Environmental science Module 1 Topic. This PPT is not a work of mine and was provided by our college professor during our graduation, so I am not sure about the original author. The credit goes to the Original author.
Ecological pyramids graphically represent biomass or productivity at trophic levels in an ecosystem. There are three main types: number, biomass, and energy. Pyramids of number show the population size at each level but don't account for size. Biomass pyramids depict the mass at each level and are more accurate but require killing organisms. Energy pyramids represent energy transfer between levels and always slope upwards due to energy loss, allowing ecosystem comparisons over time. Pyramids are important for understanding ecosystem structure and function but have limitations as food webs are more complex than simple chains.
Ecology is the scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environments, focusing on energy transfer. Key concepts in ecology include interactions within and among populations, nutrient cycling through ecosystems, and effects of natural and human activities. Ecosystems consist of biotic communities of interacting populations that inhabit a common environment and abiotic factors with which they interact. Energy and matter cycle through ecosystems via producers, consumers, and decomposers in food webs and nutrient cycles. Toxins can biologically magnify and increase in concentration as they move up food chains.
Chapter 13 ecology:organism and population. 2014 by mohanbiomohan bio
This document discusses ecology and the levels of organization in ecology from organisms to biomes. It describes abiotic factors like temperature, water, light and soil that influence organisms and biomes. It also discusses biotic factors like pathogens and predators. Several biomes are described that are formed based on annual temperature and precipitation variations. The document discusses population attributes, growth models, life history variations, and population interactions like competition, predation, parasitism, commensalism and mutualism. Adaptations of organisms to the environment are also summarized.
Environmental science Module 2 Topic. This PPT is not a work of mine and was provided by our college professor during our graduation, so I am not sure about the original author. The credit goes to the Original author.
An ecological pyramid is a graphical representation designed to show the biomass or bio-productivity at each trophic level in a given ecosystem. there are three types of pyramid- 1) Pyramid of number.2) Pyramid of biomass 3) Pyramid of energy.
An ecosystem consists of all the living organisms (biotic factors) in an area as well as non-living components (abiotic factors) interacting together. Key abiotic components include climate, soil, sun, water and air. Key biotic components include producers, consumers, and decomposers. Energy enters the ecosystem primarily from the sun and passes through food chains and food webs as organisms consume, and are consumed by, others. Decomposers break down dead organic matter and cycle nutrients back into the soil.
1) Energy from the sun powers photosynthesis in green plants, which convert carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight into glucose.
2) This chemical energy from glucose is transferred through ecosystems as organisms eat each other, forming food chains.
3) Producers like plants capture energy from the sun which is then consumed by primary consumers like herbivores, and passed up through secondary and tertiary consumers in a trophic pyramid, with decomposers recycling nutrients.
Ecological Pyramids
Ecological pyramid
Types of pyramid
Pyramid of numbers
Pyramid of biomass
Pyramid of energy
The use of Ecological Pyramid was first described by Charles Elton in 1927.
Ecological Pyramids are graphical representation of the number of individual present or amount of biomass synthesized or amount of energy stored at successive trophic levels in an ecosystem.
Ecological pyramids graphically represent biomass or productivity at trophic levels in an ecosystem. There are three main types: number, biomass, and energy. Pyramids of number show the population size at each level but don't account for size. Biomass pyramids depict the mass at each level and are more accurate but require killing organisms. Energy pyramids represent energy transfer between levels and always slope upwards due to energy loss, allowing ecosystem comparisons over time. Pyramids are important for understanding ecosystem structure and function but have limitations as food webs are more complex than simple chains.
Ecology is the scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environments, focusing on energy transfer. Key concepts in ecology include interactions within and among populations, nutrient cycling through ecosystems, and effects of natural and human activities. Ecosystems consist of biotic communities of interacting populations that inhabit a common environment and abiotic factors with which they interact. Energy and matter cycle through ecosystems via producers, consumers, and decomposers in food webs and nutrient cycles. Toxins can biologically magnify and increase in concentration as they move up food chains.
Chapter 13 ecology:organism and population. 2014 by mohanbiomohan bio
This document discusses ecology and the levels of organization in ecology from organisms to biomes. It describes abiotic factors like temperature, water, light and soil that influence organisms and biomes. It also discusses biotic factors like pathogens and predators. Several biomes are described that are formed based on annual temperature and precipitation variations. The document discusses population attributes, growth models, life history variations, and population interactions like competition, predation, parasitism, commensalism and mutualism. Adaptations of organisms to the environment are also summarized.
Environmental science Module 2 Topic. This PPT is not a work of mine and was provided by our college professor during our graduation, so I am not sure about the original author. The credit goes to the Original author.
An ecological pyramid is a graphical representation designed to show the biomass or bio-productivity at each trophic level in a given ecosystem. there are three types of pyramid- 1) Pyramid of number.2) Pyramid of biomass 3) Pyramid of energy.
An ecosystem consists of all the living organisms (biotic factors) in an area as well as non-living components (abiotic factors) interacting together. Key abiotic components include climate, soil, sun, water and air. Key biotic components include producers, consumers, and decomposers. Energy enters the ecosystem primarily from the sun and passes through food chains and food webs as organisms consume, and are consumed by, others. Decomposers break down dead organic matter and cycle nutrients back into the soil.
1) Energy from the sun powers photosynthesis in green plants, which convert carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight into glucose.
2) This chemical energy from glucose is transferred through ecosystems as organisms eat each other, forming food chains.
3) Producers like plants capture energy from the sun which is then consumed by primary consumers like herbivores, and passed up through secondary and tertiary consumers in a trophic pyramid, with decomposers recycling nutrients.
Ecological Pyramids
Ecological pyramid
Types of pyramid
Pyramid of numbers
Pyramid of biomass
Pyramid of energy
The use of Ecological Pyramid was first described by Charles Elton in 1927.
Ecological Pyramids are graphical representation of the number of individual present or amount of biomass synthesized or amount of energy stored at successive trophic levels in an ecosystem.
This document summarizes the key biotic components of an ecosystem. It describes producers as autotrophic organisms like plants that produce their own food through photosynthesis. Consumers are heterotrophic animals that consume producers for energy and nutrition. Decomposers, like fungi and bacteria, are also heterotrophic as they break down dead organic matter and release inorganic nutrients back into the environment. Food chains represent the transfer of energy as producers are consumed by consumers in a linear pathway, while food webs illustrate the various intersecting food chains that comprise a full ecosystem.
Natural resources are materials found in nature that are valuable in their relatively unmodified form. They are classified as biotic, coming from living organisms, and abiotic, coming from non-living material. Natural resources include forests, water, minerals, food, land, and energy. Many natural resources are under threat due to overconsumption, pollution, deforestation, and other human and natural impacts. Conservation efforts include sustainable harvesting, reforestation, reducing waste, and developing renewable resources to protect natural resources for future generations.
Natural resources occur naturally and include materials like rocks, minerals, soil, rivers, and plants and animals. They satisfy human needs and can be used to create value. Humans are also a resource because through developing skills, they can develop other resources by adding value to physical materials. Any material from the earth that is used by living things and satisfies human needs is considered a natural resource. Resources can be biotic, like forests and animals, or abiotic, like air and water. Some resources are renewable, like sunlight, while others are non-renewable.
Natural resources can be classified as either renewable or non-renewable. Renewable resources like sunlight, wind, water and biomass can regenerate themselves over time, while non-renewable resources like fossil fuels and minerals exist in finite quantities and cannot be replenished once depleted. Some key renewable resources discussed include solar, wind, hydro and geothermal energy, each with their own pros and cons. Non-renewable resources outlined are oil, natural gas, coal and nuclear fuels, which all provide important energy but have limited supplies that will eventually be exhausted unless usage is reduced. Conservation of both renewable and non-renewable resources is important to ensure sustainable development.
This document provides information about water resources in India. It discusses the different sources of water including surface water sources like rivers, lakes, ponds, and reservoirs, as well as groundwater sources like wells, springs, and infiltration galleries. It outlines how people use water resources for agriculture, industry, households, and other activities. It also discusses overuse of water resources from population growth and increased demand, as well as the importance of conserving this critical resource for a sustainable future.
Ecological pyramids graphically represent trophic structure and function in an ecosystem, with producers at the base and successive trophic levels forming the apex. There are pyramids of number, biomass, and energy. A pyramid of number shows the number of organisms per unit area at each trophic level, which can be upright or inverted. A pyramid of biomass represents the total biomass present at different trophic levels. A pyramid of energy shows the amount of energy at each trophic level, which is always upright based on the 10% law of energy transfer between levels. Limitations of ecological pyramids include not accounting for multiple feeding modes, detritus, or seasonal/daily variations.
Ecosystem ecology is the integrated study of living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of ecosystems and their interactions within an ecosystem framework. This science examines how ecosystems work and relates this to their components such as chemicals, bedrock, soil, plants, and animals.
The document discusses the greenhouse effect, including both the natural greenhouse effect which regulates Earth's climate, and the enhanced man-made greenhouse effect caused by burning fossil fuels. It describes the key greenhouse gases, how the greenhouse effect works, and the impacts of climate change such as rising sea levels, effects on farming and weather, and consequences for people and animals. Finally, it provides some recommendations for preventing man-made greenhouse effects, including reducing consumption and increasing energy efficiency.
The document discusses energy flow through ecosystems. It begins by explaining that solar energy is captured by producers like plants through photosynthesis and is then transferred to consumers and decomposers through food webs. As energy moves between trophic levels, 90% is lost as heat at each level according to the 10% law. Energy is also transformed between forms like chemical and kinetic as it moves between organisms, but the total amount of energy in an ecosystem remains constant according to the first law of thermodynamics. Food chains and pyramids of energy are used to represent these energy transfers and demonstrate how less energy is available at higher trophic levels.
Primary productivity refers to the conversion of light energy to chemical energy through photosynthesis by autotrophs. There are three main types of primary productivity: gross primary productivity, respiration, and net primary productivity. Primary productivity can be expressed as either the energy captured per unit area per time, or the biomass produced per unit area per time. Standing crop biomass refers to the dry weight of vegetation at a moment in time, not a rate like primary productivity. Energy flow through ecosystems is inefficient, forming a pyramid of productivity where the majority of energy is lost at each trophic level. Biogeochemical cycles recycle nutrients through different components of the Earth system, moving substances through air, water, soil, rocks and organisms.
The document discusses key concepts related to ecosystems, including:
- Ecosystems are functional units where living organisms interact with each other and the physical environment. They can be artificial or natural.
- Energy flows through ecosystems via food chains and is lost at each trophic level, while nutrients cycle through ecosystems via decomposition.
- Ecosystems provide important services like carbon storage, water purification, soil formation, and cultural/aesthetic values.
This document defines an ecosystem as including all living and non-living interactions within a given area. It identifies biotic components as the living organisms and abiotic components as the non-living physical parts that affect organisms. Food chains and webs are explained as the transfer of energy from producers to various consumer trophic levels, with food webs being interconnected chains. Energy flows unidirectionally through the ecosystem from autotrophs to herbivores and other consumers.
This document discusses ecosystems, including biotic and abiotic factors, trophic levels, and examples of food chains. It defines biotic factors as living components like plants and animals, and abiotic as non-living factors such as temperature, water, and soil. There are typically 5 trophic levels: producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, and apex predators. Producers use photosynthesis, consumers eat other organisms to obtain energy and nutrients, and decomposers break down dead matter and waste. Food chains show the transfer of energy from trophic level to trophic level.
The document discusses several biogeochemical cycles, including the water, carbon, and nitrogen cycles. These cycles describe the continuous movement and exchange of substances between living organisms and their inorganic environment. Specifically, it notes that the water cycle involves the processes that move water through the environment, the carbon cycle involves the exchange of carbon between the atmosphere, organisms, and carbon deposits, and the nitrogen cycle describes how nitrogen is converted between different forms and moves between organisms and the atmosphere.
Nonrenewable resources like coal, petroleum and natural gas cannot be replenished in a short period of time and will eventually run out. They were formed from ancient organisms millions of years ago. Renewable resources such as solar, wind, water and biomass can be naturally replenished in a short period of time through natural processes and are less finite than nonrenewable resources. The key difference between the two is whether the resource can be naturally replenished within human timescales.
This document outlines the syllabus and important concepts for the Ecology & Ecosystems unit. It covers topics like introduction to ecology, ecosystem structure and function, components of ecosystems including producers, consumers, and decomposers. It also discusses biogeochemical cycles like carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, etc. and energy flow within ecosystems. Other topics covered are food chains, ecological pyramids, and different ecosystem types. The document provides definitions and explanations of key terminology used in ecology. It also includes important questions related to the syllabus.
1. Productivity refers to the rate of biomass production and has two kinds: primary and secondary.
2. Primary productivity is production at the first trophic level by photosynthesis and chemosynthesis, and has two aspects: gross primary productivity which is the total biomass produced, and net primary productivity which is the biomass produced minus respiration.
3. Secondary productivity refers to the rate at which energy is transferred between trophic levels through heterotrophic organisms.
This document summarizes key concepts in ecology. It defines ecology as the study of interactions between organisms and their environment. It describes producers as organisms that use sunlight or chemical energy to produce food, including plants, algae and photosynthetic bacteria. Consumers rely on producers and other organisms for food and include herbivores, carnivores and omnivores. Decomposers break down dead organic matter. Food chains and webs show how energy flows through ecosystems from producers to different trophic levels. Ecological pyramids illustrate the decrease in available energy and biomass at higher trophic levels. The document also discusses ecological interactions like competition, niches, predation, and symbiotic relationships between species.
There are four major types of ecosystems: grassland, forest, aquatic, and desert. Each ecosystem is defined by its biotic and abiotic factors. Biotic factors include living organisms, while abiotic factors include non-living elements like air, soil, water, and sunlight. Ecosystems are classified based on these factors and provide important functions such as purifying water, recycling nutrients, and supporting biodiversity.
This document summarizes aquatic ecosystems, including freshwater and marine ecosystems. It discusses the components and characteristics of freshwater lake ecosystems, including the littoral and limnetic zones, abiotic and biotic factors, producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, and decomposers. It also provides an overview of marine ecosystems, describing the euphotic, disphotic, and aphotic zones, and the producers, consumers, and decomposers that comprise marine food webs.
The document provides information about ecosystems and ecology. It begins with definitions of ecosystems as self-regulating groups of interacting species and their environment, and ecology as the study of organism interactions and relationships. It then describes the key components and structure of ecosystems, including abiotic (physical and chemical) and biotic factors. Biotic components include producers (photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs), consumers (herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, detritivores), and decomposers. The document also discusses energy flow and trophic levels in food chains and food webs in ecosystems.
This document defines ecosystems and describes their key components and functions. It begins by defining an ecosystem as a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment. Ecosystems are classified as either aquatic or terrestrial, and include both natural and manmade types. The major components of ecosystems are biotic factors like producers, consumers, and decomposers, as well as abiotic factors like climate and soil. Ecosystem structure is explained through species composition and stratification. Ecosystem functions like productivity, decomposition, energy flow, and nutrient cycling are also described.
This document summarizes the key biotic components of an ecosystem. It describes producers as autotrophic organisms like plants that produce their own food through photosynthesis. Consumers are heterotrophic animals that consume producers for energy and nutrition. Decomposers, like fungi and bacteria, are also heterotrophic as they break down dead organic matter and release inorganic nutrients back into the environment. Food chains represent the transfer of energy as producers are consumed by consumers in a linear pathway, while food webs illustrate the various intersecting food chains that comprise a full ecosystem.
Natural resources are materials found in nature that are valuable in their relatively unmodified form. They are classified as biotic, coming from living organisms, and abiotic, coming from non-living material. Natural resources include forests, water, minerals, food, land, and energy. Many natural resources are under threat due to overconsumption, pollution, deforestation, and other human and natural impacts. Conservation efforts include sustainable harvesting, reforestation, reducing waste, and developing renewable resources to protect natural resources for future generations.
Natural resources occur naturally and include materials like rocks, minerals, soil, rivers, and plants and animals. They satisfy human needs and can be used to create value. Humans are also a resource because through developing skills, they can develop other resources by adding value to physical materials. Any material from the earth that is used by living things and satisfies human needs is considered a natural resource. Resources can be biotic, like forests and animals, or abiotic, like air and water. Some resources are renewable, like sunlight, while others are non-renewable.
Natural resources can be classified as either renewable or non-renewable. Renewable resources like sunlight, wind, water and biomass can regenerate themselves over time, while non-renewable resources like fossil fuels and minerals exist in finite quantities and cannot be replenished once depleted. Some key renewable resources discussed include solar, wind, hydro and geothermal energy, each with their own pros and cons. Non-renewable resources outlined are oil, natural gas, coal and nuclear fuels, which all provide important energy but have limited supplies that will eventually be exhausted unless usage is reduced. Conservation of both renewable and non-renewable resources is important to ensure sustainable development.
This document provides information about water resources in India. It discusses the different sources of water including surface water sources like rivers, lakes, ponds, and reservoirs, as well as groundwater sources like wells, springs, and infiltration galleries. It outlines how people use water resources for agriculture, industry, households, and other activities. It also discusses overuse of water resources from population growth and increased demand, as well as the importance of conserving this critical resource for a sustainable future.
Ecological pyramids graphically represent trophic structure and function in an ecosystem, with producers at the base and successive trophic levels forming the apex. There are pyramids of number, biomass, and energy. A pyramid of number shows the number of organisms per unit area at each trophic level, which can be upright or inverted. A pyramid of biomass represents the total biomass present at different trophic levels. A pyramid of energy shows the amount of energy at each trophic level, which is always upright based on the 10% law of energy transfer between levels. Limitations of ecological pyramids include not accounting for multiple feeding modes, detritus, or seasonal/daily variations.
Ecosystem ecology is the integrated study of living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of ecosystems and their interactions within an ecosystem framework. This science examines how ecosystems work and relates this to their components such as chemicals, bedrock, soil, plants, and animals.
The document discusses the greenhouse effect, including both the natural greenhouse effect which regulates Earth's climate, and the enhanced man-made greenhouse effect caused by burning fossil fuels. It describes the key greenhouse gases, how the greenhouse effect works, and the impacts of climate change such as rising sea levels, effects on farming and weather, and consequences for people and animals. Finally, it provides some recommendations for preventing man-made greenhouse effects, including reducing consumption and increasing energy efficiency.
The document discusses energy flow through ecosystems. It begins by explaining that solar energy is captured by producers like plants through photosynthesis and is then transferred to consumers and decomposers through food webs. As energy moves between trophic levels, 90% is lost as heat at each level according to the 10% law. Energy is also transformed between forms like chemical and kinetic as it moves between organisms, but the total amount of energy in an ecosystem remains constant according to the first law of thermodynamics. Food chains and pyramids of energy are used to represent these energy transfers and demonstrate how less energy is available at higher trophic levels.
Primary productivity refers to the conversion of light energy to chemical energy through photosynthesis by autotrophs. There are three main types of primary productivity: gross primary productivity, respiration, and net primary productivity. Primary productivity can be expressed as either the energy captured per unit area per time, or the biomass produced per unit area per time. Standing crop biomass refers to the dry weight of vegetation at a moment in time, not a rate like primary productivity. Energy flow through ecosystems is inefficient, forming a pyramid of productivity where the majority of energy is lost at each trophic level. Biogeochemical cycles recycle nutrients through different components of the Earth system, moving substances through air, water, soil, rocks and organisms.
The document discusses key concepts related to ecosystems, including:
- Ecosystems are functional units where living organisms interact with each other and the physical environment. They can be artificial or natural.
- Energy flows through ecosystems via food chains and is lost at each trophic level, while nutrients cycle through ecosystems via decomposition.
- Ecosystems provide important services like carbon storage, water purification, soil formation, and cultural/aesthetic values.
This document defines an ecosystem as including all living and non-living interactions within a given area. It identifies biotic components as the living organisms and abiotic components as the non-living physical parts that affect organisms. Food chains and webs are explained as the transfer of energy from producers to various consumer trophic levels, with food webs being interconnected chains. Energy flows unidirectionally through the ecosystem from autotrophs to herbivores and other consumers.
This document discusses ecosystems, including biotic and abiotic factors, trophic levels, and examples of food chains. It defines biotic factors as living components like plants and animals, and abiotic as non-living factors such as temperature, water, and soil. There are typically 5 trophic levels: producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, and apex predators. Producers use photosynthesis, consumers eat other organisms to obtain energy and nutrients, and decomposers break down dead matter and waste. Food chains show the transfer of energy from trophic level to trophic level.
The document discusses several biogeochemical cycles, including the water, carbon, and nitrogen cycles. These cycles describe the continuous movement and exchange of substances between living organisms and their inorganic environment. Specifically, it notes that the water cycle involves the processes that move water through the environment, the carbon cycle involves the exchange of carbon between the atmosphere, organisms, and carbon deposits, and the nitrogen cycle describes how nitrogen is converted between different forms and moves between organisms and the atmosphere.
Nonrenewable resources like coal, petroleum and natural gas cannot be replenished in a short period of time and will eventually run out. They were formed from ancient organisms millions of years ago. Renewable resources such as solar, wind, water and biomass can be naturally replenished in a short period of time through natural processes and are less finite than nonrenewable resources. The key difference between the two is whether the resource can be naturally replenished within human timescales.
This document outlines the syllabus and important concepts for the Ecology & Ecosystems unit. It covers topics like introduction to ecology, ecosystem structure and function, components of ecosystems including producers, consumers, and decomposers. It also discusses biogeochemical cycles like carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, etc. and energy flow within ecosystems. Other topics covered are food chains, ecological pyramids, and different ecosystem types. The document provides definitions and explanations of key terminology used in ecology. It also includes important questions related to the syllabus.
1. Productivity refers to the rate of biomass production and has two kinds: primary and secondary.
2. Primary productivity is production at the first trophic level by photosynthesis and chemosynthesis, and has two aspects: gross primary productivity which is the total biomass produced, and net primary productivity which is the biomass produced minus respiration.
3. Secondary productivity refers to the rate at which energy is transferred between trophic levels through heterotrophic organisms.
This document summarizes key concepts in ecology. It defines ecology as the study of interactions between organisms and their environment. It describes producers as organisms that use sunlight or chemical energy to produce food, including plants, algae and photosynthetic bacteria. Consumers rely on producers and other organisms for food and include herbivores, carnivores and omnivores. Decomposers break down dead organic matter. Food chains and webs show how energy flows through ecosystems from producers to different trophic levels. Ecological pyramids illustrate the decrease in available energy and biomass at higher trophic levels. The document also discusses ecological interactions like competition, niches, predation, and symbiotic relationships between species.
There are four major types of ecosystems: grassland, forest, aquatic, and desert. Each ecosystem is defined by its biotic and abiotic factors. Biotic factors include living organisms, while abiotic factors include non-living elements like air, soil, water, and sunlight. Ecosystems are classified based on these factors and provide important functions such as purifying water, recycling nutrients, and supporting biodiversity.
This document summarizes aquatic ecosystems, including freshwater and marine ecosystems. It discusses the components and characteristics of freshwater lake ecosystems, including the littoral and limnetic zones, abiotic and biotic factors, producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, and decomposers. It also provides an overview of marine ecosystems, describing the euphotic, disphotic, and aphotic zones, and the producers, consumers, and decomposers that comprise marine food webs.
The document provides information about ecosystems and ecology. It begins with definitions of ecosystems as self-regulating groups of interacting species and their environment, and ecology as the study of organism interactions and relationships. It then describes the key components and structure of ecosystems, including abiotic (physical and chemical) and biotic factors. Biotic components include producers (photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs), consumers (herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, detritivores), and decomposers. The document also discusses energy flow and trophic levels in food chains and food webs in ecosystems.
This document defines ecosystems and describes their key components and functions. It begins by defining an ecosystem as a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment. Ecosystems are classified as either aquatic or terrestrial, and include both natural and manmade types. The major components of ecosystems are biotic factors like producers, consumers, and decomposers, as well as abiotic factors like climate and soil. Ecosystem structure is explained through species composition and stratification. Ecosystem functions like productivity, decomposition, energy flow, and nutrient cycling are also described.
An ecosystem is a community of organisms interacting with each other and their environment. It includes biotic components like plants, animals and biotic abiotic components like weather, soil and climate. Energy and matter are exchanged within the ecosystem. Producers like plants use solar energy to produce food through photosynthesis. Consumers eat producers or other organisms. Decomposers break down dead organisms, recycling nutrients for producers. Energy flows through the ecosystem via food chains and webs from producers to different trophic levels of consumers and decomposers.
1) An ecosystem is a self-sufficient unit comprising living organisms and their non-living environment that interact through material cycles.
2) Energy flows through ecosystems via primary producers, consumers at different trophic levels, and decomposers. Only about 1% of solar energy is stored at the producer level.
3) Nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and oxygen cycle between biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems through processes like photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition and nitrogen fixation.
1) Ecosystems have trophic structures that determine energy flow and nutrient cycling through feeding relationships between species organized into trophic levels.
2) Producers, which include photosynthetic plants, algae, and bacteria, occupy the first trophic level and support all other levels by harnessing solar or chemical energy.
3) Consumers are organisms that feed on producers or other consumers and are ranked according to the trophic level they occupy, such as herbivores on the first level or carnivores on higher levels.
This document summarizes key concepts about ecosystems, including:
1) Ecology studies interactions between living things and their environment at different levels of organization, from organisms to ecosystems. Biotic factors are living parts of the environment like plants and animals, while abiotic factors are non-living like sunlight, temperature, and wind.
2) Energy enters ecosystems through producers, mostly plants that use photosynthesis, and flows through food chains of consumers like herbivores, carnivores, and decomposers. Only about 10% of energy is transferred at each trophic level with 90% lost as heat.
3) Matter cycles through ecosystems in biogeochemical cycles like the water, carbon, and nitrogen cycles which move
This document discusses the structure and function of ecosystems. It defines an ecosystem as a community of living organisms interacting with each other and their non-living environment. An ecosystem includes biotic components like producers, consumers, and decomposers, as well as abiotic components from the lithosphere like soil, water, and weather. It then explains key ecosystem functions - productivity refers to the rate of biomass production, decomposition recycles organic matter into nutrients, energy flows through the ecosystem from producers to consumers, and nutrients cycle through the living and nonliving components of the ecosystem.
An ecosystem is defined as a natural functional unit comprising living organisms and their non-living environment interacting to form a stable system. The key components of an ecosystem are biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) factors. Energy from the sun is captured by producers like plants through photosynthesis and transferred through consumers and decomposers in a food chain or food web. Nutrients and matter cycle between biotic and abiotic components. Ecological pyramids illustrate the transfer of energy and matter between trophic levels, with fewer organisms and more biomass at higher levels due to energy losses between levels.
1. The document discusses ecological concepts such as energy flow in ecosystems, biogeochemical cycles, and ecological succession. It explains that solar energy is captured by producers like plants and flows through consumers and decomposers in an ecosystem.
2. Major biogeochemical cycles discussed include the water, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur cycles. These cycles describe how essential elements move between living and nonliving parts of the ecosystem.
3. Ecological succession is the process of community change over time in an area. Primary succession occurs in new areas like from lava, while secondary succession follows a disturbance in an existing ecosystem, like after a fire. Succession progresses from simple to more complex communities.
1. The document discusses various concepts related to ecosystems including producers, consumers, energy flow, and different types of ecosystems such as forest, grassland, desert, and aquatic ecosystems.
2. Key components of ecosystems are discussed including producers such as plants that produce energy, consumers such as herbivores and carnivores, decomposers, food chains and webs, and ecological pyramids.
3. Different types of ecosystems are described like forest ecosystems dominated by trees, grassland ecosystems dominated by grasses, desert ecosystems with low rainfall and vegetation, and aquatic ecosystems including freshwater and marine ecosystems.
Solar energy enters ecosystems through photosynthesis by plants. Approximately 1% of solar energy is converted to chemical energy by plants through photosynthesis. Herbivores then consume plants to obtain this chemical energy, but approximately 90% is lost as heat or other forms of energy at each trophic level. There are several models that describe energy flow, including single channel models where energy moves in one direction from producers to consumers, and Y-shaped models where energy moves through both grazing food chains and detritus food chains.
The document discusses ecosystems and biodiversity conservation. It defines ecosystem and describes its key components like biotic and abiotic factors. It also explains ecosystem functions such as energy flow, food chains and nutrient cycles. Different types of ecosystems like terrestrial and aquatic are described. Threats to ecosystems include loss of biodiversity and habitat. The value of biodiversity is discussed along with India's biodiversity. Strategies for biodiversity conservation include both in-situ and ex-situ methods like protected areas, biotechnology, seed banks and the Svalbard Global Seed Vault. Challenges to conservation are also noted.
This document discusses ecology and ecosystems. It defines ecology as the study of interactions between organisms and their environment. An ecosystem is defined as a group of interacting organisms and their environment. Key components of an ecosystem include biotic factors like plants, animals and microbes, and abiotic factors like sunlight, water and nutrients. Energy flows through ecosystems via food chains and webs with plants as producers, herbivores as primary consumers, and carnivores and decomposers at higher trophic levels. Ecosystems recycle nutrients and allow continual exchange of matter and energy flow.
This document discusses ecosystem classification and structure. It defines ecosystems as consisting of biotic and abiotic components that interact. Ecosystems are classified into terrestrial and aquatic types. Terrestrial ecosystems include forests, grasslands, tundras and deserts, while aquatic ecosystems include freshwater and marine. The structure of ecosystems includes producers, consumers and decomposers. Energy enters ecosystems through photosynthesis and flows through trophic levels as organisms consume each other.
This document summarizes key concepts in ecology, including energy flow and nutrient cycling within ecosystems. It discusses how photosynthesis by autotrophs fixes energy from the sun, which is then transferred through food chains and webs to heterotrophs in a trophic pyramid. Most energy is lost at each transfer, limiting food chain length. Decomposition recycles nutrients, which are taken up by producers to continue ecosystem functioning.
Energy flows through ecosystems via trophic levels, with only about 10% being transferred between each level. Autotrophs like plants capture energy from the sun or chemicals and produce biomass, while heterotrophs consume that biomass for energy. As energy is transferred between trophic levels some is lost as heat, limiting the length of food chains. Understanding energy flow has implications for sustainable human resource use and agriculture.
The document discusses key concepts related to ecosystems, including energy flow, trophic levels, food chains, and food webs. It explains that the sun is the primary source of energy for ecosystems and that energy flows through trophic levels from producers to consumers. While chemical elements cycle through an ecosystem, energy is lost at each transfer between trophic levels and must constantly be replenished by the sun. Food chains and food webs illustrate the complex feeding relationships and energy transfers within an ecosystem.
Hello, everyone, this is the thesis of the project Indirect Power Savings From Air Conditioners. I have made this report with a thorough understanding of the concepts and guided help from my mentor. I hope this can be helpful. here is the link to the PPT of the project https://www.slideshare.net/SandipKumarSahoo/indirect-power-saving-from-air-conditioner
Indirect Power Saving From Air Conditioner is a project on regenerating energy from the waste heat of the air conditioner or you could say electrical energy waste management. The output we received is not so efficient but can be improved in further research. All types of suggestions critics are welcome. The thesis of the project link https://www.slideshare.net/SandipKumarSahoo/indirect-power-saving-from-air-conditioner-thesis
Environmental science Module 2 Topic. This PPT is not a work of mine and was provided by our college professor during our graduation, so I am not sure about the original author. The credit goes to the Original author.
Environmental science Module 2 Topic. This PPT is not a work of mine and was provided by our college professor during our graduation, so I am not sure about the original author. The credit goes to the Original author.
Environmental science Module 2 Topic. This PPT is not a work of mine and was provided by our college professor during our graduation, so I am not sure about the original author. The credit goes to the Original author.
Environmental science Module 1 Topic. This PPT is not a work of mine and was provided by our college professor during our graduation, so I am not sure about the original author. The credit goes to the Original author.
Environmental science Module 1 Topic. This PPT is not a work of mine and was provided by our college professor during our graduation, so I am not sure about the original author. The credit goes to the Original author.
Environmental science Module 1 Topic. This PPT is not a work of mine and was provided by our college professor during our graduation, so I am not sure about the original author. The credit goes to the Original author.
Environmental science Module 1 Topic. This PPT is not a work of mine and was provided by our college professor during our graduation, so I am not sure about the original author. The credit goes to the Original author.
Environmental science Module 1 Topic. This PPT is not a work of mine and was provided by our college professor during our graduation, so I am not sure about the original author. The credit goes to the Original author.
Ecological Pyramids and The Transfer of Energy in EcosystemsSandip Kumar Sahoo
Environmental science Module 1 Topic. This PPT is not a work of mine and was provided by our college professor during our graduation, so I am not sure about the original author. The credit goes to the Original author.
Environmental science Module 1 Topic. This PPT is not a work of mine and was provided by our college professor during our graduation, so I am not sure about the original author. The credit goes to the Original author.
The document is a seminar report on Bloom Energy Servers that provides an overview of the technology. It discusses that Bloom Energy Servers use solid oxide fuel cells to efficiently convert fuels like natural gas into electricity on-site without combustion. This provides benefits like high efficiency, low emissions, small footprint, and the ability to use different fuels. The report also outlines how Bloom Energy Servers can help reduce energy costs, lock-in pricing, and increase energy security by generating power distributedly.
Over Head Line Insulators : Presentation Topic in Electrical Engineering SeminarSandip Kumar Sahoo
Over Head Line Insulators a Presentation Topic in Electrical Engineering for Seminars was prepared by me with comprehensive research and phenomenal guidance. You just need a little research on the mentioned points and you are ready to go. I hope this PPT will help you immensely.
Hydro Power Generation: School and College Project (With Thesis)Sandip Kumar Sahoo
This PPT was originally made by me for a school project. This presentation is a showcase of complete research, exact and to the point information, easy and understandable language. I hope this presentation on Hydropower plant and hydropower generation will help you. I have also attached the link of the project Thesis.you can also visit my profile to check for it.
https://www.slideshare.net/SandipKumarSahoo/thesis-on-hydro-power-plant
This power point presentation includes all the details about the role of a manager with simple language and a lot of example and figures. It covers all the part of a manager role inside and outside of the organisation.
This document describes a traditional Odia food called Manda Pitha. Manda Pitha is a rice flour-based food that is prepared during festivals in Odisha, especially those falling in the monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. It contains ingredients like rice flour, coconut, paneer, grated coconut, sugar, cardamom powder, ghee, and water. The document lists the 17 step process for making Manda Pitha and notes its health benefits, such as being cholesterol-free and aiding digestion. It also states that Manda Pitha is affordable and can be easily prepared at home with minimum cost.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Global Peatlands Map and Hotspot Explanation Atlas
Ecosystem
1. Ecosystem
The system in which both living (biotic) and non
living (abiotic) components are present.
Ecosystem is considered as the sum total of
biological community and its associated physical
and chemical components of the environment
with interactions
2. Types of ecosystem
Ecosystem
Natural artificial
Terrestrial Aquatic Gardens parks farm
Lentic (static water)Lotic (running water)
desert forest land
lake ocean
3. Components of Ecosystem
• Every ecosystem consists of two components
• Abiotic components : The non living factors or
physical environment in an ecosystem form the abiotic
components .Ex. Temperature, solar energy, inorganic
materials.
• Biotic components :The living organisms including
plants, animals and microorganisms that are present in
an ecosystem form the biotic components.Ex. green
plants, animals.
• Biotic components are three types
• Producers or autotrophic components
• Consumers or heterotrophic components
• Decomposers
4. Trophic levels of ecosystem
Producers or autotrophic component
• The green plants have chlorophyll with the help of
which they trap solar energy and change it into chemical
energy of carbohydrates using carbondioxide and water.
As green plants manufacture their own food they are
known as autotrophs. Ex. Phytoplankton and
macrophytes
Consumers or heterotrophic component
Animals can not systhesize their own food due to lack of
chlorophyll. Therefore they depend on the producers for
their food. They are known as heterotrophs.
5. Trophic levels of ecosystem
Consumers are four types
• Primary consumers or hervivores
These are the animals which feed on plants or the
producers. Ex. Rabbit,goat etc.
• Secondary consumers
The animals which feed on the hervivores are called the
secondary consumers. Ex. Cats, fox etc.
Tertiary consumers
The animals which feed on both primary and secondary
consumers are called tertiary consumers Ex. Lion, tigers
Decomposers
Bacteria and fungi belong to this category. They
breakdown the dead organic material of producers and
consumers for their food and release to the environment.
7. Functions of ecosystem
1. Energy flow
2. Productivity
3. Biogeochemical cycling
Energy flow
• Energy flow is the flow of energy through an ecosystem from
external environment through a series of organisms and back
to the external environment. On an average, only about 1% of
the total sun’s energy reaching the earth’s surface is utilized
for photosynthesis by plants.
•In the food chains at various trophic levels, there is a loss of
certain amount of energy in the form of heat.
•In the ecosystem energy flows in a unidirectional path and
takes place producers to hervivores to carnivores, it can not
occur in the reverse direction
8.
9. Energy flow
Simplistically:
This pattern of energy flow among different organisms is
the TROPHIC STRUCTURE of an ecosystem.
heat
Producers Consumers
Decomposers
heat
10. Functions of ecosystem
Productivity
Productivity of an ecosystem means that the amount of
organic matter produced or accumulated by plants or
producers per unit area per unit time.
Types of productivity
Primary productivity: It refers to the rate at which radiant
energy is stored by green plants through photosysnthetic
process to produce organic substances. It is the amount of
organic matter produced in a given time by green plants in an
ecosystem.
Net primary productivity: For the synthesis of organic
matter and for functioning of the plant itself, the plant gets
energy from the gross primary production in the process of
respiration. The remaining production called the net primary
production which can be utilized for the growth and
reproduction of the plant
NPP = GPP - respiration
11. Functions of ecosystem
Gross primary productivity
The total amount of chemical energy stored by plants per
unit area per unit time is called gross primary production
Secondary production: The secondary production is
carried out by the heterotrophic organisms which can not
make their own food but must feed on other living
organisms. The production by heterotrops is called
secondary production.
Secondary production is the rate of energy transferred
and stored at consumer levels over a period of time.