The ecosan concept emphasizes the recycling of human excreta as a resource to conserve water, enhance soil nutrients, and reduce environmental impact. It advocates for specially designed toilets that separate urine and feces, enabling their use in agriculture, particularly in water-scarce regions and schools. Ecosan offers an effective solution for sustainable sanitation, addressing water scarcity, nutrient recovery, and low carbon emissions.

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2. EcoSan Concept
 EcoSan is a holistic concept, to save water required
for sanitation, prevent contamination and return the
nutrients of human excreta back to the soil.
 The EcoSan concept considers human excreta as a
resource rather than as waste as earlier understood.
 For EcoSan, toilets are specially designed such that
urine and feces are separated.
 Urine is used in the farm with appropriate mixing with
water.
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3. Ecosan Technology: Nepal model
Dry Ecosan
Wet Ecosan
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4. Ecosan pan: Collection
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5. EcoSan: Finland and Norway
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6. Data
Urine
volume 1.5liter
Mass 60gpd
BOD 30gpl
Con (gpl) mas (gpd) mass (kg/y)
N 7.3 11.0 4.0
P 0.67 1.0 0.4
K 1.8 2.7 1.0
Feaces
wet mass 140gpd
Mass 30gpd
Con (gpkg) mas (gpd) mass (kg/y)
N 11 1.54 0.6
P 4 0.56 0.2
K 8 1.12 0.4
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7. EcoSan: Environmental concern
 Increasing environmental concern globally will
give positive pressure to go for EcoSan as a best
option of sustainable sanitation
 The EcoSan can be instrumental to avoid the need for
a complicate system for sanitation and wastewater
management and treatment.
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8. EcoSan: Link to Climate Change
 Because of its potentiality for low carbon emission in
comparison to other options EcoSan will be
appreciated:
 CO2 emission of NPK is about 9kg(N) + 4 kg (P) and 12 kg
(K). This is equivalent to 45 kg/person per year, which will
be avoided by using urine.
 EcoSan produce least amount of CO2 in comparison to
other sanitation options.
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9. EcoSan: Nutrient recovery
 Due to recovery of nutrient in a close loop it will
attract many people demanding ecological
sanitation options
 300 grams of faeces and 1 liter urine makes about 3.5 kg
(N), 0.5 kg(P) andd 1 kg(K) anually sufficient for 500m2
land @70kg/hectare of nitrogen to produce sufficient food
for one person.
 Vegetables grown from urine application are normally
healthy and tasty which does not require the use of
pesticides.
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10. Improved technology
 Improved technology for EcoSan will overcome
current social barriers which leads to increased
acceptance
 Technology developing no is very different from the
technologies we used in the past and future technology
will be different.
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11. EcoSan: Operate with low water
 Its potentiality to operate with low water will address
water scarcity and complexity of sewerage system will be
also overcome
 In such situation EcoSan which does not require water
flushing can be the solution for the villages facing an
acute shortage of water for drinking
 In addition, urine can be applied as water plus manure
with proper combination using a drip irrigation system.
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12. EcoSan: Solution for schools
 EcoSan becomes solution for many schools and
institution where there is water scarcity:
 Many schools not connected to public system and located
in hills can adopt EcoSan to save or avoid water need.
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13. Solution of Terai
 Main problems: high water table
and floods w
 Spreads feaces over community and
contaminate the shallow tube well.
 Urine and feaces can be collected
regularly in a raised toilet above
possible water table and used as
fertilizer
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14. EcoSan: Solution of Himalaya----
 Problem: Coldness and scarcity
of water.
 Need: Toilet attached to house
or inside house, small area, low
and no water.
 Dry or EcoSan toilet inside
house or composting toilet
attached to house is suitable.
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15. EcoSan: Solution of Himalaya----
 Table toilet with temporary bucket
for collection of feaces and urine
inside house works well for very cold
area.
 Use of urine with 1:4 water can be
used for drip irrigation to make use
of urine as fertilizer and water both.
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