
T/t :T/t : Methotrexate injectionMethotrexate injection
Hysterectomy in a multiparous women.Hysterectomy in a multiparous women.
In young pt resection & suturing of scar may beIn young pt resection & suturing of scar may be
done (high risk of rupture).done (high risk of rupture).
78. OTHER RARE TYPESOTHER RARE TYPES
1. Multiple Ectopic pregnancy1. Multiple Ectopic pregnancy
2. Pregnancy after hysterectomy2. Pregnancy after hysterectomy
3. Primary splenic pregnancy3. Primary splenic pregnancy
4. Primary hepatic pregnancy4. Primary hepatic pregnancy
5. Rectroperitoneal pregnancy5. Rectroperitoneal pregnancy
6. Diaphragmatic pregnancy6. Diaphragmatic pregnancy
MORTALITY : In general population is 10-15% mainlyMORTALITY : In general population is 10-15% mainly
due to haemorrhage.due to haemorrhage.
79. SUMMARY - KEY POINTSSUMMARY - KEY POINTS
Incidence of ectopic pregnancy is rising while maternalIncidence of ectopic pregnancy is rising while maternal
mortality from it is falling.mortality from it is falling.
Ectopic pregnancy can be diagnosed early (before it ruptures)Ectopic pregnancy can be diagnosed early (before it ruptures)
with recent advances in Immunoassay to detect S-hCG , highwith recent advances in Immunoassay to detect S-hCG , high
resolution USG, and dignostic Laparoscopy.resolution USG, and dignostic Laparoscopy.
There has been shift in the M/m from ablative surgery toThere has been shift in the M/m from ablative surgery to
conservative fertility preserving therapyconservative fertility preserving therapy
Laparotomy should be done when in doubtLaparotomy should be done when in doubt
The choice today is Laparoscopic treatment of unrupturedThe choice today is Laparoscopic treatment of unruptured
ectopic pregnancy.ectopic pregnancy.
Careful monitoring and proper counselling of patients isCareful monitoring and proper counselling of patients is
mandatory.mandatory.